en to gl translation catalogue (623 entries)

note: Anutan sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Anuta is a tiny volcanic island which, though located within the Solomon Islands of Melanesia, is populated by Polynesians. Stars provide the Anutans' most important tool for long range navigation. Major guiding stars and constellations are known as 'kaavenga'. Star paths that are followed from one island to the next (even if they have not risen, or already set) are called 'kau panogna porau'. Unnamed stars which are not used as major navigational aids are called 'petuu vare' (foolish, common, or undistinguished).
gl: Anuta é unha pequena illa volcánica que, aínda que se atopa dentro das Illas Salomón de Melanesia, está poboada por polinesios. As estrelas son a ferramenta máis importante para os navegantes de longo alcance. As principais estrelas e constelacións guía son coñecidas como 'kaavenga'. Os camiños das estrelas que se seguen dunha illa á outra (aínda que non saísen ou xa estean fóra) chámanse "kau panogna porau". As estrelas sen nome que non se usan como auxiliares de navegación chámanse "petuu vare" (parvo, común ou sen distinguir).

note: Anutan sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Nomenclature
    
    |Anutan name|English translation|Western skylore|
    |-----------|-------------------|---------------|
    |Te Tino A Manu|The Bird's Body|Sirius|
    |Te Kapakau Tonga|The East Wing|Canopus|
    |Te Kapakau Pakatokerau|The North Wing|Procyon|
    |Te Kaokao O Manu|The Bird's Armpit|Group of four small stars just east of Manu's Body|
    |Te Kope|The Bamboo|Grus|
    |Ara Toru|Path of Three|Orion's belt|
    |Te Angaanga|The Tongs|Taurus's forehead|
    |Matariki|Small Face, or Small Eyes|Pleiades|
    |Kaavei|Octopus Tentacle|Aries|
    |Taki Roto|Middle Precursor|Corner of Great Square (one large star)|
    |Taki Mua|Forward Precursor|Pegasus's front legs and Shoulder|
    |Toki|Adze|Delphinus|
    |Te Aamonga|The Carrying Stick|Three stars in Aquila in a straight line|
    |Te Paka Poi Ika Tapu|Sammara Squirrelfish|Four large stars in Sagittarius|
    |Te Rua Tangata|Double Man|Alpha and Beta Centauri|
    |Te Rakau Tapu|The Net, or The Sacred Timber|Southern Cross|
    |Taro|Taro plant|Scorpius, Antares is Te Kau (the stem). Five star around Antares is Ona Rau (its leaves)|
    |Te Tukaniva|&mdash;|Milky way|
    |Te Ao Rere|The Running Cloud|Large Magellanic Cloud|
    |Te Ao Toka|The Restrained Cloud (?)|Small Magellanic Cloud|
    |Te Petuu Ao|The Morning Star|Venus|
    |Tiuriuri|The Morning Star(?)|Venus(?)|
gl: ### Nomenclatura
    
    |Nome anutano|Tradución ó inglés|Cultura do ceo do oeste|
    |------------|------------------|-----------------------|
    |Te Tino A Manu|The Bird's Body|Sirio|
    |Te Kapakau Tonga|A á do leste|Canopus|
    |Te Kapakau Pakatokerau|The North Wing|Proción|
    |Te Kaokao O Manu|A Axila do Paxaro|Grupo de catro pequenas estrelas ó leste do Corpo de Manu|
    |Te Kope|The Bamboo|Grou|
    |Ara Toru|Camiño dos Tres|Cinturón de Orión|
    |Te Angaanga|As pinzas|Fronte de Tauro|
    |Matariki|Cara Pequena ou Ollos Pequenos|Pleiades|
    |Kaavei|Tentáculo de polbo|Aries|
    |Taki Roto|Middle Precursor|Recanto do Gran Cadrado (unha estrela grande)|
    |Taki Mua|Precursor de diante|Patas dianteiras e ombreiro de Pegaso|
    |Toki|Fouciño|Delphinus|
    |Te Aamonga|A vara de transporte|Tres estrelas en Aquila en liña recta|
    |Te Paka Poi Ika Tapu|Sammara Squirrelfish|Catro estrelas grandes en Sagittarius|
    |Te Rua Tangata|Double Man|Alpha e Beta Centauri|
    |Te Rakau Tapu|A Rede, ou A Madeira Sagrada|Cruz do Sur|
    |Taro|Planta de Taro|Scorpio, Antares é Te Kau (o talo). As cinco estrelas en torno a Antares son Ona Rau (as súas follas)|
    |Te Tukaniva|&mdash;|Vía Láctea|
    |Te Ao Rere|A nube que corre|Gran Nube de Magallanes|
    |Te Ao Toka|A Nube Restrinxida (?)|Pequena Nube de Magallanes|
    |Te Petuu Ao|A Estrela da Mañá|Venus|
    |Tiuriuri|A Estrela da Mañá(?)|Venus(?)|

note: Anutan sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed to Stellarium by *Dan Smale*, smaledaniel(at)outlook.com
gl: A esta cultura do ceo de Stellarium contribuíu *Dan Smale*, smaledaniel(at)outlook.com

note: Arabic (Al-Sufi) sky culture name
en: Arabic (Al-Sufi)
gl: Árabe (Al-Sufi)

note: Arabic (Al-Sufi) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Book of Fixed Stars was written shortly before 964 AD. Dr. Paul Kunitzsch described it as "the most outstanding among the works of the prominent astronomer Abu 'l-Ḥusayn 'Abd al-Raḥmān ibn 'Umar al-Şūfi (born in Rayy, 903; died 986), referred to as al-Sufi. In it, al-Şūfī treats the 48 classical constellations, which were established and transmitted in Ptolemy's Almagest. The description of each constellation comprises the following four sections: first, a general discussion of the constellation and its individual stars; this section also includes alŞūfi's criticism of the Ptolemaic tradition and notices of his own observations. Second, a record of the indigenous Arabic star names falling under that constellation, and the exact identification of the respective stars with the corresponding Ptolemaic stars. Third, two drawings of the constellation, one as it is seen on a celestial globe, and the other one as it is seen in the sky. Fourth, a table of the stars making up that constellation, giving a verbal description of each star's location and its longitude, latitude, and magnitude. This table closely follows the arrangement of Ptolemy's star catalogue in the Almagest." [#1]. In addition to the four sections of each constellation mentioned by dr. Kunitzsch, Al-Sufi would identify stars within the 6 magnitudes that were neglected by Ptolemy, but he did not catalogue them and was faithful to Ptolemy star catalog.
gl: O Libro das estrelas fixas foi escrito pouco antes do 964 d.C. O doutor Paul
    Kunitzsch describiuno como "o máis destacado entre os traballos do ilustre
    astrónomo Abu 'l-Ḥusayn' Abd al-Raḥmān ibn 'Umar al-Şūfi (nado en Rayy, 903;
    morto en 986), coñecido como al-Sufi. Nel, al-Şūfī trata as 48 constelacións
    clásicas, que foron establecidas e transmitidas no Almagest de Ptolomeo. A
    descrición de cada constelación comprende as seguintes catro seccións:
    primeiro, unha discusión xeral sobre a constelación e as súas estrelas
    individuais; esta sección tamén inclúe a crítica de alŞūfi á tradición
    ptolemaica e notas das súas propias observacións. En segundo lugar, un
    rexistro dos nomes de estrelas árabes que están nesa constelación e a
    identificación exacta das estrelas respectivas coas correspondentes estrelas
    ptolemaicas. En terceiro lugar, dous debuxos da constelación, un como se ve
    nun globo celeste e a outra como se ve no ceo. En cuarto lugar, unha táboa
    das estrelas que compoñen esa constelación, dando unha descrición verbal da
    situación de cada estrela e a súa lonxitude, latitude e magnitude. Esta
    táboa segue de preto a disposición do catálogo de estrelas de Ptolomeo no
    Almagest." [#1]. Ademais das catro
    seccións de cada constelación mencionadas polo doutor Kunitzsch, Al-Sufi
    identificaría estrelas dentro das 6 magnitudes que foron desatendidas por
    Ptolomeo, pero non as catalogou e foi fiel ao catálogo de estrelas de
    Ptolomeo.

note: Arabic (Al-Sufi) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: An important aspect of the general discussion section is Al-Sufi method of facilitating the star identification. He describes each individual star in more than way: By the star position related to the constellation figure, by its magnitude, by the asterism it forms with other stars like triangle or arc shapes, sometimes by the star position related to the Milky way, and by the angular distance from a close by star. I have counted more than 700 angular distances measured by al-Sufi in his book. The units he uses for angular distances are cubits, spear length, man-height, span, and finger. Al-Sufi explicitly said in his book that a cubit is equal to two degrees and 20 minutes [#2]. For the other units, Schjellerup concluded some values, but tracking the 700 measurements, I came up with different values. The following table summarizes the units and relationship to the cubit value from Schjellerup[#3] and from my research.
    
    ### Angular distance units used by Al-Sufi
    
    <table>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>&nbsp;</notr></td>
    	<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>Schjellerup</b></td>
    	<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>Khalid</b></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><b>unit</b></td>
    	<td><b>cubits</b></td>
    	<td><b>Angular Value</b></td>
    	<td><b>cubits</b></td>
    	<td><b>Angular Value</b></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>spear</td>
    	<td>6 cubits</td>
    	<td><notr>14°</notr></td>
    	<td>6 cubits</td>
    	<td><notr>14°</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>Man-Height</td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>3 cubits</td>
    	<td><notr>7°</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>cubit</td>
    	<td>1 cubit</td>
    	<td><notr>2°20'</notr></td>
    	<td>1 cubit</td>
    	<td><notr>2°20'</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>span</td>
    	<td>1/3 of a cubit</td>
    	<td><notr>47'</notr></td>
    	<td>1/2 of a cubit</td>
    	<td><notr>1°10'</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>finger</td>
    	<td>1/32 of a cubit</td>
    	<td><notr>4.4'</notr></td>
    	<td>1/16 of a cubit</td>
    	<td><notr>8.75'</notr></td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    Another important aspect of Al-Sufi book is his record of the indigenous Arabic star names falling under each constellation, and the exact identification of the respective stars with the corresponding Ptolemaic stars. This means that we are looking at two layers of stars knowledge at the same time: the Ptolemaic one and the indigenous Arab one.
    
    ### The Sky Culture
    
    This sky culture is a result of a research done on several manuscripts of the book, oldest of which is the [#8].
    
    First, the manuscripts of the Book of Fixed Stars were critically edited, and the text was produced. Second, each member star of the 48 constellations was identified according to Al-Sufi description, and new tables were built including modern star designations from the Hipparcos, Bright stars, and Bayer catalogues. Third, Arab indigenous star names were collected and identified as mapped by Al-Sufi to the Ptolemaic ones. All the previous steps were included in a book published digitally of the Book of Fixed Stars plus explanations and commentary by Khalid Al-Ajaji[#4].
    
    The sky culture stick figures of the constellations are the images in the Ulugh Beg manuscript of the Book of Fixed Stars, extracted, and adapted for Stellarium by Mr. Kutaibaa Akraa [#5]. The star names file includes the star number in the constellation as the primary star name and the description of the star in the tables as a secondary name. For example, Polaris primary name that is displayed with the star is: UMi1, UMi being Ursa Minor and 1 is the first star of this constellation. If the star is selected other secondary names are displayed, which will display "The star on the end of the tail" on the top of the screen. The constellation lines are constructed according to the constellation shapes with an attempt to include most of the member stars. For indigenous Arab star knowledge, individual star names were added to the star file as secondary names, while names of group of stars were defined through asterism names and asterism lines files.
    
    The translation of star descriptions from Arabic into English was extracted from Ernie Wright website[#6] which was transcribed from Toomer's translation of the Almagest[#7]. The translation was modified in a few places to agree with Al-Sufi wording.
    
    The single source of the sky culture is the Book of Fixed Stars and the objective is to give a faithful representation of the book content.
gl: Un aspecto importante da sección de discusión xeral é o método de Al-Sufi
    para facilitar a identificación das estrelas. Describe cada estrela
    individual de varias maneiras: pola posición da estrela en relación coa
    figura da constelación, pola súa magnitude, polo asterismo que forma con
    outras estrelas como triángulos ou arcos, ás veces pola posición da estrela
    relacionada coa Vía Láctea e pola distancia angular dunha estrela
    próxima. Contei máis de 700 distancias angulares medidas por al-Sufi no seu
    libro. As unidades que usa para distancias angulares son cóbados, lonxitude
    da lanza, altura do home, envergadura e dedo. Al-Sufi di explicitamente no
    seu libro que un cóbado é igual a dous graos e 20 minutos [#2]. Para as outras unidades, Schjellerup
    concluíu algúns valores, pero seguindo as 700 medidas, atopei diferentes
    valores. A seguinte táboa resume as unidades e a relación co valor de
    cóbados de Schjellerup[#3] e da miña
    investigación.
    
    ### Unidades de distancia angular usadas por Al-Sufi
    
    <table>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>&nbsp;</td>
    	<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>Schjellerup</b></td>
    	<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>Khalid</b></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><b>unidade</b></td>
    	<td><b>cóbados</b></td>
    	<td><b>Valor Angular</b></td>
    	<td><b>cóbados</b></td>
    	<td><b>Valor Angular</b></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>lanza</td>
    	<td>6 cóbados</td>
    	<td>14°</td>
    	<td>6 cóbados</td>
    	<td>14°</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>Altura dun home</td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>3 cóbados</td>
    	<td>7°</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>cóbado</td>
    	<td>1 cóbado</td>
    	<td>2°20'</td>
    	<td>1 cóbado</td>
    	<td>2°20'</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>medida</td>
    	<td>1/3 de cóbado</td>
    	<td>47'</td>
    	<td>1/2 de cóbado</td>
    	<td>1°10'</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>dedo</td>
    	<td>1/32 de cóbado</td>
    	<td>4.4'</td>
    	<td>1/16 de cóbado</td>
    	<td>8.75'</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    Outro aspecto importante do libro de Al-Sufi é o seu rexistro dos nomes de
    estrelas árabes indíxenas que están en cada constelación e a identificación
    exacta das estrelas respectivas coas correspondentes estrelas
    ptolemaicas. Isto significa que estamos a ver dúas tradicións de coñecemento
    de estrelas asemade: a ptolemaica e a árabe indíxena.
    
    ### A Cultura do Ceo
    
    Esta cultura do ceo é o resultado da investigación en moitos manuscritos do
    libro, sendo o máis antigo o [#8].
    
    En primeiro lugar, editáronse criticamente os manuscritos do Libro das
    estrelas fixas e produciuse o texto. En segundo lugar, cada estrela
    pertencente ás 48 constelacións identificouse segundo a descrición de
    Al-Sufi e construíronse novas táboas que inclúen as designacións modernas de
    estrelas dos catálogos Hipparcos, Bright stars e Bayer. En terceiro lugar,
    os nomes de estrelas indíxenas árabes foron recollidos e identificados como
    equiparados por Al-Sufi ós ptolemaicos. Todos os pasos anteriores
    incluíronse nun libro publicado dixitalmente no Libro das estrelas fixas
    máis explicacións e comentarios de Khalid Al-Ajaji[#4].
    
    As figuras das constelacións da cultura do ceo son as imaxes do manuscrito
    Ulugh Beg do Libro das estrelas fixas, extraídas e adaptadas para Stellarium
    polo señor Kutaibaa Akraa [#5]. O
    ficheiro de nomes de estrelas inclúe o número de estrela na constelación
    como nome de estrela principal e a descrición da estrela nas táboas como
    nome secundario. Por exemplo, o nome principal de Polaris que se amosa coa
    estrela é: UMi1, sendo UMi Ursa Minor e 1 é a primeira estrela desta
    constelación. Se se selecciona a estrela, amosaranse outros nomes
    secundarios, que amosarán "A estrela no extremo da cola" na parte superior
    da pantalla. As liñas de constelación constrúense segundo as formas da
    constelación co intento de incluír a maioría das estrelas que forman parte
    dela. Para o coñecemento das estrelas árabes indíxenas, os nomes de estrelas
    individuais engadíronse ó ficheiro de estrelas como nomes secundarios,
    mentres que os nomes de grupos de estrelas definíronse mediante ficheiros de
    nomes de asterismo e liñas de asterismo.
    
    A tradución das descricións de estrelas dende o árabe ó Inglés foi tirada do
    sitio web de Ernie Wright [#6] que as
    transcribiu a partir da tradución de Toomer do Almagest[#7]. A tradución modificouse nalgúns lugares
    para concordar coa redacción de Al-Sufi.
    
    A única fonte da cultura do ceo é o Libro das estrelas fixas e o obxectivo é
    dar unha representación fiel do contido do libro.

note: Arabic (Al-Sufi) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was compiled and added to Stellarium by Khalid Al-Ajaji: turath.alfalak@gmail.com
gl: A cultura do ceo do Libro das estrelas fixas foi compilada e engadida a
    Stellarium por Khalid Al-Ajaji: turath.alfalak@gmail.com

note: Arabic (Al-Sufi) sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: The Arabs and the Stars, Paul Kunitzsch,The Astronomer Abu'L-Husayn Al-Sufi And His Book On The Constellations, XI, pg 57. Northampton [England]: Variorum Reprints, 1989.
     - [#2]: See Al-Sufi description in his book of the 14th star in Auriga.
     - [#3]: DESCRIPTIONS DES ETOILES FIXES, traduction littérale avec des notes par H C F C Schjellerup, St Petersbourg, 1874, pg 26-27.
     - [#4]: [Book of Fixed Stars: Critical edition with commentary by Khalid AlAjaji](https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing).
     - [#5]: [Oulough Beg copy of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʿUmar al-Ṣūfī. Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib al-ṯābita, Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France Ms. Arabe 5036](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b60006156.r=.langEN).
     - [#6]: [Seeing Ancient Stars, Visualization of the Almagest Catalog](http://www.etwright.org/astro/almagest.html#cat).
     - [#7]: Ptolemy’s ALMAGEST, G. J. Toomer, Princeton University Press, 2nd ed., 1998.
     - [#8]: [Oxford, Bodleian Library Ms. Marsh 144 dated 1009 AD](https://iiif.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/iiif/viewer/c1caa84c-f6d2-483f-9eb4-2439cccdc801#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=25&r=0&xywh=-4815%2C-378%2C14782%2C7535)
gl:  - [#1]: The Arabs and the Stars, Paul Kunitzsch,The Astronomer Abu'L-Husayn Al-Sufi And His Book On The Constellations, XI, pg 57. Northampton [England]: Variorum Reprints, 1989.
     - [#2]: Ver descrición de Al-Sufi no seu libro da estrela 14ª en Auriga.
     - [#3]: DESCRIPTIONS DES ETOILES FIXES, traduction littérale avec des notes par H C F C Schjellerup, St Petersbourg, 1874, pg 26-27.
     - [#4]: [Book of Fixed Stars: Critical edition with commentary by Khalid AlAjaji](https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing).
     - [#5]: [Oulough Beg copy of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʿUmar al-Ṣūfī. Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib al-ṯābita, Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France Ms. Arabe 5036](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b60006156.r=.langEN).
     - [#6]: [Seeing Ancient Stars, Visualization of the Almagest Catalog](http://www.etwright.org/astro/almagest.html#cat).
     - [#7]: Ptolemy’s ALMAGEST, G. J. Toomer, Princeton University Press, 2nd ed., 1998.
     - [#8]: [Oxford, Bodleian Library Ms. Marsh 144 datado en 1009 AD](https://iiif.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/iiif/viewer/c1caa84c-f6d2-483f-9eb4-2439cccdc801#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=25&r=0&xywh=-4815%2C-378%2C14782%2C7535)

note: Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) sky culture name
en: Arabic (Arabian Peninsula)
gl: Árabe (Península Arábiga)

note: Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) sky culture reflects the oral folk tradition of star names and asterisms in the Arabian Peninsula, primarily found scattered in poetry and proverbs.
gl: A cultura celeste árabe (península arábiga) reflicte a tradición popular oral dos nomes das estrelas e os asterismos na península arábiga, que se atopa principalmente dispersa na poesía e nos proverbios.

note: Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: The Arabian Peninsula is a region covering the southwestern corner of Asia, bordered by the Gulf of Aden and Arabian Sea to the south, the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian/Persian Gulf to the east, and the Red Sea to the west. The northern border is not precisely defined, but according to ancient geographers, it is bordered by rivers, notably the Euphrates River [#16] [#17]. This region is inhabited by Arabs and includes Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Yemen, and parts of Syria and Iraq.
    
    <p><img width="300" src="illustrations/arabian_peninsula.jpg" /></p>
    
    Bedouins and farmers across the Arabian Peninsula relied heavily on stars to time their nomadic journeys, care for animals, forecast weather, and conduct agricultural activities. Stars are frequently mentioned in their proverbs and poetry. Fortunately, oral poetry and proverbs have been documented and preserved by various scholars. Surveying the collections of these scholars alongside oral traditions reveals the star knowledge of the people in this region.
    
    The stars used for timing are the same as those of ancient Arabs, but the system is simplified by beginning the year with the heliacal rising of al-Thurayyā, the Pleiades, at the start of summer, then counting 13 days for each lunar station, except al-Ǧabhah, which has 14 days. This results in a 27 lunar stations × 13 days + 14 days (al-Ǧabhah) = 365-day cycle. Other timing methods were also used, such as the monthly Pleiades-Moon conjunction or using stars like those of the Big Dipper.
    
    The sources indicate that star names and asterisms are fewer compared to those of ancient Arabs. Only the brightest stars and prominent asterisms were named and used. An important source of continuing star knowledge is the poetry of al-Ḫalāwī, a poet whose era is uncertain but estimated to be in the 17th century [#3]. Another key source is a poem by Moḥammad al-Qāḍī (~1809–1886), in which he described all 28 lunar stations, citing their local names [#2].
gl: A Península Arábiga é unha rexión que abrangue o extremo suroeste de Asia, limitando co Golfo de Adén e o Mar Arábigo ó sur, o Golfo de Omán e o Golfo Arábigo/Pérsico ó leste e o Mar Vermello ó oeste. A fronteira norte non está definida con precisión, pero segundo os xeógrafos antigos, está bordeada por ríos, especialmente o río Éufrates [#16] [#17]. Esta rexión está habitada por árabes e inclúe Xordania, Arabia Saudita, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Emiratos Árabes Unidos, Omán, Iemen e partes de Siria e Iraq.
    
    <p><img width="300" src="illustrations/arabian_peninsula.jpg" /></p>
    
    Os beduínos e agricultores de toda a Península Arábiga dependían en gran medida das estrelas para cronometrar as súas viaxes nómades, coidar dos animais, prever o tempo e realizar actividades agrícolas. As estrelas menciónanse con frecuencia nos seus proverbios e poesía. Afortunadamente, a poesía oral e os proverbios foron documentados e preservados por varios estudosos. O estudo das coleccións destes estudosos xunto coas tradicións orais revela o coñecemento das estrelas da xente desta rexión.
    
    As estrelas utilizadas para medir o tempo son as mesmas que as dos antigos árabes, pero o sistema simplifícase comezando o ano coa saída helíaca de al-Thurayyā, as Pléiades, ó comezo do verán, e contando despois 13 días para cada estación lunar, agás al-Ǧabhah, que ten 14 días. Isto resulta nun ciclo de 27 estacións lunares × 13 días + 14 días (al-Ǧabhah) = 365 días. Tamén se utilizaron outros métodos de cronometraxe, como a conxunción mensual Pléiades-Lúa ou o uso de estrelas como as da Osa Maior.
    
    As fontes indican que os nomes de estrelas e os asterismos son menos numerosos en comparación cos dos antigos árabes. Só se nomearon e usaron as estrelas máis brillantes e os asterismos prominentes. Unha fonte importante de coñecemento continuo das estrelas é a poesía de al-Ḫalāwī, un poeta cuxa época é incerta pero que se estima que data do século XVII [#3]. Outra fonte clave é un poema de Moḥammad al-Qāḍī (~1809–1886), no que describiu as 28 estacións lunares, citando os seus nomes locais [#2].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation The Two Guards
en: The Two Guards are the stars β Ursae Minoris and γ Ursae Minoris, traditionally used in desert navigation. Their name comes from an old legend in which al-Jady (Polaris) kills the father of the Seven Sisters—represented by the stars of the Big Dipper—who then carry their father’s bier and circle al-Jady, vowing revenge. Seeking protection from their wrath, al-Jady turned to these two nearby stars, which became known as the “Two Guards.” [#1].
gl: As Dúas Gardas son as estrelas β Ursae Minoris e γ Ursae Minoris, tradicionalmente empregadas na navegación no deserto. O seu nome provén dunha antiga lenda na que al-Jady (Polar) mata o pai das Sete Irmás —representadas polas estrelas da Osa Maior—, que logo levan o cadaleito do seu pai e rodean a al-Jady, xurando vinganza. Buscando protección contra a súa ira, al-Jady acudiu a estas dúas estrelas próximas, que se coñeceron como as «Dúas Gardas». [#1].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation The Two Refugees
en: Another name for the two stars β Ursae Minoris and γ Ursae Minoris. According to a different version of the legend, these stars are the killers who fled to al-Jady for protection [#1].
gl: Outro nome para as dúas estrelas β Ursae Minoris e γ Ursae Minoris. Segundo unha versión diferente da lenda, estas estrelas son as asasinas que acudiron a al-Jady en busca de protección [#1].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation The Family Of Aba Bzay
en: Yet another name for the two-star asterism β UMi and γ UMi [#1].
gl: Outro nome máis para o asterismo de dúas estrelas β UMi e γ UMi [#1].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation Al-Naayem
en: The meaning is uncertain; it could refer to camels. Composed of the seven stars of the Big Dipper [#1].
gl: O significado é incerto; podería referirse a camelos. Composto polas sete estrelas da Osa Maior [#1].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation The Seven
en: The seven stars of the Big Dipper [#1].
gl: As sete estrelas da Osa Maior [#1].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation Daughters Of Na'sh
en: The seven stars of the Big Dipper, known as the seven sisters carrying their father's bier, the father killed by al-Ǧady (Polaris) [#1].
gl: As sete estrelas da Osa Maior, coñecidas como as sete irmás que levan o cadaleito do seu pai, asasinado por al-Ǧady (Polar) [#1].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation Saddle Of The Camel
en: The five bright stars of Cassiopeia, a name used in western areas along the Red Sea in Saudi Arabia [#1].
gl: As cinco estrelas brillantes de Casiopea, un nome empregado nas zonas occidentais do Mar Vermello en Arabia Saudita [#1].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation The Wool Spindle
en: The cross-shaped arrangement of α Cyg (Deneb), ε Cyg (Gienah), γ Cyg (Sadr), δ Cyg, and β1+β2 Cyg (Albireo). This comes from oral tradition in Zulfi, central Saudi Arabia [#1].
gl: A disposición en forma de cruz de α Cyg (Deneb), ε Cyg (Gienah), γ Cyg (Sadr), δ Cyg e β1+β2 Cyg (Albireo). Isto provén da tradición oral de Zulfi, no centro de Arabia Saudita [#1].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation The Front
en: The front mouth of the bucket (24th mansion of the Moon) [#2].
gl: A boca frontal do balde (24ª mansión da Lúa) [#2].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation The Rear
en: The rear mouth of the bucket (25th mansion of the Moon) [#2].
gl: A boca traseira do balde (25ª mansión da Lúa) [#2].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation The Bucket Cord
en: The rope used to pull the bucket from the well (26th mansion of the Moon) [#2].
gl: A corda usada para sacar o balde do pozo (26ª mansión da Lúa) [#2].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation The Two Marks
en: Stars α Ari and β Ari (27th mansion of the Moon) [#2].
gl: Estrelas α Ari e β Ari (27ª mansión da Lúa) [#2].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation The Little Abdomen
en: The little abdomen of al-Ḥamal (28th mansion of the Moon) [#2].
gl: O pequeno abdome de al-Ḥamal (28ª mansión da Lúa) [#2].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation Al-Thurayya
en: Proper name of the Pleiades (1st mansion of the Moon) [#3].
gl: Nome propio das Pléiades (1.ª mansión da Lúa) [#3].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation The Little Follower
en: Star Aldebran (2nd mansion of the Moon) [#2].
gl: Estrela Aldebran (2ª mansión da Lúa) [#2].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation The Arm
en: The two stars of Canis Minor, considered the arm of the lion (5th mansion of the Moon) [#2].
gl: As dúas estrelas do Can Menor, consideradas o brazo do león (5ª mansión da Lúa) [#2].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation The Two Little Dogs
en: An asterism of stars δ CMa and ε CMa. Their heliacal rising marks timing (coinciding with the 6th mansion of the Moon). The name is common in central Arabia [#2] [#3].
gl: Un asterismo das estrelas δ CMa e ε CMa. A súa ascendente heliaca marca o momento (coincidindo coa 6ª mansión da Lúa). O nome é común no centro de Arabia [#2] [#3].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation The Nostrils
en: M 44 and two adjacent stars represent the nose tip of the Arab lion (6th mansion of the Moon) [#2].
gl: M 44 e dúas estrelas adxacentes representan a punta do nariz do león árabe (6ª mansión da Lúa) [#2].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation The Eyes
en: The eyes of the lion (7th mansion of the Moon) [#2].
gl: Os ollos do león (7ª mansión da Lúa) [#2].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation The Forehead
en: The forehead of the lion (8th mansion of the Moon) [#2].
gl: A fronte do león (8ª mansión da Lúa) [#2].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation The Mane
en: The mane of the lion (9th mansion of the Moon) [#2].
gl: A melena do león (9ª mansión da Lúa) [#2].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation Star Of Weather Change
en: (10th mansion of the Moon) [#2].
gl: (10ª mansión da Lúa) [#2].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation The Bend
en: An arc of five stars. The Arabic "al-ʿAwwā" may also mean “the Howlers,” dogs barking at the lion (11th mansion of the Moon) [#2].
gl: Un arco de cinco estrelas. O árabe "al-ʿAwwā" tamén pode significar "os ouveadores", cans que lle ladran ó león (11ª mansión da Lúa) [#2].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation The High Unarmed One
en: (12th mansion of the Moon) [#2].
gl: (12ª mansión da Lúa) [#2].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation The Cover
en: A three-star asterism (13th mansion of the Moon) [#2].
gl: Un asterismo de tres estrelas (13ª mansión da Lúa) [#2].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation Claws Of The Scorpion
en: The two bright stars of Libra (14th mansion of the Moon) [#2].
gl: As dúas estrelas brillantes de Libra (14ª mansión da Lúa) [#2].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation The Diadem
en: An arc of three stars on the forehead of Scorpius (15th mansion of the Moon) [#2].
gl: Un arco de tres estrelas na fronte de Escorpio (15ª mansión da Lúa) [#2].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation The Heart
en: (16th mansion of the Moon) [#1].
gl: (16ª mansión da Lúa) [#1].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation Raised Tail Of The Scorpion
en: The sting of Scorpius (17th mansion of the Moon) [#2].
gl: O aguillón de Escorpión (17ª mansión da Lúa) [#2].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation The Scorpion
en: Represents the scorpion figure [#2].
gl: Representa a figura do escorpión [#2].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation The Empty Place
en: An area with no bright stars in Sagittarius (19th mansion of the Moon) [#2].
gl: Unha zona sen estrelas brillantes en Saxitario (19ª mansión da Lúa) [#2].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation The Ostriches
en: Four stars in the Milky Way representing ostriches drinking at a river and another four away from the Milky Way representing ostriches returning. A ninth star between and above the two groups is included. All are located in Sagittarius (18th mansion of the Moon) [#2].
gl: Catro estrelas na Vía Láctea representando avestruces bebendo nun río e outras catro a distancia da Vía Láctea representando avestruces que regresan. Inclúese unha novena estrela entre e por riba dos dous grupos. Todas están situadas en Saxitario (18.ª mansión da Lúa) [#2].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation The Lucky Star Of The Slaughterer
en: An ancient Arab asterism depicting a man slaughtering a sheep (20th mansion of the Moon) [#2].
gl: Un antigo asterismo árabe que representa un home sacrificando unha ovella (20ª mansión da Lúa) [#2].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation The Lucky Star Of The Swallower
en: An ancient Arab asterism representing a man swallowing a bite (21st mansion of the Moon) [#2].
gl: Un antigo asterismo árabe que representa un home engulindo un bocado (21ª mansión da Lúa) [#2].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation The Luckiest Of The Lucky Stars
en: An ancient Arab asterism of three stars that rise in the morning in spring (22nd mansion of the Moon) [#2].
gl: Un antigo asterismo árabe de tres estrelas que saen pola mañá na primavera (22ª mansión da Lúa) [#2].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation The Lucky Star Of The Tents
en: An ancient Arab asterism consisting of a triangle of three stars with a fourth star inside, symbolizing a man inside a tent (23rd mansion of the Moon) [#2].
gl: Un antigo asterismo árabe que consiste nun triángulo de tres estrelas cunha cuarta estrela no seu interior, simbolizando un home dentro dunha tenda (23ª mansión da Lúa) [#2].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation The Circular Mark
en: An ancient Arab asterism of a small triangle of stars (head of Orion) representing a mark on the side of a horse (3rd mansion of the Moon) [#2].
gl: Un antigo asterismo árabe dun pequeno triángulo de estrelas (cabeza de Orión) que representa unha marca no costado dun cabalo (3ª mansión da Lúa) [#2].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation The Downward Bend
en: An ancient Arab asterism (4th mansion of the Moon) [#2].
gl: Un antigo asterismo árabe (4ª mansión da Lúa) [#2].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation Claws Of Al-Jawza
en: Refers to stars α, γ, β, and κ Ori, transmitted orally from the Qasseem region of Saudi Arabia [#1].
gl: Refírese ás estrelas α, γ, β e κ Ori, transmitidas oralmente dende a rexión de Qasseem de Arabia Saudita [#1].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation The Claws
en: Another name for the α, γ, β, and κ Ori stars, also from Qasseem, Saudi Arabia [#1].
gl: Outro nome para as estrelas Ori α, γ, β e κ, tamén de Qasseem, Arabia Saudita [#1].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation Back Of Al-Jawza
en: The three stars at Orion’s belt. This name, along with Northern Horn of al-Jawza and Southern Horn of al-Jawza star names, originates from western Saudi Arabia and is used by Red Sea fishers. The source is oral tradition from the seaport Umluj, Saudi Arabia [#1].
gl: As tres estrelas do cinto de Orión. Este nome, xunto cos nomes de estrelas do Corno Norte de al-Jawza e do Corno Sur de al-Jawza, provén do oeste de Arabia Saudita e é empregado polos pescadores do Mar Vermello. A fonte é a tradición oral do porto marítimo de Umluj, Arabia Saudita [#1].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation Mosque Of Al- Thurayya
en: A triangle of stars that rise before al-Thurayya (the Pleiades). It includes α Ari, α Tri, and β Tri. The name comes from oral tradition in Wadi al-Dawasir, southwestern Saudi Arabia [#1].
gl: Un triángulo de estrelas que saen diante de al-Thurayya (as Pléiades). Inclúe α Ari, α Tri e β Tri. O nome provén da tradición oral de Wadi al-Dawasir, no suroeste de Arabia Saudita [#1].

note: Description of Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) constellation Al-Jawza
en: A proper name for a woman; this constellation represents a female figure formed by the Orion stars, identical to the ancient Arab tradition. Some oral traditions limit the name to the three stars of Orion’s belt [#2][#3].
gl: Nome propio para unha muller; esta constelación representa unha figura feminina formada polas estrelas de Orión, idéntica á antiga tradición árabe. Algunhas tradicións orais limitan o nome ás tres estrelas do cinto de Orión [#2][#3].

note: Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) sky culture references section in markdown format
en: - [#1]: Oral tradition  
    - [#2]: Al-Ajaji, Khalid, *Šarḥ Qaṣidat al-Qāḍī fi al-anwāʾ wal-nuǧūm*, Explanation of al-Qāḍī poem of anwāʾ and stars, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2013., خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي، شرح قصيدة القاضي في الأنواء والنجوم، الرياض، المملكة العربية السعودية، 1434 هـ.  
    - [#3]: Al-Ajaji, Khalid, *Šarḥ Maʾthūrāt al-Ḫalāwī al-falakiyah*, Explanation of al-Ḫalāwī astronomy poems, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2018., خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي، شرح مأثورات الخلاوي الفلكية، الرياض، المملكة العربية السعودية، 1439 هـ.  
    - [#4]: Ibn Ḫamīs, ʿAbd Allah b. Muḥammad, *Rāshid al-Ḫalāwī*, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2002., عبدالله بن محمد بن خميس ، راشد الخلاوي ، الرياض، المملكة العربية السعودية، 1423 هـ.  
    - [#5]: Al-Blādī, ʿAtiq b. Ġayth, *Al-adab al-šaʿbī fi al-ḥiǧāz*, Folk literature in Ḥijaz, Dar Makkah, Makkah, Saudi Arabia, 1982, عاتق بن غيث البلادي (ت 1431 ه)، الأدب الشعبي في الحجاز، دار مكة، مكة المكرمة، ط 2، 1402 هـ.  
    - [#6]: Al-Suwaydā, ʿAbd al-Raḥman, *Al-Amthāl al-šaʿbiyah al-sāʾirah fi manṭiqat Ḥāʾil*, The local common proverbs of the Ḥayel region, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2007., عبد الرحمن بن زيد السويداء، الأمثال الشعبية السائرة في منطقة حائل، الرياض، المملكة العربية السعودية، 1428 هـ.  
    - [#7]: Al-Ḥatim, ʿAbd Allah Khalid, *Diwān ʿAbd Allah bin Ḥmūd al-Sbayel*, The poetry collection of ʿAbd Allah b. Ḥumūd al-Sbayel, 1984, عبدالله الخالد الحاتم ، ديوان عبدالله بن حمود السبيِّل، 1404 هـ.  
    - [#8]: Al-Suwaydā, ʿAbd al-Raḥman, *Šuʿarāʾ al-ǧabal al-šaʿbiyūn*, The Poets of the mountain, 5-volume poetry collection, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2013., عبد الرحمن بن زيد السويداء، شعراء الجبل الشعبيون، الرياض، المملكة العربية السعودية، 1434 هـ.  
    - [#9]: Al-ʿAnsī, Yaḥyā, *Al-Maʿalim al-ziraʿiyah fi al-Yaman*, Agricultural signs in Yemen, Yemen, 2010, يحيى العنسي، المعالم الزراعية في اليمن، اليمن، 1431 هـ.  
    - [#10]: Ibn Bišir, ʿUṯmān ibn ʿAbd Allah (died 1873), *ʿInwān al-maǧd fi tarīḫ Naǧd*, The Title of Glory on the History of Najd (Arabic critical edition by Dr. Muḥammad ibn Nāṣir al-Šiṯrī), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2012., ابن بشر، عثمان بن عبد الله بن بشر، عنوان المجد في تاريخ نجد، تحقيق الدكتور محمد بن ناصر الشثري، الرياض، المملكة العربية السعودية، 1433 هـ.  
    - [#11]: Al-ʿUbūdī, Moḥammad b. Nāṣir, *Al-Amthāl al-ʿāmiyah fi Naǧd*, The folk proverbs in Najd, 4 volumes, Dar Al-Thulūthiyah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2010., محمد بن ناصر العبودي، الأمثال العامية في نجد، دار الثلوثية، الرياض، المملكة العربية السعودية، 1431 هـ.  
    - [#12]: Al-ʿUbūdī, Moḥammad b. Nāṣir, *Muʿǧam al-Uṣūl al-faṣīḥah lil-alfāẓ al-dariǧah*, Lexicon of the classical root of the common dialect words, 13 volumes, King AbdulAzeez Library, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2009., محمد بن ناصر العبودي، معجم الأصول الفصيحة للألفاظ الدارجة، مكتبة الملك عبد العزيز، الرياض، المملكة العربية السعودية، 1430 هـ.  
    - [#13]: *Al-Azhār al-nadiyah min ashʿār al-badiyah*, A collection of Bedouin poetry titled The Moist Flowers of Bedouin Poetry, 18 volumes, Al Ma'arif library, Tayef, Saudi Arabia. الأزهار النادية من أشعار البادية، مكتبة المعارف، الطائف، المملكة العربية السعودية.  
    - [#14]: *Min ādābinā al-shaʿbiyah fi al-ǧazīrah al-ʿarabiyah*, A collection of poetry by Mandeel al-Fuhaid, Our local literature of the Arabian Peninsula, 10 volumes, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. منديل بن محمد الفهيد، من آدابنا الشعبية في الجزيرة العربية.  
    - [#15]: Al-Suwaydā, ʿAbd al-Raḥman, *Durar min al-shiʿr al-shaʿbī*, The Best of Folk Poetry, 3-volume poetry collection, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 1999. عبد الرحمن بن زيد السويداء، درر من الشعر الشعبي، الرياض، المملكة العربية السعودية، 1420 هـ.  
    - [#16]: Al-Hamdânîʼs *Geographie der Arabischen Halbinsel*, David Heinrich Müller, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1884, p. 47.  
    - [#17]: Le Bon, Gustave, *La civilisation des Arabes*, Paris, Librairie de Firmin-Didot, 1884, livre premier, p. 1.
gl: - [#1]: Tradición oral 
    - [#2]: Al-Ajaji, Khalid, *Šarḥ Qaṣidat al-Qāḍī fi al-anwāʾ wal-nuǧūm*, Explanation of al-Qāḍī poem of anwāʾ and stars, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2013., خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي، شرح قصيدة القاضي في الأنواء والنجوم، الرياض، المملكة العربية السعودية، 1434 هـ.  
    - [#3]: Al-Ajaji, Khalid, *Šarḥ Maʾthūrāt al-Ḫalāwī al-falakiyah*, Explanation of al-Ḫalāwī astronomy poems, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2018., خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي، شرح مأثورات الخلاوي الفلكية، الرياض، المملكة العربية السعودية، 1439 هـ.  
    - [#4]: Ibn Ḫamīs, ʿAbd Allah b. Muḥammad, *Rāshid al-Ḫalāwī*, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2002., عبدالله بن محمد بن خميس ، راشد الخلاوي ، الرياض، المملكة العربية السعودية، 1423 هـ.  
    - [#5]: Al-Blādī, ʿAtiq b. Ġayth, *Al-adab al-šaʿbī fi al-ḥiǧāz*, Folk literature in Ḥijaz, Dar Makkah, Makkah, Saudi Arabia, 1982, عاتق بن غيث البلادي (ت 1431 ه)، الأدب الشعبي في الحجاز، دار مكة، مكة المكرمة، ط 2، 1402 هـ.  
    - [#6]: Al-Suwaydā, ʿAbd al-Raḥman, *Al-Amthāl al-šaʿbiyah al-sāʾirah fi manṭiqat Ḥāʾil*, The local common proverbs of the Ḥayel region, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2007., عبد الرحمن بن زيد السويداء، الأمثال الشعبية السائرة في منطقة حائل، الرياض، المملكة العربية السعودية، 1428 هـ.  
    - [#7]: Al-Ḥatim, ʿAbd Allah Khalid, *Diwān ʿAbd Allah bin Ḥmūd al-Sbayel*, The poetry collection of ʿAbd Allah b. Ḥumūd al-Sbayel, 1984, عبدالله الخالد الحاتم ، ديوان عبدالله بن حمود السبيِّل، 1404 هـ.  
    - [#8]: Al-Suwaydā, ʿAbd al-Raḥman, *Šuʿarāʾ al-ǧabal al-šaʿbiyūn*, The Poets of the mountain, 5-volume poetry collection, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2013., عبد الرحمن بن زيد السويداء، شعراء الجبل الشعبيون، الرياض، المملكة العربية السعودية، 1434 هـ.  
    - [#9]: Al-ʿAnsī, Yaḥyā, *Al-Maʿalim al-ziraʿiyah fi al-Yaman*, Agricultural signs in Yemen, Yemen, 2010, يحيى العنسي، المعالم الزراعية في اليمن، اليمن، 1431 هـ.  
    - [#10]: Ibn Bišir, ʿUṯmān ibn ʿAbd Allah (died 1873), *ʿInwān al-maǧd fi tarīḫ Naǧd*, The Title of Glory on the History of Najd (Arabic critical edition by Dr. Muḥammad ibn Nāṣir al-Šiṯrī), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2012., ابن بشر، عثمان بن عبد الله بن بشر، عنوان المجد في تاريخ نجد، تحقيق الدكتور محمد بن ناصر الشثري، الرياض، المملكة العربية السعودية، 1433 هـ.  
    - [#11]: Al-ʿUbūdī, Moḥammad b. Nāṣir, *Al-Amthāl al-ʿāmiyah fi Naǧd*, The folk proverbs in Najd, 4 volumes, Dar Al-Thulūthiyah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2010., محمد بن ناصر العبودي، الأمثال العامية في نجد، دار الثلوثية، الرياض، المملكة العربية السعودية، 1431 هـ.  
    - [#12]: Al-ʿUbūdī, Moḥammad b. Nāṣir, *Muʿǧam al-Uṣūl al-faṣīḥah lil-alfāẓ al-dariǧah*, Lexicon of the classical root of the common dialect words, 13 volumes, King AbdulAzeez Library, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2009., محمد بن ناصر العبودي، معجم الأصول الفصيحة للألفاظ الدارجة، مكتبة الملك عبد العزيز، الرياض، المملكة العربية السعودية، 1430 هـ.  
    - [#13]: *Al-Azhār al-nadiyah min ashʿār al-badiyah*, A collection of Bedouin poetry titled The Moist Flowers of Bedouin Poetry, 18 volumes, Al Ma'arif library, Tayef, Saudi Arabia. الأزهار النادية من أشعار البادية، مكتبة المعارف، الطائف، المملكة العربية السعودية.  
    - [#14]: *Min ādābinā al-shaʿbiyah fi al-ǧazīrah al-ʿarabiyah*, A collection of poetry by Mandeel al-Fuhaid, Our local literature of the Arabian Peninsula, 10 volumes, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. منديل بن محمد الفهيد، من آدابنا الشعبية في الجزيرة العربية.  
    - [#15]: Al-Suwaydā, ʿAbd al-Raḥman, *Durar min al-shiʿr al-shaʿbī*, The Best of Folk Poetry, 3-volume poetry collection, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 1999. عبد الرحمن بن زيد السويداء، درر من الشعر الشعبي، الرياض، المملكة العربية السعودية، 1420 هـ.  
    - [#16]: Al-Hamdânîʼs *Geographie der Arabischen Halbinsel*, David Heinrich Müller, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1884, p. 47.  
    - [#17]: Le Bon, Gustave, *La civilisation des Arabes*, Paris, Librairie de Firmin-Didot, 1884, livre premier, p. 1.

note: Arabic (Indigenous) sky culture name
en: Arabic (Indigenous)
gl: Árabe (Indíxena)

note: Arabic (Indigenous) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Arabic sky culture displays the indigenous star knowledge of the ancient Arabs living in the Arabian Peninsula prior to the Greek astronomy influence in the ninth century.
gl: A cultura do ceo árabe mostra o coñecemento das estrelas indíxenas dos antigos árabes que vivían na Península arábiga antes da influencia da astronomía grega no século IX.

note: Arabic (Indigenous) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: The star knowledge of the ancient Arabs had been recorded and preserved in old poetry and in the old works of Arab philologists and lexicographers of the Islamic civilization. Many books were written on the subject of star knowledge and anwāʾ [Arabic الأنواء], the Arabic knowledge of meteorology. The editors of Ibn Qutaybah's *Kitāb al-Anwāʾ* (9th century) listed twenty-four books on this subject written mostly between early eighth and tenth century[#2]. The only completely preserved text is that of Ibn Qutaybah, but later scholars had quoted many of the earlier texts. One of the most significant works that recorded the indigenous Arab star names is the *Book of the stars* written in ~ 964 AD by the prominent astronomer: al-Ṣūfī, where he identified the indigenous Arab star names with the respective Ptolemaic stars of the Greek constellations[#5].
    
    ### Constellations
    
    The ancient Arabs gave names to single stars, star couples, an area in the sky, and particular shape of a group of stars. Single stars were named after a human figure or a desert animal, Arcturus is al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ, meaning: The High one with the spear. Canopus is Suhayl, a proper name of a man. We have also stars named: The Caracal and the Kid (the young goat). If two stars of comparable brightness are close to each other, they are given a common name like: The two Calves, the Two Wolves, The Two doves. Sometimes an area is named after a group of animals. The brighter stars are adult animals, and the faint ones are the young animals like: The Hyenas and their youngsters, The horses and the foals. Particular shapes of stars were given names like the Scorpion, The lion, al-Ǧawzā’ which is a proper name of a woman for Orion stars. Other asterisms are given names according to legends and stories.
gl: O coñecemento das estrelas dos antigos árabes foi rexistrado e preservado na poesía antiga e nas antigas obras de filólogos e lexicógrafos árabes da civilización islámica. Escribíronse moitos libros sobre o tema do coñecemento das estrelas e anwāʾ [árabe الأنواء], o coñecemento árabe da meteoroloxía. Os editores do *Kitāb al-Anwāʾ* de Ibn Qutaybah (século IX) enumeraron vinte e catro libros sobre este tema escritos principalmente entre principios do século VIII e o século X[#2]. O único texto completamente conservado é o de Ibn Qutaybah, pero estudosos posteriores citaron moitos dos textos anteriores. Unha das obras máis significativas que rexistrou os nomes das estrelas árabes indíxenas é o *Libro das estrelas* escrito ~964 d.C. polo destacado astrónomo al-Ṣūfī, que identificou os nomes das estrelas árabes indíxenas coas respectivas estrelas ptolemaicas das constelacións gregas[#5].
    
    ### Constelacións
    
    Os antigos árabes daban nomes a estrelas individuais, parellas de estrelas, zonas do ceo e á forma particular dun grupo de estrelas. As estrelas individuais recibían o nome dunha figura humana ou dun animal do deserto; Arcturus é al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ, que significa: O Alto coa lanza. Canopus é Suhayl, un nome propio dun home. Tamén temos estrelas chamadas: O Caracal e A cabuxa ( a pequena cabra). Se dúas estrelas de brillo comparable están preto unha da outra, reciben un nome común como: Os dous becerros, os dous lobos, as dúas pombas. Ás veces, unha zona recibe o nome dun grupo de animais. As estrelas máis brillantes son animais adultos e as máis tenues son animais novos como: As hienas e as súas crías, Os cabalos e os poldros. As formas particulares das estrelas recibiron nomes como o Escorpión, o León, al-Ǧawzā’, que é un nome propio dunha muller para as estrelas de Orión. Outros asterismos reciben nomes segundo lendas e historias.

note: Arabic (Indigenous) sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: Manuscripts of the Book of Stars
     - [#2]: Ibn Qutaybah, Al-Dinawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allah b. Muslim (died ~ 889), Kitab al-Anwāʾ (Book of meteorolgy), (Arabic print of the original book, Daʾirat al-Maʿarif al-Osmania, Hydarabad, India, 1956), أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري (توفي 276 هـ)، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ
     - [#3]: Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (died 1030), Al-Azminah wa al-amkinah (Times and Places), (Arabic print of the original book in 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon)., الإمام أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (توفي سنة 421 هـ)، الأزمنة والأمكنة، تحقيق د. محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، لبنان، 1422 هـ.
     - [#4]: Al-Ṯaqafī, ʿAbd Allah b. Ḥussayn b. ʿĀṣim (died ~ 1012), Al-Anwāʾ wa al-azminah (Meteorology and times), (Arabic print of the original book in 1996, Dar al-jeel, Beirut, Lebanon), عبد الله بن حسين بن عاصم الثقفي (توفي 403 هـ)، الأنواء والأزمنة، تحقيق: د. نوري حمودي القيسي، د. محمد نايف الدليمي، دار الجيل، بيروت، لبنان، 1416 هـ.
     - [#5]: [">Book of the stars by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021, كتاب الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي](https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing)
     - [#6]: Al-Farāhīdī, abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ḫalīl b. Aḥmad (died ~ 786 AD), Kitab al-ʿayn, a lexicon titled: The book of ʿayn (Arabic letter العين), (Arabic print of the original book, 1980 – 1985), أبو عبد الرحمن الخليل بن أحمد الفراهيدي (توفي 170 ه)، كتاب العين، 1400 – 1405 هـ.
     - [#7]: Ibn Durayd, abu Bakr Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan b. Durayd al-Azdi (died ~ 933 AD), Ǧamharat al-luġah lexicon (The Collection of the Language), Dar al-Ilm lil-malayeen, Beirut, Lebanon, (Arabic print of the original book, 1987), ابن دريد، أبو بكر محمد بن الحسن بن دريد الأزدي (توفي 321 ه)، جمهرة اللغة، دار العلم للملايين، بيروت، لبنان، 1987م.
     - [#8]: Instructions Nautiques et Routiers Arabes et Portugais , I , Ibn Majid, Gabriel Ferrand, 1921 -1923.
     - [#9]: Instructions Nautiques et Routiers Arabes et Portugais , II, Sulayman al-Mahri et Ibn Majid, Gabriel Ferrand, 1925.
     - [#10]: Al-Ǧawhirī, abu Naṣr Ismaʿīl b. Ḥammād al-Ǧawhirī al-Farabī (died ~ 1003 AD), Al-Siḥāḥ lexicon, Dar al-Ilm lil-malayeen, Beirut, Lebanon, (Arabic print of the original book, 1987),  أبو نصر إسماعيل بن حماد الجوهري الفارابي (ت ٣٩٣هـ)، الصحاح تاج اللغة وصحاح العربية، دار العلم للملايين - بيروت، 1407 هـ.
     - [#11]: Al-Qalqašandī, abu al-Abbas Aḥmad (died ~ 1418 AD), Ṣubḥ al-Aša, Dar al-kutub al-Misriyah, Cairo, Egypt, (Arabic print of the original book, 1922)., القلقشندي، أبو العباس أحمد، صبح الأعشى، دار الكتب المصرية، 1340 هـ.
gl:  - [#1]: Manuscritos do Libro das Estrelas
     - [#2]: Ibn Qutaybah, Al-Dinawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allah b. Muslim (died ~ 889), Kitab al-Anwāʾ (Libro de meteoroloxía), (Impresión árabe do libro orixinal, Daʾirat al-Maʿarif al-Osmania, Hydarabad, India, 1956), أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري (توفي 276 هـ)، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ
     - [#3]: Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (morto en 1030), Al-Azminah wa al-amkinah (Tempos e Lugares), (Impresión árabe do libro orixinal en 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Líbano)., الإمام أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (توفي سنة 421 هـ)، الأزمنة والأمكنة، تحقيق د. محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، لبنان، 1422 هـ.
     - [#4]: Al-Ṯaqafī, ʿAbd Allah b. Ḥussayn b. ʿĀṣim (morto en ~ 1012), Al-Anwāʾ wa al-azminah (Meteoroloxía e Tempo), (Impresión árabe do libro orixinal en 1996, Dar al-jeel, Beirut, Líbano), عبد الله بن حسين بن عاصم الثقفي (توفي 403 هـ)، الأنواء والأزمنة، تحقيق: د. نوري حمودي القيسي، د. محمد نايف الدليمي، دار الجيل، بيروت، لبنان، 1416 هـ.
     - [#5]: [">Libro das Estrelas de al-Ṣūfī (morto en 986): Edición crítica con comentarios de Khalid al-Ajaji, edición dixital, 2021, كتاب الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي](https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing)
     - [#6]: Al-Farāhīdī, abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ḫalīl b. Aḥmad (morto en ~ 786 AD), Kitab al-ʿayn, un léxico titulado: O libro de ʿayn (Arabic letter العين), (Impresión árabe do libro orixinal, 1980 – 1985), أبو عبد الرحمن الخليل بن أحمد الفراهيدي (توفي 170 ه)، كتاب العين، 1400 – 1405 هـ.
     - [#7]: Ibn Durayd, abu Bakr Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan b. Durayd al-Azdi (died ~ 933 AD), Ǧamharat al-luġah léxico (A colección da linguaxe), Dar al-Ilm lil-malayeen, Beirut, Líbano, (Impresión árabe do libro orixinal, 1987), ابن دريد، أبو بكر محمد بن الحسن بن دريد الأزدي (توفي 321 ه)، جمهرة اللغة، دار العلم للملايين، بيروت، لبنان، 1987م.
     - [#8]: Instructions Nautiques et Routiers Arabes et Portugais , I , Ibn Majid, Gabriel Ferrand, 1921 -1923.
     - [#9]: Instructions Nautiques et Routiers Arabes et Portugais , II, Sulayman al-Mahri et Ibn Majid, Gabriel Ferrand, 1925.
     - [#10]: Al-Ǧawhirī, abu Naṣr Ismaʿīl b. Ḥammād al-Ǧawhirī al-Farabī (morto en ~ 1003 AD), Al-Siḥāḥ lexicon, Dar al-Ilm lil-malayeen, Beirut, Lebanon, (Impresión árabe do libro orixinal, 1987),  أبو نصر إسماعيل بن حماد الجوهري الفارابي (ت ٣٩٣هـ)، الصحاح تاج اللغة وصحاح العربية، دار العلم للملايين - بيروت، 1407 هـ.
     - [#11]: Al-Qalqašandī, abu al-Abbas Aḥmad (died ~ 1418 AD), Ṣubḥ al-Aša, Dar al-kutub al-Misriyah, Cairo, Exipto, (Impresión árabe do libro orixinal, 1922)., القلقشندي، أبو العباس أحمد، صبح الأعشى، دار الكتب المصرية، 1340 هـ.

note: Armintxe Cave sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The cave of Armintxe was lost because of the urban development. On May first 2016, the group of speleology ADES entered in the cave and found a spectacular panel of Magdalenian engravings, they are supposed to be done between 12.000 to 17.000 BP, the engravings are a kind of cave art that normally is very difficult to see, they are sometimes almost invisible, located deep in the cave. This panel is more visible than others, and if you have a lateral light, the vision is very impressive.
gl: A cova de Armintxe perdeuse por mor do desenvolvemento urbanístico. O primeiro de maio de 2016, o grupo de espeleoloxía ADES entrou na cova e atopou un espectacular panel de gravados magdalenienses, suponse que se realizaron entre o 12.000 e o 17.000 aC. Este panel é máis visible ca outros, e cunha luz lateral, a visión é impresionante.

note: Armintxe Cave sky culture description section in markdown format
en: <p/>
    <img src="illustrations/Armintxesala.png" width="800" height="380" />
    <img src="illustrations/osoa.png" width="800" height="380" />
    
    ### Animal constellations
    
    One year later, one of the speleologists, the photographer, was studying the pictures and found out that the main panel depicted the starry firmament, the engravings were like a Paleolithic planetarium, and the animals were their constellations. Armintxe depicts the spring equinox.
    
    If you want to see the constellations at the same position than in the cave you can use this settings: GPS coordinates:43°21′43″N 2°30′29″W, date: -10500-6-10, hour:6am, you have to choose the art layer, they are the original pictures of the cave, the constellation layer is not so important in this case, tries to copy the original pictures. A twenty inch monitor or bigger is needed. Some of the images are easy to see on an objective way, like the tail of the lion and the second ibex, and the position between each other prove that the mere coincidence is impossible. There are other pictures almost impossible too see, their shape is very subjective, it looks like the artists were trying to find in the stars these animals to complete their calendar in a forced way.
    
    Another characteristic of Paleolithic constellations is that they use very dim stars not the brightest, it looks like they were finding a hidden message in the stars.
gl: <p/>
    <img src="illustrations/Armintxesala.png" width="800" height="380" />
    <img src="illustrations/osoa.png" width="800" height="380" />
    
    ### Constelacións Animais
    
    Un ano despois, un dos espeleólogos, o fotógrafo, estaba estudando as imaxes e descubriu que o panel principal representaba o firmamento estrelado, os gravados eran coma un planetario paleolítico e os animais eran as súas constelacións. Armintxe representa o equinoccio de primavera.
    
    Se queres ver as constelacións na mesma posición ca na cova, podes usar esta configuración: Coordenadas GPS: 43°21′43″N 2°30′29″W, data: -10500-6-10, hora:6am, tes que escoller a capa de arte, son as imaxes orixinais da cova, a capa de constelación non é tan importante, intenta copiar as imaxes orixinais. Precísase un monitor de vinte polgadas ou máis grande. Algunhas das imaxes son fáciles de ver dun xeito obxectivo, como a cola do león e o segundo íbice, e as posicións entre si demostran que a mera coincidencia é imposible. Hai outros cadros case imposibles de ver tamén, a súa forma é moi subxectiva, parece que os artistas intentaban atopar nas estrelas estes animais para completar o seu calendario dun xeito forzado.
    
    Outra característica das constelacións paleolíticas é que usan estrelas moi tenues non as máis brillantes, parece que estaban buscando unha mensaxe oculta nas estrelas.

note: Armintxe Cave sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was built by Xabier Gezuraga Jauregi, member and photographer of the group of speleology ADES, and sky and weather photographer, after the discovery continued investigating and wrote the theory[#3] of the calendar of Armintxe, explaining the use of animals in cave art to name periods of time, based on stars, Sun and Moon movements
gl: Esta cultura do ceo foi realizada por Xabier Gezuraga Jauregi, membro e fotógrafo do grupo de espeleoloxía ADES, e fotógrafo do ceo e do tempo, despois do descubrimento seguiu investigando e escribiu a teoría[#3] do calendario de Armintxe, explicando o uso dos animais na arte rupestre para nomear períodos de tempo, baseándose nos movementos das estrelas, do Sol e da Lúa.

note: Aztec sky culture name
en: Aztec
gl: Azteca

note: Aztec sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: <p><img src="illustrations/aztec0.png" width="150" height="146" align="left" />For ancient aztecs, the knowledge of the night skies and stars movement had great importance for their calendars and the measurement of both agricultural and sacred cycles. However, great part of this knowledge was lost as consequence of the Spanish conquest which occurred on continental America in the 16th century.</p>
    
    The elements of the Aztec society such as culture, economy and science is preserved in the _tlacuilos_, word that comes from the ancient Nahuatl word _tlacuiloa_, which means _writing with drawings_. These Tlacuilos where stored in the _amoxcalli_, meaning amoxtli: books and calli: house. Later their became known as _codices_; a word that came from the Latin word Codex which means written book.
    
    After the  Spanish conquest many of the pre-hispanic Codexes where destroyed, their main feature is that their where drawn in many different materials such as deer skin, _amate_ paper or cotton fabric and they had no text only draws or _glifos_. However the collection of Mesoamerican customs continued prior to the Spanish conquest thanks to the work of some native indians and some Spanish priests, this codexes are known as Colonial Codexes and there is a change of the way of drawing because of the new techniques of drawing and the new materials imported from Europe, also because of the incorporation of descriptive text both in Spanish and Nahuatl.
    
    <p><img src="illustrations/edificios.png" width="321" height="156" /><br />
    <em>Astronomical building</em></p>
    
    Sadly, the Aztec astronomical knowledge in the remaining codexes is really small. The next image is one of the few that names some constellations and astronomical phenomena identified by the Aztec, it belong to the _Primeros Memoriales_ (first memorials), which is a colonial manuscript of the 16th century written by Fray Bernardino de Sahagun.
    
    <p align="center"><img src="illustrations/Primeros_Memoriales.png" width="399" height="351" /></p>
    
    Now, in this work we have an explanation of some Aztec stellar figures for Stellarium.
gl: <p><img src="illustrations/aztec0.png" width="150" height="146" align="left" />Para os antigos aztecas, o coñecemento dos ceos nocturnos e o movemento das estrelas tiña unha grande importancia para os seus calendarios e a medición dos ciclos agrícolas e sagrados. Non obstante, gran parte deste coñecemento perdeuse como consecuencia da conquista española que tivo lugar na América continental no século XVI.</p>
    
    Os elementos da sociedade azteca, como a cultura, a economía e a ciencia, consérvanse nos _tlacuilos_, palabra que provén da antiga palabra náhuatl _tlacuiloa_, que significa _escritura con debuxos_. Estes _tlacuilos_ gardábanse nos _amoxcalli_, que significa _amoxtli_ libros e _calli_ casa. Máis tarde, coñecéronse como _códices_, palabra que provén do latín _Codex_, que significa _libro escrito_.
    
    Despois da conquista española, moitos dos códices prehispánicos foron destruídos. A súa principal característica é que estaban debuxados en moitos materiais diferentes, como pel de cervo, papel _amate_ ou tea de algodón, e non tiñan texto, só debuxos ou _glifos_. Porén, a recompilación de costumes mesoamericanos continuou antes da conquista española grazas ó traballo dalgúns indios nativos e algúns sacerdotes españois. Estes códices coñécense como Códices Coloniais e prodúcese un cambio na forma de debuxar debido ás novas técnicas de debuxo e ós novos materiais importados de Europa, así como á incorporación de texto descritivo tanto en español como en náhuatl.
    
    <p><img src="illustrations/edificios.png" width="321" height="156" /><br />
    <em>Edificio astronómico</em></p>
    
    Tristemente, o coñecemento astronómico azteca nos códices restantes é realmente escaso. A seguinte imaxe é unha das poucas que nomea algunhas constelacións e fenómenos astronómicos identificados polos aztecas, pertence ós _Primeiros Memoriales_ (primeiros memoriais), que é un manuscrito colonial do século XVI escrito por Frei Bernardino de Sahagún.
    
    <p align="center"><img src="illustrations/Primeros_Memoriales.png" width="399" height="351" /></p>
    
    Agora, neste traballo temos unha explicación dalgunhas figuras estelares aztecas para Stellarium.

note: Description of Aztec constellation The New fire
en: <img src="illustrations/mamalhuaztli_t.png" width="100" height="107" hspace="7" align="left" />Ancient Aztec identified the Orion's Belt as Mamalhuaztli, and it represented the wood sticks used to light the new fire in the commemoration celebrated every 52 years by the Mexicans and their neighbors named _toxiuh molpilia_ which means binding of the years and coincided with the beginning of the new year named _xiuhtzitzquilo_.
    <p align="center"><img src="illustrations/mamalhuaztli_image.png" width="147" height="135" /></p>
gl: <img src="illustrations/mamalhuaztli_t.png" width="100" height="107" hspace="7" align="left" />Os antigos aztecas identificaban o Cinto de Orión como Mamalhuaztli, e representaba as varas de madeira empregadas para acender o lume novo na conmemoración celebrada cada 52 anos polos mexicanos e os seus veciños chamada _toxiuh molpilia_, que significa unión dos anos, e que coincidía co comezo do novo ano chamado _xiuhtzitzquilo_.
    <p align="center"><img src="illustrations/mamalhuaztli_image.png" width="147" height="135" /></p>

note: Description of Aztec constellation The Market
en: <img src="illustrations/Tianquiztli_T.png" width="100" height="107" align="left" />The group of stars that we know as Pleiades symbolized for the Mexicas _Tianquiztli_, which means market, perhaps because of the crowd that gathers on them, they're generally represented by one or two people inside a circle with goods.
    
    <p align="center"><img src="illustrations/tiaquitztli_image.png" width="141" height="141" /></p>
    
    Currently, in Mexico the informal market or street markets are called _Tianguis_.
gl: <img src="illustrations/Tianquiztli_T.png" width="100" height="107" align="left" />O grupo de estrelas que coñecemos como Pléiades simbolizaba para os mexicas _Tianquiztli_, que significa mercado, quizais pola multitude que se reúne neles, xeralmente represéntanse por unha ou dúas persoas dentro dun círculo con mercadorías.
    
    <p align="center"><img src="illustrations/tiaquitztli_image.png" width="141" height="141" /></p>
    
    Actualmente, en México o mercado informal ou mercados rueiros chámanse _tianguis_.

note: Description of Aztec constellation The ball game of the stars
en: <img src="illustrations/citlaltlachtli_t.png" width="100" height="107" align="left" />The constellation of Gemini was called _Citlaltlachtli_, which means the ball game of the stars. This game was endowed with a ritual significance and used a natural rubber ball. It is said that the movement of the ball within the playing field refers to the movement of the sun and moon.
gl: <img src="illustrations/citlaltlachtli_t.png" width="100" height="107" align="left" />A constelación de Xemelgos chamábase _Citlaltlachtli_, que significa o xogo das estrelas. Este xogo estaba dotado dun significado ritual e empregaba unha pelota de goma natural. Dise que o movemento da pelota dentro do campo de xogo se refire ó movemento do sol e da lúa.

note: Description of Aztec constellation Twisted foot
en: <p><img src="illustrations/xonecuilli_t.png" width="100" height="107" align="left" />The Ursa Minor constellation is identified as _Xonecuilli_ which means twisted foot, and is related to Nanahuatzin, this character is represented with twisted feet, filled with boils and sores, this sick and poor God sacrificed himself to become <em>Tonatiuh</em> the Sun god.</p>
    <p align="center"><img src="illustrations/nanahuatzin.png" width="141" height="138" /></p>
    
    Apparently, this constellation can also be associated with the Southern Cross and its surrounding stars as is referred by _Tezozomoc_. For its part, Sahagun speaks of his resemblance to bread made in the form of letter S and called by the Aztecs _xonecuilli_.
    
    <p align="center"><img src="illustrations/xonecuilli_Glifo.png" width="300" height="149" />
    
    _xonecuilli_</p>
gl: <p><img src="illustrations/xonecuilli_t.png" width="100" height="107" align="left" />A constelación da Osa Menor identifícase como _Xonecuilli_, que significa pé retorcido, e está relacionada con Nanahuatzin; este personaxe represéntase con pés retorcidos, cheos de furúnculos e chagas. Este Deus enfermo e pobre sacrificouse para converterse en <em>Tonatiuh</em> o deus Sol.</p>
    <p align="center"><img src="illustrations/nanahuatzin.png" width="141" height="138" /></p>
    
    Ó parecer, esta constelación tamén pode asociarse coa Cruz do Sur e as estrelas que a rodean, como menciona _Tezozomoc_. Pola súa banda, Sahagún fala da súa semellanza co pan feito en forma de letra S e chamado polos aztecas _xonecuilli_..
    
    <p align="center"><img src="illustrations/xonecuilli_Glifo.png" width="300" height="149" />
    
    _xonecuilli_</p>

note: Description of Aztec constellation Scorpion face
en: <p><img src="illustrations/colotlixayac_t.png" width="100" height="100" align="left" />According to the Florentino Codex Sahagun's informants identified a group of stars known as _Citlalcolotl_, the scorpion star. In turn, Tezozomoc also mentions the scorpion star  and he called it _Colotlixayac_, which means face of a scorpion.</p>
    
    <p align="center"><img src="illustrations/colotlixayac_image.png" width="158" height="266" /><br />
    <em>Paris Codex</em></p>
    
    In a section of the Paris Codex called zodiac pages appears the scorpion, in this codex the icons shows figures of animals hanging from the body of the Celestial Dragon.
gl: <p><img src="illustrations/colotlixayac_t.png" width="100" height="100" align="left" />Segundo o Códice Florentino, os informantes de Sahagún identificaron un grupo de estrelas coñecido como _Citlalcolotl_, a estrela escorpión. Pola súa banda, Tezozomoc tamén menciona a estrela escorpión e chamouna _Colotlixayac_, que significa cara de escorpión.</p>
    
    <p align="center"><img src="illustrations/colotlixayac_image.png" width="158" height="266" /><br />
    <em>Códice de París</em></p>
    
    Nunha sección do Códice de París chamada páxinas do zodíaco aparece o escorpión, neste códice as iconas mostran figuras de animais colgados do corpo do Dragón Celestial.

note: Aztec sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: Enrique G&#243;mez Candelario - <a href="mailto:aldeaglobal@gmail.com">aldeaglobal@gmail.com</a>
    
    ### Thanks to
    
     - Javier G&#243;mez Sandoval
     - Martha Patricia Rivera
     - Emilio Ram&#243;n Bola&#241;os Guerra
     - Hector Vega
     - Rafael Rojas Segoviano
     - Juan Caballero
     - SAAGS
    
    English translation by: Rafael Rojas Segoviano
    
    ### Conclusion
    
    It is noteworthy that the interpretation of some of these constellations are still in discussion, and of course there must be other constellations to represent. Any comments and/or collaboration are welcome in order to preserve the stellar knowledge and meaning of the Aztec culture.
gl: Enrique G&#243;mez Candelario - <a href="mailto:aldeaglobal@gmail.com">aldeaglobal@gmail.com</a>
    
    ### Thanks to
    
     - Javier G&#243;mez Sandoval
     - Martha Patricia Rivera
     - Emilio Ram&#243;n Bola&#241;os Guerra
     - Hector Vega
     - Rafael Rojas Segoviano
     - Juan Caballero
     - SAAGS
    
    
    tradución do inglés de: Rafael Rojas Segoviano
    
    ### Conclusión
    
    É importante salientar que a interpretación dalgunhas destas constelacións aínda está en debate e, por suposto, debe haber outras constelacións que representar. Calquera comentario e/ou colaboración é benvida para preservar o coñecemento estelar e o significado da cultura azteca.

note: Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture name
en: Babylonian (MUL.APIN)
gl: Babilonio (MUL.APIN)

note: Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: <p>This <em>Babylonian sky culture</em>, which had been in use before the Greek one,
    is preserved in a (probably almost) canonical state dating back to the 12th century BCE.
    The earliest fragment known is from the 7th century BCE but the celestial data in the text
    suggests a much earlier origin of the observational base - most likely between -1350 and -1150.</p>
    <p><img width="800" src="illustrations/800px-MulApin-BritishMuseum.jpg"/></p>
    <p><br/><i>photograph of one of the clay tablets that are as big as a sheet of paper (courtesy: the trustees of the British Museum)</i></p>
    
    The compendium MUL.APIN consists of two large clay tablets with six and five lists of different content.
    On the first tablet, there is the so called "star catalogue" (a list of names of stars and constellations),
    followed by three lists of heliacal risings and settings, a list of ziqpu (culminating) asterisms,
    and the list of constellations in the lunar path.
    The second tablet contains intercalary rules for the calendar, rules for the sundial and rules for omina.
gl: <p>Esta <em>cultura do ceo babilonia</em>,que estivera en uso antes do grego,
    consérvase nun estado (probablemente) canónico que data do século XII antes
    de Cristo. O primeiro fragmento coñecido é do século VII antes de Cristo,
    pero os datos celestes do texto suxiren unha orixe moito máis antiga da base
    de observación - moi probablemente entre -1350 e -1150.</p>
    <p><img width="800" src="illustrations/800px-MulApin-BritishMuseum.jpg"/></p>
    <p><br/><i>fotografía dunha das táboas de barro que son tan grandes coma unha folla
    de papel (cortesía: os administradores do British Museum)</i></p>
    
    O compendio MUL.APIN consta de dúas grandes tabelas de arxila con seis e
    cinco listas de contido diferente. Na primeira tableta, hai o chamado
    "catálogo de estrelas" (unha lista de nomes de estrelas e constelacións),
    seguida de tres listas de saídas e postas do Sol, unha lista de asterismos
    ziqpu (culminantes) e a lista de constelacións no camiño da Lúa. A segunda
    tabela contén regras de intercalación para o calendario, regras para o
    reloxo de sol e regras para omina.

note: Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Zodiac
    
    <p>The zodiac definitely came to Greece from Babylonian source.
    It is not preserved when it had been invented there and when it was transformed to Greek mathematical astronomy.
    We know for sure that Hipparchus (2nd ct. BCE) cites ecliptical longitudes from Eudoxus (4th ct. BCE)
    with a zodiac divided into 12x30 units, equaling our 360°. These direct citations from the 4th century BCE
    suggest a much earlier invention because the concept of the zodiac of 360° was very likely well established
    in Babylonian mathematical astronomy before it was copied by Greek mathematicians.
    Taking Eudoxus' writing as a <em>terminus ante quem</em>, we extrapolate a date for the genesis of the zodiac in Mesopotamia before 400 BCE.
    In other fragments of mathematical astronomy (between 800 and 700 BCE) the concept of the zodiac is not present.
    Some scholars argue for the 6th century BCE as date of invention - but to be honest, we don't know.
    The common sense is that the zodiac was probably invented around the middle of the 1st millennium BCE.</p>
    
    In MUL.APIN, there is definitely no zodiac but a predecessor: the path of the Moon.
    There are lists of constellations or "gods who stand in the path of the Moon,
    through whose region the Moon during a month [passes repeatedly] and keeps touching them."
    (cited from the edition by Hunger and Steele, 2018, p. 143).
    This list of the MUL.APIN compendium is not considered in this sky culture; constellations in the path of the Moon are not highlighted.
    
    ### Planets
    
    <p>This sky culture was made more or less only with the first list of the compendium, the so called `star catalogue'.
    It is not a real star catalogue because it does not give a single coordinate and most of the names given there
    are names of asterisms or constellations (and not point-like objects such as stars). The text of this first list is reproduced below - yet, we layouted it as a table to emphasis its function as an explanatory list. The catalogue also includes the names of planets: of course, planets do not have a fixed position.
    However, in Mesopotamian culture it was common to mention them for a complete set of objects in the sky.
    They are usually denoted (or drawn) at the position of their exaltation point (one of the later Greek <em>hypsomata</em> -
    but Greek astrology provided two <em>hypsomata</em> per planet while Babylonian had only one).</p>
    
    The names of the planets displayed in Stellarium are names of the objects in the sky and not of the gods associated with them.
    The list below shows that almost every asterism was associated with a deity.
    According to Babylonian belief, a deity has two representations: one in the sky and one on Earth as statue in the temple.
    That means a celestial object `is' not the deity but only one of its possible expressions. This is also the case for the planets.
    For instance, even a millennium before MUL.APIN, the goddess of sexual love and desire as well as goddess of war,
    the Sumerian Inanna/ Akkadian Ishtar had been associated with the planet Venus.
    This goddess was later `translated' to the Greek Aphrodite and Roman Venus and even in the Greco-Roman culture the name of the planet
    was Phosphoros (Greek: the Luminous One) or Lucifer (Latin: the Bringer of Light) but associated with the goddess.
    Similar cases exist for most of the constellations and single stars listed in MUL.APIN.
    
    In the list reproduced below, the left column gives the name of the object in the sky and the right column (in most of the cases) gives the associated deity.
    
    ### Star Catalogue
    
    The following table copies the reconstruction of the text of MUL.APIN by Hermann Hunger+ (1989, 2018),
    gives translations by Manfred Krebernik (published at the Rencontre Assyriologique International, Innsbruck, 2018) and
    identifies the Akkadian words with celestial regions and constellations (work by Susanne M. Hoffmann, 2015-2018, presented at Deutsche Orientalisten-Tagung, Jena, 2017).
    
    <table cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1" style="background: transparent">
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; font-weight: bold">
    <td width="5ex">constellation number</td>
    <td>asterism to be "explained" (e.g. by relating it to a deity)</td>
    <td>"explanation" (e.g. related deity)</td>
    <td>position in the sky</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6;">
    <td><notr>1</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i>(Plough)</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>Enlil</td>
    <td><notr>Cas</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6;">
    <td><notr>2</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>BARBARU</i>(Wolf)</td>
    <td>seeder of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i></td>
    <td><notr>&gamma; Cas and adjacent</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>3</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;&#298;BU</i>(Old Man)</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>Enme&scaron;arra</td>
    <td><notr>Per</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>4</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>GAMLU</i>(Throwing-stick)</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>Gamlum(Throwing-stick)</td>
    <td>in <notr>Aur</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>5</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>T&#362;'AM&#362;&middot;RAB&Ucirc;TU</i>(Great Twins)</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>Lugalirra and <sup>GOD</sup>Meslamta&#702;ea</td>
    <td><notr>Gem</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>6</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>T&#362;'AM&#362;&middot;&#7778;E&#7722;R&#362;TU</i>(Little Twins)</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>Alammu&scaron; and <sup>GOD</sup>Ningublaga</td>
    <td><notr>Gem</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>7</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ALLUTTU</i>(Crab)</td>
    <td>seat of <sup>GOD</sup>Anu</td>
    <td><notr>Cnc</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>8</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>(Lion)</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>Latarak</td>
    <td><notr>Leo</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>9</notr></td>
    <td>STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i></td>
    <td>STAR (of the) King</td>
    <td>Regulus</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>10</notr></td>
    <td>twinkling STARs in the tail of <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i></td>
    <td>&quot;date-palm spadix&quot; (jewellery?) (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Erua, <sup>GOD</sup>Zarpan&#299;tum</td>
    <td><notr>Com</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>11</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>&Scaron;U.PA(The Bright?)</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>Enlil who determines the destinies of the land</td>
    <td><notr>Boo</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>12</notr></td>
    <td>STAR in front of it</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>&#7722;ENGALL&#256;YU</i>(Abundant), vizier of <sup>GOD</sup>Ninlil</td>
    <td><notr>&alpha; Boo</notr> or <notr>&alpha; CVn</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>13</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind it</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>B&#256;&Scaron;TUM</i>(Dignity), vizier of <sup>GOD</sup>Ti&scaron;pak</td>
    <td><notr>CrB</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>14</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>(Wagon)</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>Ninlil</td>
    <td><notr>UMa</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>15</td>
    <td>STAR by the pole of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;&#274;LEBU</i>(Fox), <sup>GOD</sup>Erra, the strong of the gods</td>
    <td>Alcor (80 UMa) and north of it</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>16</notr></td>
    <td>STAR on the forehead of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>LA&#7722;RU</i>(Ewe), <sup>GOD</sup>Aya</td>
    <td><notr>west of &alpha; UMa </notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>17</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>MU.BU.K&Eacute;&Scaron;.DA (Hitched yoke?)</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup><i>Anu-rab&ucirc;</i> of heaven</td>
    <td><notr>reworked with the knowledge of [#5,#6,#7]</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>18</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>MAR.G&Iacute;D.DA.AN.NA (Wagon of heaven)</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>Damkianna</td>
    <td>UMi (according to Aratus)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>19</notr></td>
    <td>STAR in its bond</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>APIL-EMA&#7722;</i> (Heir of the Ema&#7723;-temple), foremost son of <sup>GOD</sup>Anu</td>
    <td><notr>somewhere in the circumpolar area</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">The stars (of the) Standing Gods of the Ekur temple</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">The stars (of the) Sitting Gods of the Ekur temple</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>20</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>(She-Goat)</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>Gula</td>
    <td><notr>Lyr</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>21</notr></td>
    <td>STAR in front of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>KALBU</i>(Dog) (of <sup>GOD</sup>Gula)</td>
    <td>in <notr>Her</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>22</notr></td>
    <td>bright STAR of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i></td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>Lamassatu, vizier of <sup>GOD</sup>Baba (= <sup>GOD</sup>Gu-la)</td>
    <td><notr>&alpha; Lyr</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>23</notr></td>
    <td>2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>Nin-SAR and <sup>GOD</sup>Errakal</td>
    <td><notr>&eta;, &theta; Lyr ?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>24</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>U.GUR(Nergal)</td>
    <td><notr>Cyg</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>25</notr></td>
    <td>STAR to the right of it</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>&Scaron;<i>A&#7722;&Ucirc;</i>(Pig), <sup>GOD</sup>Damu</td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>26</notr></td>
    <td>STAR to the left of it</td>
    <td><sup>STARS</sup><i>SIS&Ucirc;</i>(Horse)</td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>27</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind it</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>, vizier of STAR.STAR (Pleiades)</td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>28</notr></td>
    <td>twinkling STAR<sup>s</sup> opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>(Stag)</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>&#7722;arriru (Field Mouse), <sup>GOD</sup>Manz&acirc;t(Rainbow)</td>
    <td><notr>M31 ?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>29</notr></td>
    <td>red bright STAR in the kidney of <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>P&#256;&Scaron;ITTU</i>(Deleter)</td>
    <td><notr>??? (unknown)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">When the STAR<sup>s</sup> of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil are completed:</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>30</notr></td>
    <td>big STAR, its &quot;light&quot; is dim, it divides the sky and stands</td>
    <td style="color: #0070c0">STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Marduk, <sup>GOD</sup>N&#275;beru(Ford)</td>
    <td>Milky Way???</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; color: #0070c0">
    <td><notr>31</notr></td>
    <td colspan="2"><sup>STAR</sup>SAG.ME.GAR(Jupiter), it changes its place and crosses the sky</td>
    <td>Jupiter [hypsoma]</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">33 STAR<sup>s</sup> of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil</td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    </table>
    <p><b>Remark 1</b>: <i>Babylonian lists do not have headlines but a sort of caption. Lines written in red [by us] indicate this line to be such a footer which summarizes the text before as a sort of (sub)section or chapter. The planets, we highlighted in blue.</i></p>
    <p><b>Remark 2</b>: <i>At this line, the text tells us that there were 33 asterism listed before this line. However, on the original clay tablet(s) there had been only 31 lines. Therefore, the counting of asterisms for the authors of MUL.APIN is an often discussed topic in this context. There are several different suggestions and we have even made an own one but since all versions are uncertain, we are not brave enough to publish any of them here. We are not sure, if there is any common sense about that in the scientific community.</i></p>
    <table cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1">
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; font-weight: bold">
    <td width="5ex">constellation number</td>
    <td>asterism to be "explained" (e.g. by relating it to a deity)</td>
    <td>"explanation" (e.g. related deity)</td>
    <td>position in the sky</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>32</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;&quot;FIELD&quot;(area measure)</td>
    <td>seat of <sup>GOD</sup>Ea who goes in front of the STAR<sup>s</sup> of <sup>GOD</sup>Anu</td>
    <td><notr>Peg</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>33</notr></td>
    <td>STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;'FIELD'</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;IN&#362;NUTU</i>(Swallow)</td>
    <td><notr>Psc</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>34</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind <sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;'FIELD'</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ANUNN&#298;TU</i></td>
    <td><notr>Psc</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>35</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind it</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>AGRU</i>(Hired Worker), <sup>GOD</sup>Tammuz</td>
    <td><notr>Ari</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>36</notr></td>
    <td>STAR.STAR(<i>ZAPPU</i>, Bristle)</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>Sebettu, the great gods</td>
    <td>Pleiades</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>37</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>BULL&middot;OF&middot;HEAVEN(<i>AL&Ucirc;</i>)</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup><i>Is-l&ecirc;</i> (Jaw of the Wild Bull), crown of <sup>GOD</sup>Anu</td>
    <td><notr>Tau</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>38</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>TRUE&middot;SHEPHERD&middot;OF&middot;HEAVEN (<i>&Scaron;ITADDALLU</i>, Orion)</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>Papsukkal, vizier of <sup>GOD</sup>Anu</td>
    <td><notr>Ori</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>39</notr></td>
    <td>Twin STARs opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;ITADDALLU</i></td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>Lulal and <sup>GOD</sup>Latarak</td>
    <td><notr>&pi;<sub>3</sub>, &pi;<sub>4</sub> Ori ?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>40</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind it</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>TARLUGALLU</i> (Cock)</td>
    <td><notr>Lep (</notr>or<notr> &alpha; CMi ??)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>41</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>GAG.SI.S&Aacute;(Arrow)</td>
    <td><i>&Scaron;ilt&#257;&#7723;u</i> (Arrow), great hero (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Ninurta</td>
    <td>Sirius + </td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>42</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>QA&Scaron;TU</i>(Bow)</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>I&scaron;tar-of-Elam, daughter of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil</td>
    <td>in <notr>CMa ?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>43</notr></td>
    <td>STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>NIRA&#7722;(Snake-god)</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>Ningi&scaron;zida, lord of the 'Earth' (= netherworld)</td>
    <td><notr>Hya</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>44</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>&#256;RIBU</i>(Raven)</td>
    <td>Raven, STAR of <sup>GOD</sup>Adad</td>
    <td><notr>Crv</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>45</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;ER&#702;U</i>(Furrow)</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ala, ear of grain</td>
    <td><notr>Vir</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>46</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ZIB&#256;N&#298;TU</i>(Scales)</td>
    <td>Horns of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>(Scorpion)</td>
    <td>circa Lib</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>47, 48, 49</notr></td>
    <td>STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Zababa</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ER&Ucirc;</i>(Eagle) and <sup>STAR</sup><i>PAGRU</i>(Corpse)</td>
    <td><notr>Oph, Aql+</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; color: #0070c0">
    <td><notr>50</notr></td>
    <td colspan="2"><sup>STAR</sup><i>DILPAT</i>(Venus), it changes its place and crosses the sky</td>
    <td>Venus</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; color: #0070c0">
    <td><notr>51</notr></td>
    <td colspan="2"><sup>STAR</sup><i>&#7778;ALBAT&#256;NU</i>(Mars), it changes its place and crosses the sky</td>
    <td>Mars</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; color: #0070c0">
    <td><notr>52</notr></td>
    <td colspan="2"><sup>STAR</sup>STEADY&middot;&quot;WILD&middot;SHEEP&quot;(<i>KAJJAM&#256;NU</i>, Saturn), it changes its place and crosses the sky</td>
    <td>Saturn</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; color: #0070c0">
    <td><notr>53</notr></td>
    <td colspan="2"><sup>STAR</sup>DANCING&middot;&quot;WILD&middot;SHEEP&quot;(<i>&Scaron;I&#7722;&#7788;U</i>, Mercury),
    whose name is <sup>GOD</sup>Ninurta, either in the East or in the West, where ever in the month it appears, where ever in the month it disappears</td>
    <td>Mercury</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">23 STAR<sup>s</sup> of Anum</td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    </table>
    <p><b>Remark 3:</b> <i>Giving a "+" sign in the column of the modern counterpart, we indicate that (likely/ possibly) more stars are belonging to this Babylonian asterism. In case of the Arrow, for instance, it is sure that Sirius belongs to this constellation but modern authors published at least three versions which further stars have to be added. Another case is the Eagle next to another constellation named "the Corpse". This could possibly be a predecessor of Ptolemy's newly added double-constellation "Eagle with Antinuos" but it can also be independent - that is why, we give "Aql+".</i></p>
    <table cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1">
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; font-weight: bold">
    <td width="5ex">constellation number</td>
    <td>asterism to be "explained" (e.g. by relating it to a deity)</td>
    <td>"explanation" (e.g. related deity)</td>
    <td>position in the sky</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>54</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>N&#362;NU</i>(Fish)</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>Ea who goes in front of the STAR<sup>s</sup> of <sup>GOD</sup>Ea</td>
    <td><notr>PsA</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>55</notr></td>
    <td>GREAT&middot;STAR</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>Ea</td>
    <td><notr>Aqr</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>56</notr></td>
    <td>STAR of (the city of) Eridu</td>
    <td> <sup>GOD</sup>Ea </td>
    <td>Canopus<notr> (&alpha; Car)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>57</notr></td>
    <td>STAR to its right</td>
    <td>STAR (of) <sup>&lt;GOD&gt;</sup>Ninma&#7723;</td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>58</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>&#7722;AB(B)A&#7778;&#7778;&#274;R&#256;NU</i></td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>Ningirsu</td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>59</notr></td>
    <td>STAR to its right</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>MA&Scaron;KAK&#256;TU</i>(Harrow), weapon of <sup>GOD</sup>M&#257;r-b&#299;ti, in the centre of which the Aps&ucirc; is visible</td>
    <td>in <notr>Vela (Aps&ucirc;~MW?)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>60</notr></td>
    <td>2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ullat and <sup>GOD</sup>&#7722;ani&scaron;, <sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ama&scaron; and <sup>GOD</sup>Adad</td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>61</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind it which lights up like <sup>GOD</sup>Ea (and) sets like Ea</td>
    <td>STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Numu&scaron;da, <sup>GOD</sup>Adad</td>
    <td><notr>Cen</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>62</notr></td>
    <td>STAR to the left of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>(Scorpion)</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>URIDIMMU</i> = <sup>GOD</sup>Kusu</td>
    <td><notr>Lup</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>63</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i></td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>I&scaron;&#7723;ara, lady of the inhabited world</td>
    <td><notr>Sco</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>64</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>IRAT&middot;ZUQAQ&#298;PI<br/></i>(Breast of the Scorpion)</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>Lisin, <sup>GOD</sup>Nab&ucirc;</td>
    <td>Antares<notr> (&alpha; Sco)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>65</notr></td>
    <td>2 STAR<sup>s</sup> on the sting (<i>ZIQTU</i>) of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i></td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;arur and <sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;argaz</td>
    <td><notr>&lambda;, &nu; Sco</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>66</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind them</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>Pabilsa&#285;</td>
    <td><notr>Sgr</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>67, 68</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>MAKURRU</i>(Bark) &lt;&lt;and&gt;&gt; </td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>SU&#7722;URM&#256;&Scaron;U</i>(Goat-fish)</td>
    <td><notr>(CrA &amp;) Cap</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6;; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">15 STAR<sup>s</sup> of <sup>GOD</sup>Ea</td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    </table>
    
    ### Source(s)
    
    The stick figures are interpretations by Susanne M. Hoffmann based on some years of her doctoral and post-doctoral research.
    In some cases they deviate from the common identifications copied by Pingree, Hunger and other scholars since 1950 or earlier.
    Hunger's new edition of MUL.APIN (2018) allowed new insights. Some of the figures have been derived in Hoffmann's dissertation thesis
    (in the chapters on the Babylonian roots of the Greek culture: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, 2017) and some others were developed
    during her work as director of the planetarium Königsleiten together with other, mainly German, planetariums.
    A first scientific article on visualization of two versions of the Babylonian zodiac appeared in:
    Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: Popularisierung der Astronomie, Nuncius Hamburgensis, Hamburg, 2017.
    Further publications are in preparation (e.g. together with M. Krebernik for the proceedings of the Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 2018). See chapter "Further Reading" below.
gl: ### Zodíaco
    
    <p>O zodíaco chegou definitivamente a Grecia cunha orixe babilónica.
    Non se sabe cando fora inventado alí nin cando se transformou na astronomía matemática grega.
    Sabemos con certeza que Hiparco (2º ct. a. C.) cita lonxitudes eclípticas de Eudoxo (4º ct. a. C.) cun zodíaco dividido en unidades de 12x30, igual ós nosos 360°. Estas citas directas do século IV a.C suxiren unha invención moi anterior porque o concepto do zodíaco de 360° probablemente estaba ben establecido na astronomía matemática babilónica antes de que fose copiada polos matemáticos gregos. Tomando a escritura de Eudoxo como un <em>terminus ante quem</em>, extrapolamos unha data para a xénese do zodíaco en Mesopotamia antes do 400 a.C.
    Noutros fragmentos da astronomía matemática (entre 800 e 700 a. C.) non está presente o concepto de zodíaco.
    Algúns estudosos defenden o século VI a. C. como data de invención, pero para ser honestos, non o sabemos.
    O sentido común é que o zodíaco probablemente se inventou a mediados do I milenio a.C.</p>
    
    En MUL.APIN, definitivamente non hai zodíaco senón un predecesor: o camiño da Lúa.
    Hai listas de constelacións ou "deuses que están no camiño da Lúa,
    por cuxa rexión a Lúa durante un mes [pasa repetidamente] e segue tocándoas".
    (citado da edición de Hunger e Steele, 2018, p. 143).
    Esta listaxe do compendio MUL.APIN non se considera nesta cultura do ceo; non se destacan as constelacións no camiño da Lúa.
    
    ### Planetas
    
    <p>Esta cultura do ceo fíxose máis ou menos só coa primeira listaxe do compendio, o chamado "catálogo de estrelas".
    Non é un auténtico catálogo de estrelas porque non dá unha soa coordenada e a maioría dos nomes que alí se dan
    son nomes de asterismos ou constelacións (e non de obxectos puntuais coma as estrelas). O texto desta primeira listaxe reprodúcese a continuación; aínda así, deseñouse como unha táboa para enfatizar a súa función como listaxe explicativa. O catálogo tamén inclúe os nomes dos planetas: claro, os planetas non teñen unha posición fixa.
    Porén, na cultura mesopotámica era común mencionalos para un conxunto completo de obxectos no ceo.
    Adoitan denotarse (ou debuxados) na posición do seu punto de exaltación (un dos gregos posteriores <em>hypsomata</em> -
    pero a astroloxía grega proporcionou dous <em>hypsomata</em> por planeta mentres que o babilónico só tiña un).</p>
    
    Os nomes dos planetas que aparecen en Stellarium son nomes dos obxectos do ceo e non dos deuses asociados a eles.
    A listaxe de abaixo mostra que case todos os asterismos estaban asociados cunha divindade.
    Segundo a crenza babilónica, unha deidade ten dúas representacións: unha no ceo e outra na Terra como estatua no templo.
    Isto significa que un obxecto celeste "non é" a divindade senón só unha das súas posibles expresións. Este é tamén o caso dos planetas.
    Por exemplo, mesmo un milenio antes de MUL.APIN, a deusa do amor e do desexo sexual, así como a deusa da guerra,
    o sumerio Inanna/acadio Ishtar fora asociado co planeta Venus.
    Esta deusa foi posteriormente "traducida" ó grego como Afrodita e como Venus ó latín e mesmo na cultura grecorromana o nome do planeta
    era Phosphoros (grego: o Luminoso) ou Lucifer (latín: o Portador da Luz) pero asociado coa deusa.
    Existen casos similares para a maioría das constelacións e estrelas únicas listadas en MUL.APIN.
    
    Na lista que se reproduce a continuación, a columna da esquerda dá o nome do obxecto no ceo e a da dereita (na maioría dos casos) dá a divindade asociada.
    
    ### Catálogo de Estrelas
    
    A seguinte táboa copia a reconstrución do texto de MUL.APIN de Hermann Hunger+ (1989, 2018),
    ofrece traducións de Manfred Krebernik (publicado no Rencontre Assyriologique International, Innsbruck, 2018) e
    identifica as palabras acadias con rexións e constelacións celestes (traballo de Susanne M. Hoffmann, 2015-2018, presentado en Deutsche Orientalisten-Tagung, Jena, 2017).
    
    <table cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1" style="background: transparent">
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; font-weight: bold">
    <td width="5ex">número da constelación</td>
    <td>asterismo que se "explica" (por exemplo, relacionándoo cunha divindade)</td>
    <td>"explicación" (p.ex. divindade relacionada)</td>
    <td>posición no ceo</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6;">
    <td><notr>1</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>EPINNU</i>(Arado)</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>Enlil</td>
    <td><notr>Cas</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6;">
    <td><notr>2</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>BARBARU</i>(Lobo)</td>
    <td>sementadora da <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>EPINNU</i></td>
    <td><notr>&gamma; Cas e adxacente</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>3</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>&Scaron;&#298;BU</i>(Home Vello)</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>Enme&scaron;arra</td>
    <td><notr>Per</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>4</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>GAMLU</i>(Pau de lanzamento)</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>Gamlum(Pau de lanzamento)</td>
    <td>in <notr>Aur</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>5</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>T&#362;'AM&#362;&middot;RAB&Ucirc;TU</i>(Grandes Xemelgos)</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>Lugalirra e<sup>GOD</sup>Meslamta&#702;ea</td>
    <td><notr>Gem</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>6</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>T&#362;'AM&#362;&middot;&#7778;E&#7722;R&#362;TU</i>(Pequenos Xemelgos)</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>Alammu&scaron; e <sup>GOD</sup>Ningublaga</td>
    <td><notr>Gem</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>7</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ALLUTTU</i>(Cangrexo)</td>
    <td>asento do <sup>DEUS</sup>Anu</td>
    <td><notr>Cnc</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>8</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>(León)</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>Latarak</td>
    <td><notr>Leo</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>9</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA enfronte da <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i></td>
    <td>ESTRELA (do) Rei</td>
    <td>Regulus</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>10</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELAs escintiklantes na cola da <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i></td>
    <td>&quot;espádice da palmeira datilera&quot; (xoias?) (do) <sup>DEUS</sup>Erua, <sup>DEUS</sup>Zarpan&#299;tum</td>
    <td><notr>Com</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>11</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup>&Scaron;U.PA(O Brillo?)</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>Enlil, quen determina os destinos da Terra
    </td>
    <td><notr>Boo</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>12</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA de diante</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>&#7722;ENGALL&#256;YU</i>(Abundancia), visir do <sup>DEUS</sup>Ninlil</td>
    <td><notr>&alpha; Boo</notr> or <notr>&alpha; CVn</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>13</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA de detrás</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>B&#256;&Scaron;TUM</i>(Dignidade), visir do <sup>DEUS</sup>Ti&scaron;pak</td>
    <td><notr>CrB</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>14</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>EREQQU</i>(Vagón)</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>Ninlil</td>
    <td><notr>UMa</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>15</td>
    <td>ESTRELA no polo da <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>EREQQU</i></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>&Scaron;&#274;LEBU</i>(Raposo), <sup>EUS</sup>Erra, o máis forte dos deuses</td>
    <td>Alcor (80 UMa) e o norte dela</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>16</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA na fronte de <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>EREQQU</i></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>LA&#7722;RU</i>(Ewe), <sup>DEUS</sup>Aya</td>
    <td><notr>oeste de &alpha; UMa </notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>17</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup>MU.BU.K&Eacute;&Scaron;.DA (Xugo enganchado?)</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup><i>Anu-rab&ucirc;</i> do ceo</td>
    <td><notr>reelaborado co coñecemento de [#5,#6,#7]</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>18</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup>MAR.G&Iacute;D.DA.AN.NA (Vagón do ceo)</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>Damkianna</td>
    <td>UMi (segundo Aratus)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>19</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA no seu vínculo</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>APIL-EMA&#7722;</i> (Herdeiro de Ema&#7723;-templo), fillo principal do <sup>DEUS</sup>Anu</td>
    <td><notr>nalgún lugar da zona circumpolar</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">As estrelas (dos) Deuses en pé do templo de Ekur</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">As estrelas (dos) Deuses sentados do templo de Ekur</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>20</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ENZU</i>(Cabra femia)</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>Gula</td>
    <td><notr>Lyr</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>21</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA fronte á <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ENZU</i></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>KALBU</i>(Can) (do <sup>DEUS</sup>Gula)</td>
    <td>en <notr>Her</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>22</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA brillante da <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ENZU</i></td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>Lamassatu, visir do <sup>DEUS</sup>Baba (= <sup>DEUS</sup>Gu-la)</td>
    <td><notr>&alpha; Lyr</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>23</notr></td>
    <td>2 ESTRELA<sup>s</sup> detrás do</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>Nin-SAR e <sup>DEUS</sup>Errakal</td>
    <td><notr>&eta;, &theta; Lyr ?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>24</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup>U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>U.GUR(Nergal)</td>
    <td><notr>Cyg</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>25</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA á dereita da </td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup>&Scaron;<i>A&#7722;&Ucirc;</i>(Porco), <sup>DEUS</sup>Damu</td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>26</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA á esquerda das </td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELAS</sup><i>SIS&Ucirc;</i>(Horse)</td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>27</notr></td>
    <td>ESSTRELA detrás da</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>, visir da ESTRELA.ESTRELA (Pleiades)</td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>28</notr></td>
    <td>Estrela escintilante<sup>s</sup> oposta á<sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>(Cervo)</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>&#7722;arriru (Rato de campo), <sup>DEUS</sup>Manz&acirc;t(Arco da vella)</td>
    <td><notr>M31 ?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>29</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA brillante vermella no ril da <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>LULIMMU</i></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>P&#256;&Scaron;ITTU</i>(Eliminador)</td>
    <td><notr>??? (descoñecido)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">Cando a ESTRELA<sup>s</sup> do <sup>DEUS</sup>Enlil se competa:</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>30</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA grande, a súa &quot;luz&quot; é tenue, divide o ceo e está de pé
    </td>
    <td style="color: #0070c0">ESTRELA (do) <sup>DEUS</sup>Marduk, <sup>DEUS</sup>N&#275;beru(Vao)</td>
    <td>Vía Láctea???</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; color: #0070c0">
    <td><notr>31</notr></td>
    <td colspan="2"><sup>ESTRELA</sup>SAG.ME.GAR(Xúpiter), cambia de lugar e atravesa o ceo</td>
    <td>Xúpoiter [hypsoma]</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">33 ESTRELA<sup>s</sup> do <sup>DEUS</sup>Enlil</td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    </table>
    <p><b>Observación1</b>: <i>As listaxes babilónicas non teñen titulares senón unha especie de subtítulos. As liñas escritas en vermello [por nós] indican que esta liña é un pé de páxina que resume o texto anterior como unha especie de (sub)sección ou capítulo. Os planetas, destacámolos en azul.</i></p>
    <p><b>Observación2</b>: <i>Nesta liña, o texto dinos que había 33 asterismos antes desta liña. Non obstante, na(s) tableta(s) de arxila orixinal só había 31 liñas. Polo tanto, o reconto de asterismos para os autores de MUL.APIN é un tema frecuentemente discutido neste contexto. Hai varias suxestións diferentes e ata fixemos unha propia, pero como todas as versións son incertas, non somos o suficientemente valentes para publicar ningunha delas aquí. Non estamos seguros de se hai algo con sentido común ó respecto na comunidade científica.</i></p>
    <table cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1">
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; font-weight: bold">
    <td width="5ex">número da constelación</td>
    <td>asterismo para ser "explicado" (por exemplo, relacionándoo cunha divindade)</td>
    <td>"explicación" (p.ex. divindade relacionada)</td>
    <td>posición no ceo</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>32</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup>UN&middot;&quot;CAMPO&quot;(medida de área)</td>
    <td>asento do <sup>DEUS</sup>Ea que vai diante das ESTRELA<sup>s</sup> do <sup>DEUS</sup>Anu</td>
    <td><notr>Peg</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>33</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA oposta á <sup>ESTRELA</sup>UN&middot;'CAMPO'</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>&Scaron;IN&#362;NUTU</i>(Anduriña)</td>
    <td><notr>Psc</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>34</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind <sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;'FIELD'</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ANUNN&#298;TU</i></td>
    <td><notr>Psc</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>35</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA detrás da</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>AGRU</i>(Traballador contratado), <sup>DEUS</sup>Tammuz</td>
    <td><notr>Ari</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>36</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA.ESTRELA<i>ZAPPU</i>, Cerdas)</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>Sebettu, os grandes deuses</td>
    <td>Pleiades</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>37</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup>TOURO&middot;DO&middot;CEO(<i>AL&Ucirc;</i>)</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup><i>Is-l&ecirc;</i> (Mandíbula do Touro Salvaxe), coroa do<sup>DEUS</sup>Anu</td>
    <td><notr>Tau</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>38</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup>VERDADEIRO&middot;PASTOR&middot;DO&middot;CEO (<i>&Scaron;ITADDALLU</i>, Orion)</td>
    <td><sup>Deus</sup>Papsukkal, visir do <sup>DEUS</sup>Anu</td>
    <td><notr>Ori</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>39</notr></td>
    <td>Estrellas xemelgas enfronte da <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>&Scaron;ITADDALLU</i></td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>Lulal e <sup>DEUS</sup>Latarak</td>
    <td><notr>&pi;<sub>3</sub>, &pi;<sub>4</sub> Ori ?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>40</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA detrás da</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>TARLUGALLU</i> (Galo)</td>
    <td><notr>Lep (</notr>ou<notr> &alpha; CMi ??)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>41</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup>GAG.SI.S&Aacute;(Frecha)</td>
    <td><i>&Scaron;ilt&#257;&#7723;u</i> (Frecha), gran heroe (do) <sup>DEUS</sup>Ninurta</td>
    <td>Sirio + </td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>42</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>QA&Scaron;TU</i>(Arco)</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>I&scaron;tar-de-Elam, filla do <sup>DEUS</sup>Enlil</td>
    <td>en <notr>CMa ?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>43</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA (do) <sup>DEUS</sup>NIRA&#7722;(Deus-serpe)</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>Ningi&scaron;zida, señor da 'Terra' (= inframundo)</td>
    <td><notr>Hya</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>44</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>&#256;RIBU</i>(Corvo)</td>
    <td>Corvo, ESTRELA do <sup>DEUS</sup>Adad</td>
    <td><notr>Crv</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>45</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>&Scaron;ER&#702;U</i>(Suco)</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>&Scaron;ala, espiga de grans</td>
    <td><notr>Vir</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>46</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ZIB&#256;N&#298;TU</i>(Escalas)</td>
    <td>Cornos da <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>(Escorpión)</td>
    <td>circa Lib</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>47, 48, 49</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA (do) <sup>DEUS</sup>Zababa</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ER&Ucirc;</i>(Aguia) e <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>PAGRU</i>(Cadáver)</td>
    <td><notr>Oph, Aql+</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; color: #0070c0">
    <td><notr>50</notr></td>
    <td colspan="2"><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>DILPAT</i>(Venus), cambia de lugar e atravesa o ceo</td>
    <td>Venus</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; color: #0070c0">
    <td><notr>51</notr></td>
    <td colspan="2"><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>&#7778;ALBAT&#256;NU</i>(Marte), cambia de lugar e atravesa o ceo</td>
    <td>Marte</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; color: #0070c0">
    <td><notr>52</notr></td>
    <td colspan="2"><sup>ESTRELA</sup>FIXA&middot;&quot;OVELLA&middot;SALVAXE&quot;(<i>KAJJAM&#256;NU</i>, Saturno), cambia de lugar e atravesa o ceo</td>
    <td>Saturno</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; color: #0070c0">
    <td><notr>53</notr></td>
    <td colspan="2"><sup>ESTRELA</sup>DANZARINA&middot;&quot;OVELLA&middot;SALVAXE&quot;(<i>&Scaron;I&#7722;&#7788;U</i>, Mercurio),
    cuxo nome é <sup>DEUS</sup>Ninurta, ben no Leste ou no Oeste, onde queira que apareza no mes, onde queira que no mes desapareza</td>
    <td>Mercurio</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">23 ESTRELA<sup>s</sup> de Anum</td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    </table>
    <p><b>Observación 3:</b> <i>Ó poñer un signo "+" na columna da contraparte moderna, indicamos que (probablemente/posiblemente) máis estrelas pertencen a este asterismo babilónico. No caso da Frecha, por exemplo, é seguro que Sirio pertence a esta constelación, pero os autores modernos publicaron polo menos tres versións ás que hai que engadir máis estrelas. Outro caso é a Aguia xunto a outra constelación chamada "Cadáver". Este podería ser un predecesor da dobre constelación recentemente engadida de Ptolomeo "Aguia con acompañantes", pero tamén pode ser independente; por iso, damos "Aql+"..</i></p>
    <table cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1">
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; font-weight: bold">
    <td width="5ex">número da constelación</td>
    <td>asterismo para ser "explicado" (por exemplo, relacionándoo cunha divindade)</td>
    <td>"explicación" (p. ex. divindade relacionada)
    </td>
    <td>posición no ceo</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>54</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>N&#362;NU</i>(Peixe)</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>Ea que vai diante das ESTRELA<sup>s</sup> do <sup>DEUS</sup>Ea</td>
    <td><notr>PsA</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>55</notr></td>
    <td>GRAN&middot;ESTRELA</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>Ea</td>
    <td><notr>Aqr</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>56</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA da (cidade de) Eridu</td>
    <td> <sup>DEUS</sup>Ea </td>
    <td>Canopus<notr> (&alpha; Car)</notr></td>
    </tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>57</notr></td>
    <td>ESRTRELA á súa dereita</td>
    <td>ESTRELA (do) <sup>&lt;DEUS&gt;</sup>Ninma&#7723;</td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>58</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>&#7722;AB(B)A&#7778;&#7778;&#274;R&#256;NU</i></td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>Ningirsu</td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>59</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA á súa dereita<td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>MA&Scaron;KAK&#256;TU</i>(Grade), arma do <sup>DEUS</sup>M&#257;r-b&#299;ti, en cuxo centro están os Aps&ucirc; é visible</td>
    <td>en <notr>Vela (Aps&ucirc;~MW?)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>60</notr></td>
    <td>2 ESTRELA<sup>s</sup> detrás do</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>&Scaron;ullat e <sup>DEUS</sup>&#7722;ani&scaron;, <sup>DEUS</sup>&Scaron;ama&scaron; e <sup>DEUS</sup>Adad</td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>61</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA detrás dela que se ilumina como <sup>DEUS</sup>Ea (e) forma un conxunto con Ea</td>
    <td>ESTRELA (do) <sup>DEUS</sup>Numu&scaron;da, <sup>DEUS</sup>Adad</td>
    <td><notr>Cen</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>62</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA á esquerda da <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>(Escorpión)</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>URIDIMMU</i> = <sup>DEUS</sup>Kusu</td>
    <td><notr>Lup</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>63</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i></td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>I&scaron;&#7723;ara, dama do mundo habitado</td>
    <td><notr>Sco</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>64</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>IRAT&middot;ZUQAQ&#298;PI<br/></i>(Peito do Escorpión)</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>Lisin, <sup>DEUS</sup>Nab&ucirc;</td>
    <td>Antares<notr> (&alpha; Sco)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>65</notr></td>
    <td>2 ESTRELA<sup>s</sup> no aguillón (<i>ZIQTU</i>) da <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i></td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>&Scaron;arur e <sup>DEUS</sup>&Scaron;argaz</td>
    <td><notr>&lambda;, &nu; Sco</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>66</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA detrás súa</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>Pabilsa&#285;</td>
    <td><notr>Sgr</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>67, 68</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>MAKURRU</i>(Ladrido) &lt;&lt;and&gt;&gt; </td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>SU&#7722;URM&#256;&Scaron;U</i>(Peixe-cabra)</td>
    <td><notr>(CrA &amp;) Cap</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6;; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">15 ESTRELA<sup>s</sup> do <sup>DEUS</sup>Ea</td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    </table>
    
    ### Fonte(s)
    
    As figuras de pauciños son interpretacións de Susanne M. Hoffmann baseadas nalgúns anos da súa investigación de doutoramento e posdoutoral.
    Nalgúns casos desvíanse das identificacións comúns copiadas por Pingree, Hunger e outros estudosos dende 1950 ou antes.
    A nova edición de Hunger de MUL.APIN (2018) permitiu obter novos coñecementos. Algunhas das figuras foron derivadas na tese de disertación de Hoffmann
    (nos capítulos sobre as raíces babilónicas da cultura grega: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, 2017) e algúns outros foron desenvolvidos
    durante o seu traballo como directora do planetario Königsleiten xunto con outros planetarios, principalmente alemáns.
    Un primeiro artigo científico sobre a visualización de dúas versións do zodíaco babilónico apareceu en:
    Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: Popularisierung der Astronomie, Nuncius Hamburgensis, Hamburgo, 2017.
    Máis publicacións están en preparación (por exemplo, xunto con M. Krebernik para as actas do Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 2018). Consulta o capítulo "Lecturas complementarias" a continuación.

note: Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: British Museum [Image Tablet No 152339001](https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/image/152339001)
     - [#2]: Hermann Hunger and John Steele, The Babylonian astronomical compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, London/New York 2018.
     - [#3]: Susanne M. Hoffmann: [Hipparchs Himmelsglobus](https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658186821), Springer, Wiesbaden, New York, 2017.
     - [#4]: Susanne M. Hoffmann: *History of Constellations as popularization of uranometry* in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: [Popularisierung der Astronomie](https://tredition.de/autoren/gudrun-wolfschmidt-1029/popularisierung-der-astronomie-proceedings-der-tagung-des-arbeitskreises-astronomiegeschichte-in-der-astronomischen-gesellschaft-in-bochum-2016-hardcover-91756/), Nuncius Hamburgensis, Bd. 41, Hamburg, 2017.
     - [#5]: Hoffmann, S.M. and Krebernik, M. (2023): *What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system*, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579
     - [#6]: Hoffmann and Horowitz (2023). The Standing and Sitting Asterisms of Ekur, N.A.B.U., n°3 (sept.), 141-143
     - [#7]: Hoffmann, S.M. (2024). Standing and Sitting Gods of MUL.APIN, Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, 27(2), 261-272 
    
    ### Fair Use
    
    This sky culture originates from many years of research by several scholars. We provide this for free but authors of contributions certainly deserve to be cited according to the common rules. Thank you!
    
    ### Thanks to
    
    The positioning of the Babylonian terms in the sky and the drawing of the stick figures for Stellarium had been done by Susanne M. Hoffmann.
    As an astronomer she thanks for the help of several philologists and the some very enthusiastic planetarium managers for some developments in their domes.
    
     - Prof. i.R. Dr. Hermann Hunger (Assyriology, Vienna)
     - Prof. Dr. Manfred Krebernik (Assyriology, Jena)
     - Dr. Björn Voss (Manager of LWL Planetarium Münster and head of Society of German-speaking Planetariums)
     - Dr. Monika Staesche (Manager of Planetarium am Insulaner, Berlin)
     - Stefan Harnisch (Manager of Planetarium Jena)
gl:  - [#1]: British Museum [Imaxe Tableta No 152339001](https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/image/152339001)
    - [#2]: Hermann Hunger e John Steele, The Babylonian astronomical compendium  MUL.APIN, Routledge, Londres/Nova York 2018.
    - [#3]: Susanne M. Hoffmann: [Hipparchs Himmelsglobus](https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658186821), Springer, Wiesbaden, Nova York, 2017.
    - [#4]: Susanne M. Hoffmann: *History of Constellations as popularization of uranometry* en: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: [Popularisierung der Astronomia](https://tredition.de/autoren/gudrun-wolfschmidt-1029/popularisierung-der-astronomie-proceedings-der-tagung-des-arbeitskreises-astronomiegeschichte-in-der-astronomischen-gesellschaft-in-bochum-2016), B Nunsciu766ensis, B. 41, Hamburgo, 2017.
    - [#5]: Hoffmann, S.M. e Krebernik, M. (2023): *What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system*, en: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, ponencias celebradas no 64º Rencontre Assyriologique International e no 12º Simposio Melammu do 16 ao 20 de xullo de 2018, Innsbruck. Prensa da Academia de Ciencias de Austria, 539-579
    - [#6]: Hoffmann e Horowitz (2023). Os asterismos de pé e sentados de Ekur, N.A.B.U., n°3 (sept.), 141-143
    - [#7]: Hoffmann, S.M. (2024). Deuses de pé e sentados de MUL.APIN, Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, 27(2), 261-272
    
    ### Uso xusto
    
    Esta cultura do ceo orixina moitos anos de investigación por parte de varios estudosos. Proporcionámola de xeito gratuíto, pero os autores de contribucións certamente merecen ser citados segundo as regras comúns. Grazas!
    
    ### Grazas!
    
    A colocación dos termos babilónicos no ceo e o debuxo das figuras de pau para Stellarium foi feito por Susanne M. Hoffmann.
    Como astrónoma agradece a axuda de varios filólogos e dos xestores de planetarios moi entusiastas para algúns desenvolvementos nas súas cúpulas.
    
    - Prof. i.R. Dr. Hermann Hunger (Asirioloxía, Viena)
    - Prof. Dr. Manfred Krebernik (Asirioloxía, Jena)
    - Dr Björn Voss (xerente do LWL Planetarium Münster e xefe da Sociedade de Planetarios de fala alemá)
    - Dr. Monika Staesche (xerente do Planetario am Insulaner, Berlín)
    - Stefan Harnisch (Xerente do Planetario Jena)

note: Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: The Babylonian star names and constellation lines were compiled and added to Stellarium:
    
    <p><em>Susanne M. Hoffmann:   service@uhura-uraniae.com </em></p>
    <p>Paintings by: <em>Jessica Gullberg </em> (consulted by Steven Gullberg and Susanne M Hoffmann)</p>
    <p>Text in English: <em>Susanne M. Hoffmann</em></p>
gl: Nomes de estrelas e liñas de constelacións babilonias que se engadiron a
    Stellarium:
    
    <p><em>Susanne M. Hoffmann: service@uhura-uraniae.com </em></p>
    <p>Debuxos de: <em>Jessica Gullberg </em> (consultada por Steven Gullberg e
    Susanne M Hoffmann)</p>
    <p>Text in English: <em>Susanne M. Hoffmann</em></p>

note: Babylonian (Seleucid) sky culture name
en: Babylonian (Seleucid)
gl: Babilonio (Seléucida)

note: Babylonian (Seleucid) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Seleucid Era in Babylonian history is the era of the successors of Alexander the Great who conquered Babylon in 331 BCE. In these days MUL.APIN (already thousand years old) was still copied and, thus, appears to have developed to be an old-fashioned but not outdated standard. Moreover, there is no alternative compendium like MUL.APIN from the Late Babylonian epoch.
    
    <p>This <em>Seleucid</em> or <em>Late Babylonian sky culture</em> is supposed to show the (estimated) state of Babylonian constellations contemporary to the Greek culture. There is no description of the full sky. Changes with regard to the MUL.APIN version have certainly applied in the zodiac since several centuries. This can be stated for sure because in this time, there is a blossoming zodiacal astrology. Since there had been no zodiac in MUL.APIN and the zodiac developed around the middle of the -1st millennium, in the 2nd half of the 1st millennium BCE, there had been different versions of the constellations around the ecliptic.
     </p>
    
     However, we do not know much about the rest of the sky. Hence, for the constellations far away from the zodiac, again the constellations of MUL.APIN can be taken as state of the art. Please see MUL.APIN sky culture for more information and use the MUL.APIN constellations for an impression of the Old Babylonian (or Middle Babylonian) sky culture.
gl: A Era Seleucida na historia babilónica é a era dos sucesores de Alexandre
    Magno que conquistaron Babilonia no 331 aC. Nestes días, MUL.APIN (que xa
    ten mil anos) aínda estaba copiándose e, polo tanto, parece desenvolverse
    como un estándar anticuado pero non desactualizado. Ademais, non hai un
    compendio alternativo como MUL.APIN na época babilonia tardía.
    
    <p>A cultura <em>Seleucid</em> ou <em>cultura do ceo babilonia tardía</em>
    suponse que amosa o estado (estimado) das constelacións babilónicas
    contemporáneas á cultura grega. Non hai unha descrición do ceo completo. Os
    cambios respecto á versión MUL.APIN seguramente se aplican no zodíaco desde
    hai varios séculos. Isto pódese afirmar con certeza porque neste tempo hai
    unha astroloxía zodiacal en flor. Como non había zodíaco en MUL.APIN e o
    zodíaco se desenvolveu cara a mediados do -1º milenio, na segunda metade do
    1º milenio aC, houbo diferentes versións das constelacións arredor da
    eclíptica.
     </p>
    
     Non obstante, non sabemos moito do resto do ceo. Por iso, para as
    constelacións moi afastadas do zodíaco, de novo pódense tomar como
    constantes as constelacións de MUL.APIN. Consultar a cultura do ceo de
    MUL.APIN para obter máis información e usar as constelacións MUL.APIN para
    obter unha impresión da cultura do ceo antiga babilonia (ou babilonia
    media).

note: Babylonian (Seleucid) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Single Stars
    
     <p>
     In contrast to constellations, there are much more lists of single stars preserved from the later epochs. We use this Late Babylonian or Seleucid sky culture to focus on the single star names. There are plenty of <i>ziqpu</i> lists (lists of culminating stars) and for measurements in the zodiac, "normal stars" have been introduced. Normal stars (from Latin "norma" = the measure) are a frame of reference for mathematical astrometry of the Late Babylonian epoch. While for most of the other stars the margin of error concerning their identification with a celestial counterpart is sometimes huge, the normal stars are identified properly because their coordinates can be derived from the planets standing next to them (Jones, 2004).
    </p>
    
    ### Source(s)
    
    <p>The lists of ziqpu stars and normal stars are mostly compiled from the modern compendium Hunger and Pingree: Astral Science in Mesopotamia, 1999 and some of the other papers given in "Further Reading". The book by Hoffmann, 2017 already contains several computations with these stars and more literature (e.g. Wayne Horowitz has worked on <i>ziqpu</i> stars for many years but is not mentioned here with a special paper although his translations contributed a lot for this study). A likely version of the Late Babylonian stick figures will be added in a later release of Stellarium.
    </p>
    <p>
    
    ### MUL.APIN constellations partially re-worked
    
    <table cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1" style="background: transparent">
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; font-weight: bold">
    <td width="5ex">constellation number</td>
    <td>asterism</td>
    <td>our commentary</td>
    <td>position in the sky</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6;">
    <td><notr>1</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i>(Plough)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Cas</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6;">
    <td><notr>2</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>BARBARU</i> (Wolf): seeder of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i></td>
    <td>"wolf" here does not mean the animal but a part of the plough.</td>
    <td><notr>&gamma; Cas (+?)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>3</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;&#298;BU</i>(Old Man)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Per</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>4</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>GAMLU</i>(Throwing-stick)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>in<notr> Aur</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>5</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>T&#362;'AM&#362;&middot;RAB&Ucirc;TU</i>(Great Twins)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Gem</notr></td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>6</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>T&#362;'AM&#362;&middot;&#7778;E&#7722;R&#362;TU</i>(Little Twins)</td>
    <td>do not exist anymore (merged with Great Twins) </td>
    <td><notr>Gem</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>7</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ALLUTTU</i>(Crab)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Cnc</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>8</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>(Lion)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Leo</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>9</notr></td>
    <td>STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>: STAR (of the) King</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Regulus</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>10</notr></td>
    <td>twinkling STARs in the tail of <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>: &quot;date-palm spadix&quot; (jewellery?) (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Erua</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Com</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>11</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>&Scaron;U.PA(The Bright?) = <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Boo</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>12</notr></td>
    <td>STAR in front of it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>&#7722;ENGALL&#256;YU</i> (Abundant)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>&alpha; Boo </notr>or<notr> &alpha; CVn</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>13</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>B&#256;&Scaron;TUM</i> (Dignity)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>CrB</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>14</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i> (Wagon)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>UMa</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>15</notr></td>
    <td>STAR by the pole of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>: <sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;&#274;LEBU</i>(Fox)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Alcor<notr> (80 UMa)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>16</notr></td>
    <td>STAR on the forehead of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>: <sup>STAR</sup><i>LA&#7722;RU</i>(Ewe)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>&alpha; UMa (+)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>17</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>MU.BU.K&Eacute;&Scaron;.DA (Hitched yoke?)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>UMi</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>18</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>MAR.G&Iacute;D.DA.AN.NA (Wagon of heaven)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>somewhere betw UMi and Vega?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>19</notr></td>
    <td>STAR in its bond: <sup>STAR</sup><i>APIL-EMA&#7722;</i> (Heir of the Ema&#7723;-temple)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>&alpha; UMi (?)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>20</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>(She-Goat)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Lyr</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>21</notr></td>
    <td>STAR in front of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>: <sup>STAR</sup><i>KALBU</i>(Dog) [of Goddess Gula]</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>in<notr> Her</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>22</notr></td>
    <td>bright STAR of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i></td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>&alpha; Lyr</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>23</notr></td>
    <td>2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it: <sup>GOD</sup>Nin-SAR and <sup>GOD</sup>Errakal</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>&eta;, &theta; Lyr ?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>24</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>nimru</i> (Panther)</td>
    <td>In Late Babylonian language ("dictionaries") a new reading of this constellation name appears: it should be interpreted as Akkadian word "nimru" translating to "the Panther"; the old demon at this place seems to have been replaced.</td>
    <td><notr>Cyg</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>25</notr></td>
    <td>STAR to the right of it: <sup>STAR</sup>&Scaron;<i>A&#7722;&Ucirc;</i> (Pig)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>26</notr></td>
    <td>STAR to the left of it: <sup>STARS</sup><i>SIS&Ucirc;</i> (Horse)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>27</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i> (Stag)</td>
    <td>We shifted the Stag to display another suggestion and because the Panther occupies different areas than the UKADUA demon. It is still uncertain but in this version the breast of the Stag includes M31 which could be the "Field Mouse". </td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>28</notr></td>
    <td>twinkling STAR<sup>s</sup> opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>(Stag): <sup>GOD</sup>&#7722;arriru (Field Mouse)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>M31 ?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">Path of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil finished.</td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    </table>
    <table cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1">
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; font-weight: bold">
    <td width="5ex">constellation number</td>
    <td>asterism</td>
    <td>our commentary</td>
    <td>position in the sky</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>32</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;&quot;FIELD&quot;(area measure)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Peg</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>33</notr></td>
    <td>STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;'FIELD': <sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;IN&#362;NUTU</i>(Swallow)</td>
    <td>the southern one of the two ellipses of fish; in comparison to the earlier version a small constellation which shifted northwestwards</td>
    <td><notr>Psc</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>33 (a)</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ZIBATI</i>(Tails)</td>
    <td>Since the Old Babylonian 'Great Swallow' turned into a small swallow and was shifted to another place, the V-shaped tails of the Great Swallow remained without any meaning. Still, they are used as constellation (Tails - but nobody knows of whom). Later, the V-shape was interpreted as a band connecting the little swallow with a little fish below the constellation of Anunitu.</td>
    <td><notr>Psc</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>34</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind <sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;'FIELD': <sup>STAR</sup><i>ANUNN&#298;TU</i></td>
    <td>Our stick figure is prepared to transform to the Greek Andromeda: Anunitu is another name for the Babylonian goddess of sexual love Ishtar who was equalized with Greek Aphrodite whose myth in Syria was connected to fish.</td>
    <td><notr>And</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>35</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>AGRU</i>(Hired Worker)</td>
    <td>Over centuries of abbreviation of the names of constellations, the Babylonian LU.HUN.GA transformed to HUN which is a sign similar to UDU (sheep). Therefore, the working man transformed to a sheep. This was likely a Babylonian wordplay only and therefore the constellation figure is not supposed to really look like a sheep.</td>
    <td><notr>Ari</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>36</notr></td>
    <td>STAR.STAR(<i>ZAPPU</i>, Bristle): <sup>GOD</sup>Sebettu</td>
    <td>Old Babylonian termed only "the Star Cluster", Middle Babylonian insists to equalize this with Sebettu (the Seven Gods, warriors) - reason unknown. Late Babylonian more often uses the term "the Bristle" on the neck of the Bull. This interpretation is equal to the Greek one.</td>
    <td>Pleiades</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>37</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>BULL&middot;OF&middot;HEAVEN(<i>AL&Ucirc;</i>) and <sup>GOD</sup><i>Is-l&ecirc;</i> (Jaw of the Wild Bull)</td>
    <td>The Bull of Heaven is a mythological figure from the epos of Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh fights him and divides him in halves (which explains its depiction in the sky). The "Jaw" are the Hyades.</td>
    <td><notr>Tau </notr>and Hyades</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>38</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>TRUE&middot;SHEPHERD&middot;OF&middot;HEAVEN (<i>&Scaron;ITADDALLU</i>, Orion)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Ori</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>39</notr></td>
    <td>Twin STARs opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;ITADDALLU</i></td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>&pi;<sub>3</sub>, &pi;<sub>4</sub> Ori ?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>40</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>TARLUGALLU</i> (Cock)</td>
    <td>Normally, the Cock is identified with modern Lepus but this does not make any sense to me: "behind" Orion, i.e. rising after him is Prokyon, a very bright star without any known Babylonian name. The Greeks named him "pro kyon" (rising before the dog) because in some of the conquered cultures Prokyon was an indicator for the soon rising of Sirius (the dog star for them). Sirius was not a dog star in Babylonian sky culture but, however, important for the calendar. That is why, I suggest to take Prokyon for a crowing rooster, somehow announcing the brighter Sirius.</td>
    <td><notr>Lep (</notr>or<notr> &alpha; CMi ??)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>41</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>GAG.SI.S&Aacute; (Arrow)</td>
    <td>The depicted version is a suggestion. Sure is only Sirius, for the rest, there are multiple options.</td>
    <td>Sirius + </td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>42</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>QA&Scaron;TU</i> (Bow)</td>
    <td>I suppose, this is the mostly accepted version (out of several existing options).</td>
    <td>in<notr> CMa ?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>43</notr></td>
    <td>STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>NIRA&#7722; (Snake-god)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Hya</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>44</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>&#256;RIBU</i> (Raven)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Crv</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>45</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i><sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ala</i>, ear of grain</td>
    <td>The old constellation of the Furrow vanished and left the Maiden (goddess &Scaron;ala) instead. The stable element is the 'ear of grain' as name for the brightest star (Greek Stachys, Latin Spica).</td>
    <td><notr>Vir</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>46</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ZIB&#256;N&#298;TU</i>(Scales)</td>
    <td>Since MUL.APIN identifies the Scales with a part (horns) of the Scorpion this constellation vanished in early Greek astronomy and re-appeared only in early Roman times (Almagest and thereafter). We think, that the earlier versions of the Scales should have been a separate constellation and not part of the Scorpion. That's why, we turned it around 180° because in the Babylonian sky culture Virgo (as Furrow as well as the Maiden &Scaron;ala) does not need so much space.</td>
    <td>circa Lib</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>47</notr></td>
    <td>STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Zababa</td>
    <td>Normally identified with the area of Ophiuchus. </td>
    <td><notr>Oph</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>48, 49</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ER&Ucirc;</i> (Eagle) and <sup>STAR</sup><i>PAGRU</i> (Corpse)</td>
    <td>The Eagle (Aql) is connected with a Corpse which reminds on the Almagest figure of the Eagle carrying dead Antinuos. It appears likely that the Eagle, in former times, had been a vulture because vultures are associated with dead bodies and eagles not and in Babylonian mythology an eagle carries preferably a living (not dead) man. Additionally, many early languages do not distinguish eagles and vultures. </td>
    <td><notr>Aql +</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">Path of Anum completed.</td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    </table>
    <table cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1">
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; font-weight: bold">
    <td width="5ex">constellation number</td>
    <td>asterism</td>
    <td>our commentary</td>
    <td>position in the sky</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>54</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>N&#362;NU</i>(Fish)</td>
    <td>Greek "the Great Fish" </td>
    <td><notr>PsA</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>55</notr></td>
    <td>GREAT&middot;STAR: <sup>GOD</sup>Ea</td>
    <td>The god of wisdom and witchcraft, Ea, is usually depicted with streams of water springing from his shoulders. For Babylonians this was a clear image of the springs of Euphrates and Tigris. Since this was not cler to the Greek, they named this figure simply "the Man with the Water" or "Water-Carrier".</td>
    <td><notr>Aqr</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>56</notr></td>
    <td>STAR of (the city of) Eridu</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Canopus<notr> (&alpha; Car)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>57</notr></td>
    <td>STAR to its right: STAR (of) <sup>&lt;GOD&gt;</sup>Ninma&#7723;</td>
    <td>Since Canopus is almost opposite Aquarius in the sky, it is unclear where this asterism is to be located.</td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>58</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>&#7722;AB(B)A&#7778;&#7778;&#274;R&#256;NU</i></td>
    <td>still unclear</td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>59</notr></td>
    <td>STAR to its right: <sup>STAR</sup><i>MA&Scaron;KAK&#256;TU</i>(Harrow), in the centre of which the Aps&ucirc; is visible</td>
    <td> still unclear - but maybe the Aps&ucirc; is the southernmost part of the Milky Way. </td>
    <td>in<notr> Vela (Aps&ucirc;~MW?)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>60</notr></td>
    <td>2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it: <sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ullat and <sup>GOD</sup>&#7722;ani&scaron;</td>
    <td>no hints, no clue</td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>61</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind it which lights up like <sup>GOD</sup>Ea (and) sets like Ea: STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Numu&scaron;da</td>
    <td>should be an male anthropomorphous figure (a god)</td>
    <td><notr>Cen</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>62</notr></td>
    <td>STAR to the left of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i> (Scorpion): <sup>STAR</sup><i>URIDIMMU</i></td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Lup</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>63</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i></td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Sco</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>64</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>IRAT&middot;ZUQAQ&#298;PI<br/></i> (Breast of the Scorpion): <sup>GOD</sup>Lisin</td>
    <td>single star name</td>
    <td>Antares<notr> (&alpha; Sco)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>65</notr></td>
    <td>2 STAR<sup>s</sup> on the sting (<i>ZIQTU</i>) of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>: <sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;arur and <sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;argaz</td>
    <td>Since &Scaron;argaz is an old term for the sting, this is almost clear and re-applied as official modern star name by the IAU 2016.</td>
    <td><notr>&lambda;, &nu; Sco</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>66</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind them: <sup>GOD</sup>Pabilsa&#285;</td>
    <td>The depiction of god Pabilsa&#285; is iconographically clear. It can easily be transformed to a Greek centaur (see Boll, 1903). </td>
    <td><notr>Sgr</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>67, 68</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>MAKURRU</i> (Bark) (and?) <sup>STAR</sup><i>SU&#7722;URM&#256;&Scaron;U</i> (Goat-fish) </td>
    <td> Either the Bark was identified with the Goat-Fish implying that both terms designate the same constellation (esp. likely for Old Babylonian epochs before MUL.APIN, hypotheses published by Craig Crossen in Sky&Telescope). Alternatively (and esp. likely for later epochs) the Bark was shifted to the west, under the feet of Pabilsa&#285; (Sagittarius). That explains Eratosthenes's long debate on the illogial image of a centaur standing on a ship. In case The Bark was a standalone constellation, it should be identified with Ptolemy's Southern Crown (Corona Australis).</td>
    <td><notr>(CrA &amp;) Cap</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6;; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">Path of <sup>GOD</sup>Ea completed.</td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    </table>
    </p>
gl: ### Estrelas simples
    
     <p>
     En contraste coas constelacións, hai moito máis listas de estrelas simples
    conservadas das épocas posteriores. Usamos a cultura do ceo babilonio tardío
    ou seléucida para centrarnos nos nomes estelares únicos. Hai moitas listaxes
    <i>ziqpu</i> (listaxes de estrelas culminantes) e para as medicións no
    zodíaco introducíronse "estrelas normais". As estrelas normais (do latín
    "norma" = medida) son un marco de referencia para a astrometría matemática
    da época babilónica tardía. Aínda que para a maioría das outras estrelas a
    marxe de erro relativa á súa identificación cun homólogo celeste é ás veces
    enorme, as estrelas normais identifícanse adecuadamente porque as súas
    coordenadas poden derivarse dos planetas situados ó seu carón (Jones, 2004).
    </p>
    
    ### Fonte(s)
    
    <p>As listas de estrelas ziqpu e estrelas normais recóllense maioritariamente a
    partir do compendio moderno Hunger e Pingree: Astral Science in Mesopotamia,
    1999 e algúns dos outros traballos publicados en "Advanced Reading". O libro
    de Hoffmann, 2017 xa contén varios cálculos con estas estrelas e máis
    literatura (por exemplo, Wayne Horowitz traballou as estrelas <i>ziqpu</i>
    durante moitos anos pero non se menciona aquí cun artigo especial, aínda que
    as súas traducións contribuíron moito para este estudo). Unha versión
    probable das figuras tardías de babilonia aparecerá nunha nova versión de
    Stellarium.
    </p>
    <p>
    
    ### Constelacións MUL.APIN parcialmente reconstruídas
    
    <table cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1" style="background: transparent">
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; font-weight: bold">
    <td width="5ex">número de constelación</td>
    <td>asterismo</td>
    <td>o noso comentario</td>
    <td>posición no ceo</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6;">
    <td>1</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>EPINNU</i>(Arado)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Cas</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6;">
    <td>2</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>BARBARU</i> (Lobo): sementador de
    <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>EPINNU</i></td>
    <td>"lobo" aquí non significa o animal senón unha parte do arado.</td>
    <td>&gamma; Cas (+?)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>3</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>&Scaron;&#298;BU</i>(Home Vello)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Per</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>4</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>GAMLU</i>(Lanzador de caxatos)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>en Aur</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>5</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>T&#362;'AM&#362;&middot;RAB&Ucirc;TU</i>(Grandes
    Xemelgos)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Gem</td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>6</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA
    </sup><i>T&#362;'AM&#362;&middot;&#7778;E&#7722;R&#362;TU</i>(Pequenos
    Xemelgos)</td>
    <td>xa non existe (fusionado con Grandes Xemelgos) </td>
    <td>Gem</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>7</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>ALLUTTU</i>(Cangrexo)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Cnc</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>8</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>(León)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Leo</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>9</td>
    <td>ESTRELA oposta <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>: ESTRELA (do) Rei</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Regulus</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>10</td>
    <td>ESTRELAs brillantes no rabo de <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>:
    &quot;espátula de dátiles&quot; (xoiería?) (de) <sup>DEUS</sup>Erua</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Com</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>11</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup>&Scaron;U.PA(A Brillante?) = <sup>DEUS</sup>Enlil</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Boo</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>12</td>
    <td>ESTRELA en fronte: <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>&#7722;ENGALL&#256;YU</i>
    (Abundante)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>&alpha; Boo ou &alpha; CVn</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>13</td>
    <td>ESTRELA detrás: <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>B&#256;&Scaron;TUM</i> (Dignidade)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>CrB</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>14</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>EREQQU</i>(Vagón)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>UMa</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>15</td>
    <td>ESTRELA no polo de <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>EREQQU</i>:
    <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>&Scaron;&#274;LEBU</i>(Raposo)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Alcor (80 UMa)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>16</td>
    <td>ESTRELA detrás de <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>EREQQU</i>:
    <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>LA&#7722;RU</i>(Ovella)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>&alpha; UMa (+)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>17</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup>MU.BU.K&Eacute;&Scaron;.DA (Xugo enganchado?)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>UMi</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>18</td>
    <td><sup>Estrela</sup>MAR.G&Iacute;D.DA.AN.NA (Vagón do ceo)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>algún lugar entre UMi e Vega?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>19</td>
    <td>ESTRELA na súa ligadura: <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>APIL-EMA&#7722;</i> (Cabelo de
    Ema&#7723;-templo)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>&alpha; UMi (?)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>20</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>ENZU</i>(Cabra)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Lyr</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>21</td>
    <td>ESTRELA fronte a <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ENZU</i>:
    <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>KALBU</i>(Can) [da deusa Gula]</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>en Her</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>22</td>
    <td>ESTRELA brillante de <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ENZU</i></td>
    <td></td>
    <td>&alpha; Lyr</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>23</td>
    <td>2 ESTRELA<sup>s</sup> detrás: <sup>DEUS</sup>Nin-SAR e
    <sup>DEUS</sup>Errakal</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>&eta;, &theta; Lyr ?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>24</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>nimru</i> (Pantera)</td>
    <td>En lingua babilonia tardía ("dicionarios") aparece unha nova lectura deste
    nome da constelación: debería interpretarse como a palabra acadia "nimru"
    traducíndose como "a pantera"; o vello demo neste lugar parece que debe ser
    substituído.</td>
    <td>Cyg</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>25</td>
    <td>ESTRELA á dereita: <sup>ESTRELA</sup>&Scaron;<i>A&#7722;&Ucirc;</i> (Porco)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>26</td>
    <td>ESTRELA á esquerda: <sup>ESTRELAS</sup><i>SIS&Ucirc;</i> (Cabalo)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>27</td>
    <td>ESTRELA detrás: <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>LULIMMU</i> (Corzo)</td>
    <td>Cambiamos o Corzo para amosar outra suxestión e porque a Pantera ocupa
    diferentes áreas do demo UKADUA. Aínda non é incerto pero nesta versión o
    peito do Corzo inclúe M31 que podería ser o "Rato de campo". </td>
    <td>?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>28</td>
    <td>ESTRELA<sup>s</sup> brillante oposta
    <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>(Corzo): <sup>DEUS</sup>&#7722;arriru (Rato
    de campo)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>M31 ?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">Camiño de <sup>DEUS</sup>Enlil rematado.</td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    </table>
    <table cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1">
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; font-weight: bold">
    <td width="5ex">número de constelación</td>
    <td>asterismo</td>
    <td>o noso comentario</td>
    <td>posición no ceo</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>32</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA </sup>UN&middot;&quot;CAMPO&quot;(medición de área)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Peg</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>33</td>
    <td>ESTRELA oposta <sup>ESTRELA</sup>E&middot;'FIELD':
    <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>&Scaron;IN&#362;NUTU</i>(Andoriña)</td>
    <td>o sur das dúas elipses de peixes; en comparación coa versión anterior, unha
    pequena constelación que se desprazou cara ó noroeste</td>
    <td>Psc</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>33 (a)</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ZIBATI</i>(Rabos)</td>
    <td>Dado que a "Gran Anduriña" do antigo babilonio se converteu nunha pequena
    andoriña e foi trasladada a outro lugar, os rabos en forma de V da Gran
    Androiña permaneceron sen ningún significado. Aínda así, úsanse como
    constelación (Rabos, pero ninguén sabe de quen). Máis tarde, a forma en V
    foi interpretada coma unha fita que conectaba a pequena andoriña cun pequeno
    peixe debaixo da constelación de Anunitu.</td>
    <td>Psc</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>34</td>
    <td>ESTRELA de detrás <sup>ESTRELA</sup>&middot;'FIELD':
    <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ANUNN&#298;TU</i></td>
    <td>A nosa figura de pau está preparada para transformarse na Andromeda grega:
    Anunitu é outro nome para a deusa babilónica do amor sexual Ishtar que se
    comparou con Afrodita grega cuxo mito en Siria estaba relacionado cos
    peixes.</td>
    <td>And</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>35</td>
    <td>ESTRELA de detrás: <sup>STAR</sup><i>AGRU</i>(Traballador contratado)</td>
    <td>Ó longo de séculos de abreviatura dos nomes das constelacións, o LU.HUN.GA
    babilónico transformouse en HUN que é un signo similar a UDU (ovella). Polo
    tanto, o home traballador transformouse nunha ovella. Este era probablemente
    só un xogo de palabras babilonio e, polo tanto, non parece que a figura da
    constelación se pareza realmente a unha ovella.</td>
    <td>Ari</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>36</td>
    <td>ESTRELA.ESTRELA(<i>ZAPPU</i>, Pelo): <sup>DEUS</sup>Sebettu</td>
    <td>Os antigos babilonios chamábano "o cúmulo das estrelas", e os babilonios
    medios insisten en igualar isto con Sebettu (os sete deuses, guerreiros),
    por razóns descoñecidas. Os babilonios tardíos usan máis frecuentemente o
    termo "O pelo" no pescozo do touro. Esta interpretación é igual á grega.</td>
    <td>Pleiades</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>37</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup>TOURO&middot;DO&middot;CEO(<i>AL&Ucirc;</i>) e
    <sup>DEUS</sup><i>Is-l&ecirc;</i> (Mandíbula de touro salvaxe)</td>
    <td>O touro do ceo é unha figura mitolóxica da epopea de Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh
    loita contra el e divídeo pola metade (o que explica a súa representación no
    ceo). A "Mandíbula" son as Hyades.</td>
    <td>Tau e Pléiades</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>38</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup>VERDADEIRO&middot;PASTOR&middot;DO&middot;CEO
    (<i>&Scaron;ITADDALLU</i>, Orion)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Ori</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>39</td>
    <td>ESTRELAs xemelgas opostas <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>&Scaron;ITADDALLU</i></td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>&pi;<sub>3</sub>, &pi;<sub>4</sub> Ori ?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>40</td>
    <td>ESTRELA de detrás: <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>TARLUGALLU</i> (Galo)</td>
    <td>Normalmente O galo identifícase con Lepus moderno pero isto non ten ningún
    sentido para min: "detrás" de Orión, é dicir, sobre el está Prokyon, unha
    estrela moi brillante sen nome babilónico coñecido. Os gregos nomeárono "pro
    kyon" (erguéndose antes có can) porque nalgunhas das culturas conquistadas
    Prokyon foi un indicador para o pronto ascenso de Sirius (a estrela do can
    para eles). Sirius non foi unha estrela do can na cultura do ceo babilonia
    pero, con todo, era importante para o calendario. É por iso que suxerín
    considerar a Prokyon un galo que chegue anunciando dalgún xeito o máis
    brillante Sirius.</td>
    <td>Lep (ou &alpha; CMi ??)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>41</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup>GAG.SI.S&Aacute; (Frecha)</td>
    <td>A versión representada é unha suxestión. Seguro que só é Sirius, polo
    demais, hai múltiples opcións.</td>
    <td>Sirius + </td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>42</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>QA&Scaron;TU</i> (Arco)</td>
    <td>Supoño que esta é a versión máis aceptada (entre as varias opcións
    existentes).</td>
    <td>en CMa ?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>43</td>
    <td>ESTRELA (de) <sup>DEUS</sup>NIRA&#7722; (Deus serpente)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Hya</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>44</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>&#256;RIBU</i> (Corvo)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Crv</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>45</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i><sup>DEUS</sup>&Scaron;ala</i>, espiga de trigo</td>
    <td>A vella constelación do suco esvaeceuse e deixou á doncela (deusa
    &Scaron;ala) no seu lugar. O elemento estable é a "espiga de trigo" como
    nome da estrela máis brillante (grego Stachys, latín Spica).</td>
    <td>Vir</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>46</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>ZIB&#256;N&#298;TU</i>(Escalas)</td>
    <td>Dado que MUL.APIN identifica as escalas cunha parte (cornos) do Escorpión,
    esta constelación esvaeceuse na astronomía grega temperá e volveu aparecer
    só nos primeiros tempos romanos (Almagest e despois). Pensamos que as
    versións anteriores das escalas deberían ser unha constelación separada e
    non formar parte do Escorpión. É por iso que o xiramos ó redor de 180°
    porque na cultura do ceo babilonia Virxe (tanto o Suco como a &Scaron;ala de
    Maiden) non necesita tanto espazo.</td>
    <td>circa Lib</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>47</td>
    <td>ESTRELA (de) <sup>DEUS</sup>Zababa</td>
    <td>Normalmente identificada coa área de Ofiúco </td>
    <td>Oph</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>48, 49</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ER&Ucirc;</i> (Aguia) e <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>PAGRU</i>
    (Cadáver)</td>
    <td>A Aguia está conectada cun cadáver que recorda a figura de Almagest, da
    aguia que levaba a Antinuos mortos. Parece probable que a aguia, en tempos
    antigos, fose un voitre porque os voitres están asociados a cadáveres e as
    aguias non, e na mitoloxía babilónica unha aguia leva preferentemente un
    home vivo (non morto). Ademais, moitas linguas temperás non distinguen as
    aguias e os voitres. </td>
    <td>Aql +</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">Camiño de Anum completado.</td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    </table>
    <table cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1">
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; font-weight: bold">
    <td width="5ex">número de constelación</td>
    <td>asterismo</td>
    <td>o noso comentario</td>
    <td>posición no ceo</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>54</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>N&#362;NU</i>(Peixe)</td>
    <td>Grego  "O Gran Peixe" </td>
    <td>PsA</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>55</td>
    <td>GRAN&middot;ESTRELA: <sup>DEUS</sup>Ea</td>
    <td>O deus da sabedoría e da bruxería, Ea, normalmente móstrase con correntes de
    auga que brotan dos seus ombreiros. Para os babilonios esta era unha imaxe
    clara das fontes do Éufrates e o Tigris. Dado que isto non se relacionaba co
    grego, nomearon esta figura simplemente como "o home coa auga" ou
    "transporte de auga".</td>
    <td>Aqr</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>56</td>
    <td>ESTRELA de (a cidade de) Eridu</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Canopus (&alpha; Car)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>57</td>
    <td>ESTRELA á sua dereita: ESTRELA (de) <sup>&lt;DEUS&gt;</sup>Ninma&#7723;</td>
    <td>Dado que Canopus está case fronte a Acuario no ceo, non está claro onde se
    debe localizar este asterismo.</td>
    <td>?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>58</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>&#7722;AB(B)A&#7778;&#7778;&#274;R&#256;NU</i></td>
    <td>aínda non está claro</td>
    <td>?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>59</td>
    <td>ESTRELA á súa dereita:
    <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>MA&Scaron;KAK&#256;TU</i>(Frecha), no centro da cal se
    ve Aps&ucirc;</td>
    <td> aínda non está claro, pero quizais o Aps&ucirc; sexa a parte máis meridional
    da Vía Láctea. </td>
    <td>en Vela (Aps&ucirc;~MW?)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>60</td>
    <td>2 ESTRELA<sup>s</sup> de detrás: <sup>DEUS</sup>&Scaron;ullat e
    <sup>DEUS</sup>&#7722;ani&scaron;</td>
    <td>sen coincidencias nin pistas</td>
    <td>?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>61</td>
    <td>ESTRELA de detrás que ilumina <sup>DEUS</sup>Ea (e) é como Ea: ESTRELA (de)
    <sup>DEUS</sup>Numu&scaron;da</td>
    <td>debería ser unha figura antropomórfica masculina (un deus)</td>
    <td>Cen</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>62</td>
    <td>ESTRELA á dereita de <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i> (Escorpión):
    <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>URIDIMMU</i></td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Lup</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>63</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i></td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Sco</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>64</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>IRAT&middot;ZUQAQ&#298;PI<br/></i> (Peito do escorpión): <sup>DEUS</sup>Lisin</td>
    <td>nome de estrela simple</td>
    <td>Antares (&alpha; Sco)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>65</td>
    <td>2 ESTRELA<sup>s</sup> na picada (<i>ZIQTU</i>) de
    <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>: <sup>DEUS</sup>&Scaron;arur e
    <sup>DEUS</sup>&Scaron;argaz</td>
    <td>Dado que &Scaron;argaz é un antigo termo para a picada, este está bastante
    claro e reaplícase como nome oficial de estrela moderna polo IAU 2016.</td>
    <td>&lambda;, &nu; Sco</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>66</td>
    <td>ESTRELA de detrás: <sup>DEUS</sup>Pabilsa&#285;</td>
    <td>A representación do deus Pabilsa&#285; é iconográfica clara. Pódese
    transformar facilmente nun centauro grego (ver Boll, 1903). </td>
    <td>Sgr</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>67, 68</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>MAKURRU</i> (Cortiza) (e?)
    <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>SU&#7722;URM&#256;&Scaron;U</i> (Peixe cabra) </td>
    <td> A casca foi identificada co Peixe cabra, implicando que ambos os termos
    designan a mesma constelación (especialmente para as épocas babilónicas
    antigas antes de MUL.APIN, hipóteses publicadas por Craig Crossen en Sky &
    Telescope). Alternativamente (e especialmente a épocas posteriores), a
    cortiza trasladouse cara ó oeste, baixo os pés de Pabilsa&#285;
    (Saxitario). Iso explica o longo debate de Eratóstenes sobre a imaxe ilóxica
    dun centauro de pé nun barco. No caso de que A cortiza fose unha
    constelación autónoma, debería identificarse coa Coroa Meridional de
    Ptolomeo (Corona Australis).</td>
    <td>(CrA &amp;) Cap</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6;; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">Camiño de <sup>DEUS</sup>Ea completado.</td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    </table>
    </p>

note: Babylonian (Seleucid) sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: Franz Boll (1903), Sphaera. Teubner, Leipzig.
     - [#2]: Craig Crossen (2015), Sky and Telescope, March 2015, p.36-40.
     - [#3]: Hermann Hunger and David Pingree (1999), Astral Science in Mesopotamia, Brill, Leiden.
     - [#4]: Hermann Hunger and John Steele (2018), The Babylonian astronomical compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, London/ New York.
     - [#5]: Susanne M. Hoffmann (2017), [Hipparchs Himmelsglobus](https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658186821), Springer, Wiesbaden, New York.
     - [#6]: Susanne M. Hoffmann (2017), *History of Constellations as popularization of uranometry* in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: [Popularisierung der Astronomie](https://tredition.de/autoren/gudrun-wolfschmidt-1029/popularisierung-der-astronomie-proceedings-der-tagung-des-arbeitskreises-astronomiegeschichte-in-der-astronomischen-gesellschaft-in-bochum-2016-hardcover-91756/), Nuncius Hamburgensis, Bd. 41, Hamburg.
     - [#7]: Alexander Jones (2004), “A Study of Babylonian Observations of Planets Near Normal Stars”, Archive for History of Exact Sciences.
     - [#8]: Jordi Pàmias and Klaus Geus (2007), Eratosthenes: Sternsagen (Catasterismi), Utopica, Oberhaid.
     - [#9]: Many publications on *ziqpu* star lists by Wayne Horowitz, John M. Steele, E. Weidner, J. Koch, and others are compiled or/and discussed in the above books, especially the one by Hunger and Pingree (1999) which is why we do not list them in detail here.
    
    ### Thanks to
    
    Thanks to some very enthusiastic planetarium managers for their request and development time in their domes.
    
     - Dr. Björn Voss (Manager of LWL Planetarium Münster and head of Society of German-speaking Planetariums)
     - Stefan Harnisch (Manager of Planetarium Jena)
gl:  - [#1]: Franz Boll (1903), Sphaera. Teubner, Leipzig.
     - [#2]: Craig Crossen (2015), Sky and Telescope, March 2015, p.36-40.
     - [#3]: Hermann Hunger and David Pingree (1999), Astral Science in Mesopotamia, Brill, Leiden.
     - [#4]: Hermann Hunger and John Steele (2018), The Babylonian astronomical compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, London/ New York.
     - [#5]: Susanne M. Hoffmann (2017), [Hipparchs Himmelsglobus](https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658186821), Springer, Wiesbaden, New York.
     - [#6]: Susanne M. Hoffmann (2017), *History of Constellations as popularization of uranometry* in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: [Popularisierung der Astronomie](https://tredition.de/autoren/gudrun-wolfschmidt-1029/popularisierung-der-astronomie-proceedings-der-tagung-des-arbeitskreises-astronomiegeschichte-in-der-astronomischen-gesellschaft-in-bochum-2016-hardcover-91756/), Nuncius Hamburgensis, Bd. 41, Hamburg.
     - [#7]: Alexander Jones (2004), “A Study of Babylonian Observations of Planets Near Normal Stars”, Archive for History of Exact Sciences.
     - [#8]: Jordi Pàmias and Klaus Geus (2007), Eratosthenes: Sternsagen (Catasterismi), Utopica, Oberhaid.
     - [#9]: moitas publicacións en listas de estrelas *ziqpu* de Wayne Horowitz, John M. Steele, E. Weidner, J. Koch e outras son recompiladas ou discutidas nos libros anteriores, especialmente a de Hunger e Pingree (1999), polo que nós non as listamos en detalle aquí.
    
    ### Grazas a
    
    Grazas a algúns xestores de planetarios moi entusiastas pola súa
    dispoñibilidade e tempo de desenvolvemento nas súas cúpulas.
    
     - Dr. Björn Voss (Manager of LWL Planetarium Münster and head of Society of
    German-speaking Planetariums)
    
     - Stefan Harnisch (Manager of Planetarium Jena)

note: Babylonian (Seleucid) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: Artwork by R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster (Germany) and Susanne M Hoffmann (Planetarium Königsleiten, Austria).
    
    The Babylonian star names were compiled and added to Stellarium and
    
    the Babylonian constellation lines were prepared by:
    
    <p><em>Susanne M Hoffmann:   service@uhura-uraniae.com </em></p>
gl: Imaxe de R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster (Alemaña) e Susanne M Hoffmann
    (Planetarium Königsleiten, Austria).
    
    Os nomes estrela babilonios foron compilados e engadidos a Stellarium e
    
    as liñas da constelación babilonia foron preparadas por:
    
    <p><em>Susanne M Hoffmann: service@uhura-uraniae.com </em></p>

note: Balinese sky culture name
en: Balinese
gl: Balinés

note: Balinese sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Balinese people have had a strong connection to the cosmos since ancient times. They rely on the cosmos because they believe that every celestial body has power and will impact what they will or have done. Therefore, in carrying out all activities, from social to civil and ritual, they must know the right time to do so, guided by the celestial conditions.
gl: O pobo balinés tivo unha forte conexión co cosmos dende a antigüidade. Dependen do cosmos porque cren que cada corpo celeste ten poder e influirá no que fixeron ou no que han facer. Polo tanto, ó levaren a cabo todas as actividades, desde as sociais ata as civís e rituais, deben saber o momento adecuado para facelo, guiados polas condicións do ceo.

note: Balinese sky culture description section in markdown format
en: Bali, one of the provinces in Indonesia, is a strategic island for cultural exchange, as the island is located between Java and Lombok Island. Most people recognize Bali as a tourist island; meanwhile, this refers to Bali Island, not Bali Province. Aside from Bali Island, Bali province has other small islands nearby, namely Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan, Nusa Ceningan, Serangan, and Menjangan. The majority of Bali's population is Balinese Hindus, who are slightly different from Indian Hindus. They also have their own language, Balinese. Bali utilizes its territory as a primary source of income through tourism. However, before the 18th century, its inhabitants made their living in agriculture and fishing. Through the original lifestyle, they have a system for determining the right time to do rituals and live by interpreting the sky.
    
    From its location, Balinese sky culture is one of the unique sky cultures in Indonesia due to its mixture of cultures. This sky culture has a mixture of influences from China and India through the religion transmission, Hindu-Buddhist, and trade. Polynesian influence existed earlier, given that Polynesians were accustomed to seafaring. Furthermore, it is known that most of the ancestors of Indonesians were sailors, which is supported by the fact that Indonesia is an archipelago.
    
    <img width="900" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Map.png"/>
    
    <i>Cultural Map that influences Balinese Sky Culture</i>
    
    In written form, Balinese sky culture is preserved in lontar or leaves of Borassus flabellifer or palmyra which is dried and used as a material for manuscript and antique crafts. This sky culture is related to Balinese calendar, and this system is Palelintangan. Palelintangan is a set of 35 asterisms that has a deep connection between cosmic movement and human life. Basically, they rely their daily activities based on which palelintangan is appear in that time. They believe each lintang of palelintangan has their own cosmos power to handle their work.
    
    Palelintangan is formed by combining seven-day cycle (from Redite/Sunday to Saniscara/Saturday) and five-day cycle (from Umanis to Kliwon). Palelintangan adopted Nakṣatra system and combining with the earlier existing concept in Bali. From all 35-lintang, four of them could not be considered as constellation. They are lintang Laweyan, lintang Děpat, lintang Dupa and lintang Srengenge. 
    
    ### Sky
    
    This sky culture has one small lintang system called "Kartika". You can see it clearly if you zoom into the Pleiades. 
    Balinese people are gifted in art. They use art to admire the cosmos and the gods who guard it. Consequently, the constellations depicted in this culture are found not only on palm-leaf manuscripts but also on textiles sold in the marketplace. Furthermore, they also depict them on buildings such as the Floating Pavilion, used for royal gatherings, receiving guests, and ceremonial purposes.
    
    ### Moon and Sun
    
    Bali has two distinct calendars: the Pawukon calendar and the Balinese Saka calendar.
    
    The Pawukon calendar is a purely arithmetic calendar with a 210-day cycle, divided into 30 seven-day units called wuku. This calendar does not have a new year but begins with the Sinta wuku. This calendar is related to the Palelintangan system. Furthermore, most feast days in Bali are determined based on the Pawukon calendar.
    
    Next is the Balinese Saka calendar, a Balinese Hindu lunisolar calendar with a normal year consisting of 12 months. The beginning of each month is determined by the new moon (called Tilem). The waxing phase of the moon is called Penanggal, and the waning phase is called Panglong. The difference in the number of days in the solar and lunar years results in an intercalation of 11 days, which is then added to form the 13th month every three years. The New Year is called Nyepi (Silence Day), the first day of the 10th month (Sasi Kadasa). It always falls on the day after Tilem, which is closest to (but after) the March equinox. Coupled with intercalation regulations, Nyepi is kept in the mid-March to mid-April Gregorian calendar.
    
    For the civil calendar, in Indonesia, all regions are required to follow the national calendar. However, Bali has its calendars for religious rituals. The Balinese government eventually took the initiative to combine various calendar systems and adapt all Indonesian holidays to the one civil Balinese calendar. As a result, this calendar circulating in the community has become a complex one, consisting of the Saka Balinese calendar, the Pawukon calendar, the Saka Javanese calendar, the Chinese calendar, and the Japanese calendar. Therefore, a single date contains information from various calendar systems used in Bali.
    
    ### Other Celestial Objects
    
    The Balinese consider comets to be stars, calling them lintang Dupa. Dupa is an incense. They think that comets are similar to incense. Furthermore, lintang Laweyan and lintang Děpat are unique. These two lintangs are related to the story of Kalau Rau, a powerful demon who stole the holy water (tirta amerta) that can make anybody immortality. His actions were discovered by the Sun God and Moon God. One of their weapons split the demon's head and body. His head is called lintang Laweyan, which in Vedic concept is associated with Rahu.  Meanwhile, his body is called lintang Děpat, which in Vedic concept is associated with Ketu. In astronomical concept, lintang Laweyan is the lunar ascending node, and the descending node is lintang Děpat.
gl: Bali, unha das provincias de Indonesia, é unha illa estratéxica para o intercambio cultural, xa que está situada entre Xava e Lombok. A maioría da xente recoñece Bali como unha illa turística; mentres tanto, isto refírese á illa de Bali, non á provincia de Bali. Ademais da illa de Bali, a provincia de Bali ten outras pequenas illas nas proximidades, concretamente Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan, Nusa Ceningan, Serangan e Menjangan. A maioría da poboación de Bali son hindús balineses, que son lixeiramente diferentes dos hindús indios. Tamén teñen a súa propia lingua, o balinés. Bali utiliza o seu territorio como principal fonte de ingresos a través do turismo. Non obstante, antes do século XVIII, os seus habitantes vivían da agricultura e da pesca. A través do estilo de vida orixinal, teñen un sistema para determinar o momento adecuado para facer rituais e vivir interpretando o ceo.Dada a súa localización, a cultura do ceo balinesa é unha das culturas do ceo únicas en Indonesia debido á súa mestura de culturas. Esta cultura do ceo ten unha mestura de influencias da China e da India a través da transmisión da relixión, o hinduísmo-budista e o comercio. A influencia polinesia existía antes, dado que os polinesios estaban afeitos á navegación. Ademais, sábese que a maioría dos antepasados ​​dos indonesios eran mariñeiros, o que se ve corroborado polo feito de que Indonesia é un arquipélago.<img width="900" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Map.png"/><i>Mapa cultural que inflúe na cultura do ceo balinesa</i>En forma escrita, a cultura celeste balinesa consérvase en lontar ou follas de *Borassus flabellifer* ou *palmyra*, que se secan e se usan como material para manuscritos e artesanía antiga. Esta cultura celeste está relacionada co calendario balinés, e este sistema é o *Palelintangan*. O *Palelintangan* é un conxunto de 35 asterismos que ten unha profunda conexión entre o movemento cósmico e a vida humana. Basicamente, dependen das súas actividades diarias en función do *Palelintangan* que aparece nese momento. Cren que cada *lintang* de *Palelintangan* ten o seu propio poder cósmico para levar a cabo o traballo.O *Palelintangan* fórmase combinando un ciclo de sete días (dende *Redite*/domingo ata *Saniscara*/sábado) e un ciclo de cinco días (desde *Umanis* ata *Kliwon*). O *Palelintangan* adoptou o sistema *Nakṣatra* e combinouno co concepto anterior existente en Bali. De todos os 35 *lintang*, catro deles non se poden considerar constelacións. Son o lintang Laweyan, o lintang Děpat, o lintang Dupa e o lintang Srengenge.### CeoEsta cultura do ceo ten un pequeno sistema de lintang chamado "Kartika". Pódese ver claramente se se amplía a imaxe das Pléiades.O pobo balinés ten un don para a arte. Usa a arte para admirar o cosmos e os deuses que o gardan. En consecuencia, as constelacións representadas nesta cultura non só se atopan en manuscritos de follas de palma, senón tamén en téxtiles que se venden no mercado. Ademais, tamén as representan en edificios como o Pavillón Flotante, utilizado para reunións reais, recepción de invitados e fins cerimoniais.### Lúa e SolBali ten dous calendarios distintos: o calendario Pawukon e o calendario balinés Saka.O calendario Pawukon é un calendario puramente aritmético cun ciclo de 210 días, dividido en 30 unidades de sete días chamadas wuku. Este calendario non ten un novo ano, senón que comeza co Sinta wuku. Este calendario está relacionado co sistema Palelintangan. Ademais, a maioría dos días festivos en Bali determínanse segundo o calendario Pawukon.O seguinte é o calendario balinés Saka, un calendario lunisolar hindú balinés cun ano normal que consta de 12 meses. O comezo de cada mes está determinado pola lúa nova (chamada Tilem). A fase crecente da lúa chámase Penanggal e a fase minguante chámase Panglong. A diferenza no número de días nos anos solar e lunar resulta nunha intercalación de 11 días, que logo se engade para formar o 13º mes cada tres anos. O Aninovo chámase Nyepi (Día do Silencio), o primeiro día do 10º mes (Sasi Kadasa). Sempre cae o día despois de Tilem, que é o máis próximo (pero despois) ó equinoccio de marzo. Xunto coas regulacións de intercalación, Nyepi mantense no calendario gregoriano de mediados de marzo a mediados de abril.Para o calendario civil, en Indonesia, todas as rexións deben seguir o calendario nacional. Non obstante, Bali ten os seus propios calendarios para os rituais relixiosos. O goberno balinés acabou por tomar a iniciativa de combinar varios sistemas de calendario e adaptar todas as festas indonesias ó único calendario civil balinés. Como resultado, este calendario que circula na comunidade converteuse nun calendario complexo, composto polo calendario balinés Saka, o calendario Pawukon, o calendario xavanés Saka, o calendario chinés e o calendario xaponés. Polo tanto, unha única data contén información de varios sistemas de calendario empregados en Bali.### Outros obxectos celestesOs balineses consideran os cometas como estrelas, chamándoos lintang Dupa. Dupa é un incenso. Pensan que os cometas son similares ó incenso. Ademais, lintang Laweyan e lintang Děpat son únicos. Estes dous lintangs están relacionados coa historia de Kalau Rau, un poderoso demo que roubou a auga bendita (tirta amerta) que pode facer inmortal a calquera. As súas accións foron descubertas polo Deus Sol e o Deus Lúa. Unha das súas armas partiu a cabeza e o corpo do demo. A súa cabeza chámase lintang Laweyan, que no concepto védico está asociado con Rahu. Mentres tanto, o seu corpo chámase lintang Děpat, que no concepto védico está asociado con Ketu. No concepto astronómico, lintang Laweyan é o nodo ascendente lunar e o nodo descendente é lintang Děpat.

note: Description of Balinese constellation Upside-down Demon
en: Kala Sungsang is an upside-down demon. Sungsang itself is inverted. Kala also means time. So the duty of this demon is to remind people who forget or even neglect the time.
    
    <img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Ra_U.jpg"/>
gl: Kala Sungsang é un demo do revés. O propio Sungsang está do revés. Kala tamén significa tempo. Polo tanto, o deber deste demo é lembrarlles ás persoas que non teñen en conta ou malgastan o tempo.<img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Ra_U.jpg"/>

note: Description of Balinese constellation An Elephant
en: Gajah is an elephant. In Hinduism, the elephant has a connection with deities. On the one hand, an elephant is a vehicle of the God Indra; together they eradicate the forces of evil. On the other hand, God Ganesha is a god who has an elephant’s head with a human body. 
    
    <img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Ra_Pa.png"/>
gl: Gajah é un elefante. No hinduísmo, o elefante ten unha conexión coas deidades. Por unha banda, un elefante é un vehículo do deus Indra; xuntos erradican as forzas do mal. Por outra banda, o deus Ganesha é un deus que ten cabeza de elefante con corpo humano. <img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Ra_Pa.png"/>

note: Description of Balinese constellation Keris (Indigenous Dagger)
en: Patrem is keris (indigenous dagger). A royal spy code or women use this kind of dagger.
    
    <img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Ra_Po.jpg"/>
gl: Patrem é keris (daga indíxena). Un código de espionaxe real ou mulleres usan este tipo de daga.<img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Ra_Po.jpg"/>

note: Description of Balinese constellation A Plough
en: Těnggala is a plough. Betelgeuse is the red pain of the farmer. Bellatrix is the farmer's eye. Orion's belt is the plough. Rigel and other stars to the west are the animals (cow).
    
    <img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Ra_Wa.jpg"/>
gl: Těnggala é un arado. Betelgeuse é a dor vermella do labrego. Belatrix é o ollo do labrego. O cinto de Orión é o arado. Rigel e outras estrelas ó oeste son os animais (vacas).<img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Ra_Wa.jpg"/>

note: Description of Balinese constellation A Leaning Coconut Tree
en: Klapa Sunda is a leaning coconut tree. There is a man in the coconut tree. He can't climb because there are two ants fighting on his foot.
    
    <img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Ca_U.png"/>
gl: Klapa Sunda é unha cocoteira inclinada. Hai un home na cocoteira. Non pode subir porque hai dúas formigas loitando no seu pé.<img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Ca_U.png"/>

note: Description of Balinese constellation A Widow
en: Hulanjar is a widow.
    
    <img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Ca_Po.png"/>
gl: Hulanjar é unha viúva.<img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Ca_Po.png"/>

note: Description of Balinese constellation A White Ox
en: Lěmbu is a white ox or a white cow. Lembu is a sacred animal in Bali.  Lembu are used in agricultural rituals such as traditional ploughing of fields, which contains the meaning of respect for nature. In addition, the majority of Hindus do not eat cows because cows are the mounts of the god Shiva.
    
    <img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Ca_Wa.png"/>
gl: O lěmbu é un boi branco ou unha vaca branca. O lembu é un animal sagrado en Bali. Os lembus úsanse en rituais agrícolas como o arado tradicional dos campos, que contén o significado de respecto pola natureza. Ademais, a maioría dos hindús non comen vacas porque as vacas son as monturas do deus Shiva.<img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Ca_Wa.png"/>

note: Description of Balinese constellation An Empty Horse Cart
en: Pědati Suung is an empty horse cart.
    
    <img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Ca_Kli.png"/>
gl: Pědati Suungé un carro de cabalos baleiro.<img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Ca_Kli.png"/>

note: Description of Balinese constellation Horse
en: Kuda is a horse. In Bali, horses are closely related to the possessions of high-caste people. because horses are considered a luxury item that not everyone can have.
    
    <img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/A_U.png"/>
gl: Kuda é un cabalo. En Bali, os cabalos están estreitamente relacionados coas posesións das persoas de casta alta, porque os cabalos considéranse un artigo de luxo que non todo o mundo pode ter.<img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/A_U.png"/>

note: Description of Balinese constellation Freshwater Crab
en: Yuyu is freshwater crab. In Bali, yuyu can be found in rice fields. However, yuyu are considered pests in rice fields because they often make holes in the ground. In addition, sometimes Balinese people make cetik using yuyu. Cetik is a traditional Balinese poison that has been legendary for hundreds of years.
    
    <img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/A_Pa.png"/>
gl: O yuyu é un cangrexo de auga doce. En Bali, o yuyu pódese atopar nos arrozais. Non obstante, os yuyus considéranse pragas nos arrozais porque adoitan facer buratos no chan. Ademais, ás veces os balineses fan cetik usando o yuyu. O cetik é un veleno tradicional balinés que é lendario dende hai centos de anos.<img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/A_Pa.png"/>

note: Description of Balinese constellation A Dog
en: Asu is a dog. It is not a usual dog, but Balinese dog. Balinese dogs are Proto-dogs or street dogs.
    
    <img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/A_Po.png"/>
gl: Asu é un can. Non é un can normal, senón un can balinés. Os cans balineses son protocans ou cans de palleiro.<img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/A_Po.png"/>

note: Description of Balinese constellation Overloaded Ship
en: Prahu Sarat is an overloaded ship and about to sink.
    
    <img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/A_Wa.png"/>
gl: Prahu Sarat é un barco sobrecargado e a piques de afundirse.<img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/A_Wa.png"/>

note: Description of Balinese constellation A Pig
en: Sidamalung is a pig or wild boar. Pigs are animals that are almost always present in various traditional and religious ceremonies, such as odalan, ngaben, and usaba.
    
    <img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/A_Kli.png"/>
gl: O sidamalung é un porco ou xabaril. Os porcos son animais que case sempre están presentes en diversas cerimonias tradicionais e relixiosas, como o odalan, o ngaben e a usaba.<img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/A_Kli.png"/>

note: Description of Balinese constellation Tears (Mourning the Dead)
en: Tangis is tears of mourning person because a loved one died.
    
    <img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Bu_U.png"/>
gl: Tangis son bágoas de loito para unha persoa porque morreu un ser querido.<img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Bu_U.png"/>

note: Description of Balinese constellation Elephantfish
en: Gajahmina is an elephantfish. A sea-creature that has elephant head and fish body. It is a supranatural creature and helps the inhabitants. 
    
    <img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Bu_Pa.png"/>
gl: Gajah Mina é un peixe elefante. Unha criatura mariña con cabeza de elefante e corpo de peixe. É unha criatura sobrenatural que axuda ós habitantes. <img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Bu_Pa.png"/>

note: Description of Balinese constellation Granary (Paddy Storage)
en: Lumbung is granary or paddy storage. Lumbung is considered sacred by the Balinese people because it is related to the success of the harvest and the presence of Dewi Sri, the goddess of rice or the goddess of fertility.
    
    <img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Bu_Po.png"/>
gl: Lumbung é un lugar de almacenamento de grans ou arroz. O pobo balinés considera que o lumbung é sagrado porque está relacionado co éxito da colleita e coa presenza de Dewi Sri, a deusa do arroz ou a deusa da fertilidade.<img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Bu_Po.png"/>

note: Description of Balinese constellation Star
en: Kartika is a star and also refering to Vedic Nakṣatra Kṛttika (Krittika).
    
    <img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Bu_Wa.png"/>
gl: Kartika é unha estrela e tamén se refire ó Nakṣatra Kṛttika (Krittika) védico.<img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Bu_Wa.png"/>

note: Description of Balinese constellation Bringing Corpse to Cremation
en: Atiwa-tiwa is bringing corpse to cremation. This is the stage when the corpse has been purified and the people bring the corpse to the cremation place.
    
    <img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Bu_Kli.png"/>
gl: Atiwa-tiwa é levar o cadáver á cremación. Esta é a etapa na que o cadáver foi purificado e a xente o leva ó lugar de cremación.<img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Bu_Kli.png"/>

note: Description of Balinese constellation A Broken Hoe
en: Sangkatikěl is a broken hoe.
    
    <img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Wra_U.jpg"/>
gl: Sangkatikěl é unha aixada rota.<img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Wra_U.jpg"/>

note: Description of Balinese constellation Error Measurement
en: Salah Ukur is an error measurement. The man with keris tries to fight a big animal. The unbalance of the human size and the big animal stands for this lintang. 
    
    <img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Wra_Pa.png"/>
gl: Salah Ukur é un erro de medición. O home con keris intenta loitar contra un animal grande. O desequilibrio entre o tamaño humano e o animal grande representa este lintang. <img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Wra_Pa.png"/>

note: Description of Balinese constellation Funeral Bier
en: Bade is funeral bier. The name for corpse tower in Hindu Bali rituals. Bade has different levels depending on the caste and size of the event.
    
    <img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Wra_Po.png"/>
gl: Bade é o cadaleito. O nome que se lle dá á torre de cadáveres nos rituais hindús de Bali. O bade ten diferentes niveis dependendo da casta e do tamaño do evento.<img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Wra_Po.png"/>

note: Description of Balinese constellation An Earthen Vessel
en: Kumba is an earthen vessel. This vessel contains holy water. Kumba is used in the manusa yadnya (ceremony for humans).
    
    <img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Wra_Wa.png"/>
gl: Kumba é un recipiente de barro. Este recipiente contén auga bendita. Kumba úsase na manusa yadnya (cerimonia para os humanos).<img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Wra_Wa.png"/>

note: Description of Balinese constellation A Dragon
en: Naga is a dragon. Naga are mystical creatures with special powers. The famous Naga Basuki, in particular, is the one that connected to the Bali Strait. 
    
    <img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Wra_Kli.png"/>
gl: Naga é un dragón. Os nagas son criaturas míticas con poderes especiais. En particular, os famosos Naga Basuki son os que conectaban co estreito de Bali. <img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Wra_Kli.png"/>

note: Description of Balinese constellation The Brooding Goose
en: Banyak Angrěm is the brooding Goose. In some areas, this aves is believed to bring peace to those who keep it. They are usually closely related to Hindu religious ceremonies in Bali. They are vehicle for the God Brahma and the magic of the Goddess Saraswati as a symbol of widya which can filter to separate from impurities or things that can lead astray in science.
    
    <img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Su_U.png"/>
gl: Banyak Angrěm é o ganso incubador. Nalgunhas zonas, crese que esta ave trae paz a aqueles que a gardan. Adoitan estar estreitamente relacionadas coas cerimonias relixiosas hindús en Bali. Son vehículo para o deus Brahma e a maxia da deusa Saraswati como símbolo de widya, que pode filtrarse para separar as impurezas ou cousas que poden levar a erro na ciencia.<img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Su_U.png"/>

note: Description of Balinese constellation Leaky Fish Trap
en: Bubu Bolong is a leaky fish trap. Bubu is a traditional tool made of woven bamboo to catch fish and shrimp. Bubu is a traditional fishing tool where the structure allows fish to enter the bubu easily, but cannot get out again. While bosor is leaking. Using bubu has caught a lot of fish which means big profits, but if the bubu has holes or leaking so that it can release the catch easily. This is one of the shortcomings of bubu.
    
    <img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Su_Pa.jpg"/>
gl: O bubu bolong é unha trampa para peixes con fugas. O bubu é unha ferramenta tradicional feita de bambú tecido para capturar peixes e camaróns. O bubu é unha ferramenta de pesca tradicional na que a estrutura permite que os peixes entren no bubu facilmente, pero non poidan saír. Mentres o bosor ten fugas, o uso do bubu permite capturar moitos peixes, o que significa grandes beneficios, pero se o bubu ten buratos ou fugas, pode liberar a captura facilmente. Esta é unha das deficiencias do bubu.<img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Su_Pa.jpg"/>

note: Description of Balinese constellation A Broken Ship
en: Prahu Pěgat is a broken ship
    
    <img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Su_Po.png"/>
gl: Prahu Pěgat é un barco roto.<img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Su_Po.png"/>

note: Description of Balinese constellation Quarrel over Debt
en: Magělut is quarrel over debt.
    
    <img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Su_Wa.png"/>
gl: Magělut é unha disputa polas débedas.<img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Su_Wa.png"/>

note: Description of Balinese constellation A Prawn
en: Udang is a prawn or a shrimp.
    
    <img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Su_Kli.png"/>
gl: Udang é unha gamba ou un camarón.<img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Su_Kli.png"/>

note: Description of Balinese constellation Arrow
en: Ru is an arrow, but basically bow and arrow.
    
    <img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Sa_Pa.jpg"/>
gl: Ru é unha frecha, pero basicamente un arco e unha frecha.<img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Sa_Pa.jpg"/>

note: Description of Balinese constellation Battling Quails
en: Puwuh Atarung is a battling quails.
    
    <img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Sa_Wa.png"/>
gl: Puwuh Atarung é unha codorniz que loita.<img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Sa_Wa.png"/>

note: Description of Balinese constellation Throwing Ashes
en: Larung Paglangan means throwing ashes. Cremation will produce the ashes. Here the family needs to throw the ashes to the sea.
    
    <img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Sa_Kli.png"/>
gl: Larung Paglangan significa botar cinzas. A cremación producirá as cinzas. Aquí a familia ten que botar as cinzas ó mar.<img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Sa_Kli.png"/>

note: Balinese sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: Maaß, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen — Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.
     - [#2]: Pengkaji Museum Bali, "Kajian Palelintangan", (Denpasar, 2019).
     - [#3]: [Museum Bali](https://museumbali.org/)
     - [#4]: [Kerta Gosa Museum](https://e-museum.klungkungkab.go.id/kerta-gosa/)
gl: - [#1]: Maaß, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen — Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen”, en Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan ​​1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), vol. 2, 126-157. - [#2]: Pengkaji Museum Bali, "Kajian Palelintangan", (Denpasar, 2019). - [#3]: [Museum Bali](https://museumbali.org/) - [#4]: [Kerta Gosa Museum](https://e-museum.klungkungkab.go.id/kerta-gosa/)

note: Balinese sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: The Balinese sky culture were compiled and added to Stellarium by <em> Youla A Azkarrula: youlaafifahrvvl@gmail.com </em>. She is a researcher from Bali, Indonesia. She worked for this project based on her pre-doctoral research under supervision of Dr. Dr. Susanne M Hoffmann.
    
    The paintings were repainted by: <em>Jessica Gullberg </em>. She is a great artist and illustrator, created numerous original pencil drawings, watercolor paintings, and illustrations of archaeological sites, cultural artifacts, and astronomical interpretations.
    
    ### About
    
    This celestial culture is essentially already partially reflected in the Balinese calendar, which is published annually by the government. Later, in a seminar held by the Bali Museum, previous research by German ethnologist and explorer Alfred Maaß was presented.
    
    Alfred Maaß made a report about his journey into an article titled "Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen"[#1]. In his article, he gave a description of each lintang in the Palelangan in the form of "Position in the Sky". But there are 10 lintangs that are not explained.
    
    Then a team from the Bali Museum continued to study deeper about the Palelintangan for the ritual. Furthermore, they mentioned a little about lintang in the form of asterism. They explained that the X-star constellation was similar to the constellation Y (the constellation set by IAU).
    
    With an explanation from the two main sources, we began to form Contellation Lines using Sky Culture Maker (SCM) from the description given, composed and triangulation. We have adjusted the full form of Contellation Lines to the images given by each lintang.
    
    In anchoring the artwork, we chose to use the re-paint image from the existing sources with the condition that using older images and in accordance with the description given by the resource persons in the Maaß article. Based on the interviews we conducted with several people, namely Hindu Religious Instructors, Chair of the Bali Dharma Hindu Association and the seminar from Balinese astronomers, that the information contained in the Maaß manuscript can be used as a reference because this information comes from traditional leaders in Klungkung. 
    
    ### Acknowledgements
    
    The positioning of the Balinese terms in the sky and the drawing of the stick figures for Stellarium had been done by Youla A Azkarrula.
    As an astronomer she thanks for the help of several scholar and her professor.
     - Dr. Dr. Susanne M. Hoffmann (Secretary Commission C5 Cultural Astronomy, IAU; FSU, Jena)
     - Ir I Made Suatjana (Balinese Astronomer)
     - I Gede Marayana (Balinese Astronomer)
     - Gede Ketut Sulistyadi (Head of Pesamuan Alit Parisada Hindu Dharma (PHDI) Tabanan Regency)
gl: A cultura celeste balinesa foi compilada e engadida a Stellarium por Youla A Azkarrula: youlaafifahrvvl@gmail.com. É unha investigadora de Bali, Indonesia. Traballou para este proxecto baseándose na súa investigación predoutoral baixo a supervisión da Dra. Dra. Susanne M Hoffmann.As pinturas foron repintadas por: Jessica Gullberg. É unha gran artista e ilustradora, creou numerosos debuxos orixinais a lapis, acuarelas e ilustracións de sitios arqueolóxicos, artefactos culturais e interpretacións astronómicas.### Acerca deEsta cultura celeste xa se reflicte parcialmente no calendario balinés, que publica anualmente o goberno. Máis tarde, nun seminario organizado polo Museo de Bali, presentouse unha investigación previa do etnólogo e explorador alemán Alfred Maaß.Alfred Maaß fixo un informe sobre a súa viaxe nun artigo titulado "Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen" [#1]. No seu artigo, deu unha descrición de cada lintang no Palelangan en forma de "Posición no ceo". Pero hai 10 lintangs que non se explican.Despois, un equipo do Museo de Bali continuou a estudar máis a fondo o Palelintangan para o ritual. Ademais, mencionaron un pouco sobre o lintang en forma de asterismo. Explicaron que a constelación da estrela X era similar á constelación Y (a constelación establecida pola IAU).Cunha explicación das dúas fontes principais, comezamos a formar liñas de constelación usando Sky Culture Maker (SCM) a partir da descrición dada, composta e triangulada. Axustamos a forma completa das liñas de constelación ás imaxes dadas por cada lintang.Ó ancorar a obra de arte, optamos por usar a imaxe repintada das fontes existentes coa condición de usar imaxes máis antigas e de acordo coa descrición dada polos recursos no artigo de Maaß. Baseándonos nas entrevistas que realizamos con varias persoas, concretamente instrutores relixiosos hindús, o presidente da Asociación Hindú do Dharma de Bali e o seminario con astrónomos balineses, a información contida no manuscrito de Maaß pode usarse como referencia porque provén dos líderes tradicionais de Klungkung.### AgradecementosA colocación dos termos balineses no ceo e o debuxo das figuras de pau para o Stellarium foron realizados por Youla A. Azkarrula.Como astrónoma, agradece a axuda de varios estudosos e do seu profesor.- Dra. Susanne M. Hoffmann (Secretaria da Comisión C5 de Astronomía Cultural, IAU; FSU, Jena)- Ir I Made Suatjana (Astrónoma balinesa)- I Gede Marayana (Astrónoma balinesa)- Gede Ketut Sulistyadi (Xefe da Rexencia de Tabanan do Dharma Hindú de Pesamuan Alit Parisada (PHDI))

note: Belarusian sky culture name
en: Belarusian
gl: Bielorruso

note: Belarusian sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Belarus is a country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Belarus is landlocked and contains large tracts of marshy land and thousands of lakes. Forests cover about 40% of the country. Belarus is exceptional in that people in the villages have preserved their traditional knowledge about the stars and related beliefs, right through to the present time. The illustrations are by no means exhaustive. In fact, many asterisms have multiple recorded meanings, ranging from ancient to Christianized.
gl: Belarús é un país de Europa do Leste que limita con Rusia ó nordeste, Ucraína ó sur, Polonia ó oeste e Lituania e Letonia ó noroeste. Belarús non ten saída ó mar e contén grandes extensións de terra pantanosa e miles de lagos. Os bosques cobren arredor do 40 % do país. Belarús é excepcional porque a xente das aldeas conservou os seus coñecementos tradicionais sobre as estrelas e as crenzas relacionadas ata a actualidade. As ilustracións non son en absoluto exhaustivas. De feito, moitos asterismos teñen múltiples significados rexistrados, que van dende os antigos ata os cristianizados.

note: Belarusian sky culture description section in markdown format
en: Shown here are some interesting folk astronomy constellations.
gl: Aquí móstranse algunhas constelacións interesantes de astronomía popular.

note: Description of Belarusian constellation Elias's Cart
en: The burning cart that is ridden by Elias, the Christianized version of a constellation previously seen as *simply* a large cart.
gl: O carro en chamas montado por Elías, a versión cristianizada dunha constelación que antes se vía *simplemente* como un gran carro.

note: Description of Belarusian constellation The Cross
en: a Peter’s cross
gl: a cruz de Pedro

note: Description of Belarusian constellation The Crown
en: The thorn wreath that was put on Christ’s head.
gl: A coroa de espiñas que lle puxeron na cabeza a Cristo.

note: Description of Belarusian constellation Poland and Lithuania
en: These two stars served as a symbol of two states: the Great Lithuanian Princedom and the Polish Kingdom.
gl: Estas dúas estrelas serviron como símbolo de dous estados: o Gran Principado Lituano e o Reino de Polonia.

note: Description of Belarusian constellation The Mowers
en: These three stars stand one after another in the manner of people mowing the fields.
gl: Estas tres estrelas están unha tras outra ó xeito de xente segando os campos.

note: Description of Belarusian constellation The Nail
en: The north star is seen as a nail around which the skies revolve.
gl: A estrela polar vese como un cravo arredor do cal xira o ceo.

note: Description of Belarusian constellation The Serpent
en: St. Yuri killed this serpent and hung it near the star that always stands in the same place
gl: San Yuri matou esta serpe e colgouna preto da estrela que sempre está no mesmo lugar

note: Description of Belarusian constellation The Sieve
en: It was said that “God used to sift grains of *zhito* through it“.
gl: Dicíase que "Deus adoitaba peneirar grans de *zhito* a través del".

note: Description of Belarusian constellation The Small Cart
en: Ursa Minor resembles the large cart of Ursa Major.
gl: A Osa Menor parécese á gran carreta da Osa Maior.

note: Description of Belarusian constellation The Throne
en: Lord Jesus’s chair.
gl: A cadeira do Señor Xesús.

note: Description of Belarusian constellation The Twins
en: ##### The Goose's Way
gl: ##### O camiño do ganso

note: Belarusian sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Belarussian Folk Astronomy](http://aviti.livejournal.com) The author's website, in Belarusian.
     - [#2]: Авілін Ц. «Паміж небам і зямлёй. Этнаастраномія», Менск, Тэхналёґія, 2015. ISBN 978-985-458-261-0.
     - [#3]: [Belarusian Ethnoastronomy.](https://www.academia.edu/6901765/Belarusian_Ethnoastronomy)
     - [#4]: [Ethnoastronomical aspect of traditional belarusian fitonimicon: problem statement.](https://www.academia.edu/8787640/Ethnoastronomical_aspect_of_traditional_belarusian_fitonimicon_problem_statement)
     - [#5]: [Meteor Beliefs Project: East European meteor folk-beliefs.](https://www.academia.edu/1586711/Meteor_Beliefs_Project_East_European_meteor_folk-beliefs)
     - [#6]: [Meteor Beliefs Project Belarussian meteor folk-beliefs.](https://www.academia.edu/1586808/Meteor_Beliefs_Project_Belarussian_meteor_folk-beliefs)
     - [#7]: [Astronyms in Belarussian folk beliefs.](https://www.academia.edu/1586571/Astronyms_in_Belarussian_folk_beliefs)
gl:  - [#1]: [Belarussian Folk Astronomy](http://aviti.livejournal.com) A web do autor, en bielorruso.
     - [#2]: Авілін Ц. «Паміж небам і зямлёй. Этнаастраномія», Менск, Тэхналёґія, 2015. ISBN 978-985-458-261-0.
     - [#3]: [Belarusian Ethnoastronomy.](https://www.academia.edu/6901765/Belarusian_Ethnoastronomy)
     - [#4]: [Ethnoastronomical aspect of traditional belarusian fitonimicon: problem statement.](https://www.academia.edu/8787640/Ethnoastronomical_aspect_of_traditional_belarusian_fitonimicon_problem_statement)
     - [#5]: [Meteor Beliefs Project: East European meteor folk-beliefs.](https://www.academia.edu/1586711/Meteor_Beliefs_Project_East_European_meteor_folk-beliefs)
     - [#6]: [Meteor Beliefs Project Belarussian meteor folk-beliefs.](https://www.academia.edu/1586808/Meteor_Beliefs_Project_Belarussian_meteor_folk-beliefs)
     - [#7]: [Astronyms in Belarussian folk beliefs.](https://www.academia.edu/1586571/Astronyms_in_Belarussian_folk_beliefs)

note: Belarusian sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: The creation of this sky culture for Stellarium was suggested by Alexander Wolf to Johan Meuris, based on the article **Astronyms in Belarussian Folk Beliefs** by Tsimafei Avilin, published in the peer-reviewed journal Archaeologia Baltica.
    
    Illustrations by Johan Meuris.
gl: A creación desta cultura do ceo para Stellarium foi suxerido por Alexander Wolf a Johan Meuris, baseándose no artigo **Astronyms in Belarussian Folk Beliefs** de Tsimafei Avilin, publicado no Journal of Archaeologia Baltica.
    
    Ilustracións de Johan Meuris.

note: Belarusian sky culture license section in markdown format Modern sky culture license section in markdown format Modern (Chinese) sky culture license section in markdown format
en: Text and data: CC BY-SA 4.0
    
    Illustrations: Free Art License
gl: Texto e datos: CC BY-SA 4.0
    
    Illustracións: Free Art License

note: Boorong sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: One hundred and forty years ago, a Boorong family at Lake Tyrrell (North-Western Victoria, Australia) told William Stanbridge something of their stories relating to the night sky. Some forty stars, constellations and other celestial phenomena were named and located. He wrote them down and related this information to the Philosophical Institute in Melbourne in 1857. In his paper he wrote down the Aboriginal term and gave its European equivalent. What John Morieson has done is look closely at these celestial phenomena, attempt to satisfactorily identity them and to imitate the way the Boorong people may have seen them. John's interpretation was used to create the constellation figures in Stellarium.
    
    The Boorong were very much acquainted with the night sky, and William Stanbridge wrote in 1857 that they &quot;Pride themselves upon knowing more of Astronomy than any other tribe&quot;.
gl: Hai cento corenta anos, unha familia boorong do Lago Tyrrell (Victoria do Noroeste, Australia) contaba a William Stanbridge algo das súas historias relacionadas co ceo nocturno. Nomeáronse e localizáronse unhas corenta estrelas, constelacións e outros fenómenos celestes. Anotounos e relacionou esta información co Instituto Filosófico de Melbourne en 1857. No seu escrito escribiu o termo aborixe e deu o seu equivalente europeo. O que fixo John Morieson é mirar de preto estes fenómenos celestes, intentar identificalos satisfactoriamente e imitar o xeito no que os pobos boorong os viron. A interpretación de John foi usada para crear figuras de constelación en Stellarium.
    
    Os Boorong coñecían moito o ceo nocturno e William Stanbridge escribiu en 1857 que &quot;se gaban de saber máis de astronomía que calquera outra tribo&quot;.

note: Boorong sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Constellations and other celestial objects
    
    |Name|Explanation|Celestial Clue|
    |----|-----------|--------------|
    |<notr>Berm-berm-gle</notr>|Red-kneed dotterel|Alpha and Beta Centauri|
    |<notr>Boorong</notr>|Night; small mallee; starry firmament|Starry firmament at night|
    |<notr>Bunya</notr>|Ring-tail possum|Top star in Southern Cross|
    |<notr>Chargee Gnowee</notr>|Elder sister, sister of the sun|Venus|
    |<notr>Bittur</notr>|Larvae of the woodant|&mdash;|
    |<notr>Collenbitchick</notr>|Species of ant|Double star in head of Capricornus|
    |<notr>Collowgulloric War</notr>|Female crow, wife of War|Eta Carinae|
    |<notr>Colowgulloric Warepil</notr>|Female eagle, wife of Warepil|Rigel In Orion|
    |<notr>Djuit</notr>|Red-rumped parrot|Antares|
    |<notr>Gellarlec</notr>|Pink cockatoo|Aldebaran|
    |<notr>Ginabongbearp</notr>|Sulphur-crested white cockatoo; pulling up daylight|Jupiter|
    |<notr>Gnowee</notr>|Day; Sun|Sun|
    |<notr>Karik Karik</notr>|Spear thrower; Australian Kestrel|Two stars at end of Scorpius|
    |<notr>Kourt-chin</notr>|Male and female brolga|Clouds of Magellan|
    |<notr>Kulkanbulla</notr>|Two teenage boys|Belt and Scabbard of Orion|
    |<notr>Lamankurrk</notr>|Girls, young women|Pleiades|
    |<notr>Marpeankurrk</notr>|Meat ant; treecreeper|Arcturus|
    |<notr>Millee</notr>|Murray River|Part of the Milky Way|
    |<notr>Mindi</notr>|The maned snake|Part of the Milky Way|
    |<notr>Mityan</notr>|Quoll|Moon|
    |<notr>Neilloan</notr>|Mallee fowl|Lyra|
    |<notr>Nurrumbunguttias</notr>|Old man, black faced mallee kangaroo|White aura of the Milky Way|
    |<notr>Otchocut</notr>|Great fish|Delphinus|
    |<notr>Porkelong toute</notr>|Loss of tooth|Shooting star|
    |<notr>Pupperimbul</notr>|Diamond firetail finch or shy hylacola|Carried the emu egg to become the Sun|
    |<notr>Purra</notr>|Red kangaroo|Capella|
    |<notr>Tchingal</notr>|The tall one; emu|Dark space near Cross|
    |<notr>Totyarguil</notr>|Purple crowned lorikeet|Altair|
    |<notr>Tourchingboiongerra</notr>|Needlewood hakea and willie wagtails|Coma Berenices|
    |<notr>Tourte</notr>|Star|Any star|
    |<notr>Tyrille</notr>|Space; night sky|Space; night sky|
    |<notr>Unurgunite</notr>|Jacky lizard|Sigma Canis Majoris|
    |<notr>Wanjel</notr>|Long-necked tortoise|Pollux|
    |<notr>War</notr>|Crow|Canopus|
    |<notr>Warepil</notr>|Wedge tailed eagle|Sirius|
    |<notr>Warring</notr>|Galaxy|Milky Way|
    |<notr>Weetkurrk</notr>|Singing bushlark|Star in Bootes west of Arcturus|
    |<notr>Won</notr>|Boomerang|Corona Australis|
    |<notr>Yerredetkurrk</notr>|Owlet nightjar|Achernar|
    |<notr>Yurree</notr>|Fan-tailed cockatoo|Castor|
gl: ### Constelacións e outros obxectos celestes
    
    |Nome|Explicación|Pista celeste|
    |----|-----------|-------------|
    |Berm-berm-gle|Dotterel de xeonllos vermellos|Alpha e Beta Centauri|
    |Boorong|Noite; mallee pequeno; firmamento estrelado|Firmamento estrelado pola noite|
    |Bunya|Posum de rabo de anel|Estrela superior na Cruz do Sur|
    |Chargee Gnowee|Irmá maior, irmá do sol|Venus|
    |Bittur|Larvas do bosque|&mdash;|
    |Collenbitchick|Especies de formigas|Estrela dobre na cabeza de Capricornus|
    |Collowgulloric War|Corvo femia, muller de Guerra|Eta Carinae|
    |Colowgulloric Warepil|Aguia femia, muller de Almacén (Warepil)|Rigel en Orión|
    |Djuit|Papagaio vermello|Antares|
    |Gellarlec|Cacatúa rosa|Aldebarán|
    |Ginabongbearp|Cacatúa branca con cresta de xofre; ergue a luz do día|Xúpiter|
    |Gnowee|Día; Sol|Sol|
    |Karik Karik|Lanzador de lanza; Crista australiana|Dúas estrela no final de Scorpius|
    |Kourt-chin|Brolga macho e femia|Nubes de Magallanes|
    |Kulkanbulla|Dous rapaces adolescentes|Cinto e puñal de Orión|
    |Lamankurrk|Mulleres, mozas|Pleiades|
    |Marpeankurrk|Formiga de carne; adestrador|Arcturus|
    |Millee|Río Murray|Parte da Vía Láctea|
    |Mindi|A serpe criada|Parte da Vía Láctea|
    |Mityan|Quoll|Lúa|
    |Neilloan|Aves de mallee|Lyra|
    |Nurrumbunguttias|Vello, canguro mallee de cara negra|Aura branca da Vía Láctea|
    |Otchocut|Gran peixe|Delphinus|
    |Porkelong toute|Perda de dentes|Estrela fugaz|
    |Pupperimbul|Pinzón de rabo de lume de diamante ou hylacola tímida|Levou o ovo do emu para converterse no Sol|
    |Purra|Canguro vermello|Capella|
    |Tchingal|O alto; emú|Espazo escuro próximo á Cruz|
    |Totyarguil|Lorikeet coroado púrpura|Altair|
    |Tourchingboiongerra|Needlewood hakea e willie wagtails|Coma Berenices|
    |Tourte|Estrela|Calquera estrela|
    |Tyrille|Espazo; ceo nocturno|Espazo; ceo nocturno|
    |Unurgunite|Lagarto Jacky|Sigma Canis Maioris|
    |Wanjel|Tartaruga de pés longos|Pollux|
    |War|Corvo|Canopus|
    |Warepil|Aguia de rabo de cuña|Sirio|
    |Warring|Galaxia|Vía Láctea|
    |Weetkurrk|Bushlark cantareiro|Estrela de Bootes, ó oeste de Arcturus|
    |Won|Bumerang|Coroa austral|
    |Yerredetkurrk|Owlet nightjar|Achernar|
    |Yurree|Cacatúa de rabo de abano|Castor|

note: Boorong sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by *[John Morieson](http://www.johnmorieson.com)* and *[Alex Cherney](http://www.terrastro.com)*.
gl: Contribuíron a esta cultura do ceo *[John Morieson](http://www.johnmorieson.com)* e *[Alex Cherney](http://www.terrastro.com)*.

note: Chinese sky culture name
en: Chinese
gl: Chinés

note: Chinese sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Chinese astronomy was developed independently and Chinese had its own system to connect the stars, known as "Xingguan" (Chinese: 星官; pinyin: xīngguān, meaning: Star officials). Chinese Traditional Sky Culture has far-reaching implications in East Asia. In ancient China, Xingguans and planets were associated with astrology. After thousands of years of evolution, the current Xingguans and star names was finalized in the 17th to 19th centuries.
gl: A astronomía chinesa desenvolveuse de forma independente e os chineses tiñan o seu propio sistema para conectar as estrelas, coñecido como "Xinguan" (chinés: 星 官; pinyin: xīngguān, que significa: funcionarios das estrelas). A cultura do ceo tradicional chinesa ten implicacións de gran alcance en Asia oriental. Na antiga China, Xinguans e planetas estaban asociados coa astroloxía. Despois de miles de anos de evolución, os actuais Xinguans e nomes de estrelas definíronse dos séculos XVII ó XIX.

note: Chinese sky culture description section in markdown format
en: Stellarium currently provides 300 Chinese Xingguans and more than 3000 Chinese star names from *Complete Studies of Astronomical* (Chinese: 仪象考成; pinyin: Yíxiàng kǎochéng) and *The Continuation of Complete Studies of Astronomical* (Chinese: 仪象考成续编; pinyin: Yíxiàngkǎochéng xùbiān). *Complete Studies of Astronomical* is an imperial record of astronomy finished in 1756. In 1844, the Imperial Astronomical Observatory made a revision to it and published *The Continuation of Complete Studies of Astronomical*, which is the major reference to the traditional Chinese Xingguans and star names used today. Yi Shitong has conducted textual research and summary of these records in his book*Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0* (Chinese: 中西对照恒星图表1950.0; pinyin: Zhōngxī Duìzhào Héngxīng Túbiǎo).
    
    Chinese Traditional Sky Culture is Based on the information inside *Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0* and *Complete Studies of Astronomical*.
    
    In addition, some stars have been added according to *The History of Stellar Observation in China* (Chinese: 中国恒星观测史; pinyin: Zhōngguó Héngxīng Guāncèshǐ) by Pan Nai, if these stars are not certified in *Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue1950.0(Star Catalogue)*.
    
    If the star name is followed by a "*", it is a star added according to *The History of Stellar Observation in China*.
    
    If the star name is followed by a "?", it is a star added according to *The History of Stellar Observation in China*, but cannot be fully certified.
    
    ### Sun, Moon and Planets
    
    The Western countries named the planets in mythical characters. The ancient Chinese understanding of five planets is based on five-element concepts. Therefore, Mercury is named Water Star, Venus is named Metal Star, Mars is named Fire Star, Jupiter is named Wood Star, Saturn is named Earth Star.
    
    In Chinese, the sun and the moon are named after Yin and Yang (with prefix "great" (Chinese:太; pinyin: tài)), respectively Taiyang (Sun, Chinese: 太阳; pinyin: Tàiyáng) and Taiyin (Moon, Chinese:太阴; pinyin: Tàiyīn). Their other name belongs to pictographic characters. Ri (Sun, Chinese: 日) And Yue (Moon, Chinese: 月). But the more commonly used name for the moon is Yueliang (Chinese: 月亮; pinyin: Yuèliàng).
    
    The sun, the moon and the five planets form Seven Luminaries (Chinese: 七曜; pinyin: qīyào), which correspond to the Five Elements and Yin and Yang.
    
    ### Xingguans
    
    Traditional Chinese astronomy has a system of dividing the celestial sphere into asterisms or constellations, known as "Xingguan". Modern constellations refer to specific areas of the celestial sphere. Xingguans refer only to the way stars are distributed, with no specific boundaries between Xingguans.
    
    The name and layout of the Xingguans are very social, the kingdom, the mountains, the goods, the industry all move to the sky, according to the Earth's way in the sky to copy a world.
    
    The Xingguans are generally smaller than the constellations of Hellenistic tradition. A Xingguan contains more than dozens of stars, and fewer are only one. Medieval Chinese Astronomical Maps generally show a total of 283 Xingguans, comprising a total of 1,464 individual stars. The Xingguans are divided into 31 regions, the Twenty-Eight Mansions (Chinese: 二十八宿；pinyin: Èrshíbā Xiù) along the ecliptic, and the Three Enclosures (Chinese: 三垣; pinyin: Sānyuán) of the northern sky. Due to the influence of precession, six Xingguans near the southern horizon are getting more and more south. They were no longer easy to be observed by astronomers in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, so they were no longer recorded in *Complete Studies of Astronomical*.
    
    Before the late Ming Dynasty (17th century), there were no Xingguans around the southern celestial pole. The Southern Sky (Chinese: 近南极星区; pinyin: JìnnánJí Xīngqū) was added as a 32th region in the late Ming Dynasty based on European star charts, comprising an additional 23 Xingguans. The Southern Sky are now also treated as part of the traditional Chinese system.
    
    Since the late Ming Dynasty, Western missionaries entered the Imperial Astronomical Observatory. They have followed the names of the Xingguans, but changed the corresponding stars of some Xingguans, and added some stars to almost every Xingguan, called "added stars" (Chinese: 增星; pinyin: zēngxīng). The original stars are called "primary stars" (Chinese: 正星; pinyin: zhèngxīng). A Xingguan of two or more stars, each star has a number. The name of the stars in *The Continuation of Complete Studies of Astronomical* is the Xingguan plus a number. But there are also a few Xingguans, each star has a special name.
    
    In this way, *The Continuation of Complete Studies of Astronomical* has 300 Xingguans and 3240 stars in total.
    
    Until the Revolution of 1911, China no longer regarded Xingguan as the official constellation system. Unlike Xingguans, traditional Chinese star names are still used in modern Chinese astronomy, even more common than Western names.
    
    ![](illustrations/yxkcxt.png)
    
    *Astronomical Map of Complete Studies of Astronomical (1757)*
    
    ### Three Enclosures
    
    Three Enclosures is three regions in the northern sky surrounded by the ecliptic. Three Enclosures is Purple Forbidden Enclosure (Chinese: 紫微垣; pinyin: Zǐwēiyuán), Supreme Palace Enclosure (Chinese: 太微垣; pinyin: Tàiwēiyuán), Heavenly Market Enclosure (Chinese: 天市垣; pinyin: Tiānshìyuán).
    
    Each Enclosure has two walls, called the left wall and the right wall which are the main Xingguans. The walls are surrounded by many Xingguans. There are also Xingguans in the vicinity of the wall that belong to this Enclosure.
    
    Purple Forbidden enclosure is the inner palace of the emperor, it covers the northernmost area of the night sky. From the viewpoint of the ancient Chinese, the Purple Forbidden Enclosure lies in the middle of the sky and is circled by all the other stars. It covers the modern constellations Ursa Minor, Draco, Camelopardalis, Cepheus, Cassiopeia, Auriga, Boötes, and parts of Ursa Major, Canes Venatici, Leo Minor, Hercules. Purple Forbidden enclosure has 37 Xingguans.
    
     - [Purple Forbidden enclosure (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Forbidden_enclosure)
    
    Supreme Palace Enclosure is the place where the emperor and the courtiers deal with their politics. Supreme Palace Enclosure has a variety of officials and government agencies. It covers the modern constellations Virgo, Coma Berenices and Leo, and parts of Canes Venatici, Ursa Major and Leo Minor. Supreme Palace Enclosure has 20 Xingguans.
    
     - [Supreme Palace Enclosure (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Palace_enclosure)
    
    Heavenly Market Enclosure is a bazaar in the sky, a place where ordinary people live. The Heavenly Market Enclosure covers the modern constellations Serpens, Ophiuchus, Aquila and Corona Borealis, and parts of Hercules. Heavenly Market Enclosure has 19 Xingguans. They were named after the participants of the bazaar and the facilities of the bazaar.
    
     - [Heavenly Market Enclosure (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavenly_Market_enclosure)
    
    ### Twenty-Eight Mansions
    
    The Twenty-Eight Mansions (Chinese: 二十八宿; pinyin:Èrshíbā Xiù) also known as 28 Lunar Mansions are the ancient China divisions of the ecliptic and the sky area near the equator to divide the ecliptic into 28 regions according to the right ascension. Each region is called a Mansion (Chinese: 宿; pinyin:Xiù), The ancients let the Moon change a Mansion every day to rest.
    
    Each Mansion has a Xingguan of the same name near the ecliptic, which is the main Xingguan. Where the Xingguans in this area belongs to the Mansion.
    
    Each Xingguans has a main star know as determinative star (Chinese: 距星; pinyin: jùxīng). In ancient China, the determinative stars of Twenty-eight Mansions was the benchmark for determining the longitude of the equatorial coordinate system. The right ascension difference between the determinative stars of two adjacent Mansions is the equatorial mansion degrees (Chinese: 宿度; pinyin: xiùdù) of the western Mansion. The traditional equatorial coordinate system of China divides the equator into 365.25 degrees, and the Sun runs one day for one degree, which is also the sum of the equatorial mansion degrees of the 28 Mansion.
    
    Due to the influence of precession, the equatorial mansion degrees of each Mansion has been slowly changing, and some determinative stars have also changed in history.
    
    On traditional Chinese star maps, there are 28 lines passing through the determinative stars of The Twenty-Eight Mansions from the north celestial pole as their boundaries to facilitate the positioning of celestial bodies.
    
    If a celestial body is east of the determinative star of a Mansion, and its right ascension does not exceed the determinative star of the next Mansion, the difference in right ascension between this celestial body and the determinative star, is know as mansion distance degrees (Chinese: 入宿度; pinyin: rùxiùdù).
    
    Coupled with the polar distance degrees(Chinese: 去极度; pinyin: qùjídù), which is the angular distance between the star and the north celestial pole, we can determine the position of a star on the celestial sphere. Mansion distance degrees and polar distance degrees together constitute the two components of the ancient Chinese equatorial coordinate system.
    
    The Twenty-Eight Mansions are grouped into Four Symbols (Chinese: 四象; pinyin: sìxiàng), each associated with a compass direction and containing seven Mansions, corresponds to Seven Luminaries. The correspondence between the Twenty-Eight Mansions and the Four Symbols is based on the sky at dusk on the vernal equinox in a certain period of ancient times. At this time, the Vermilion Bird is in the south, the Azure Dragon is in the east, the Black Tortoise is in the north, and the White Tiger is in the west.
    
    ### The List of The Twenty-Eight Mansions (J2000)
    
    |Seven Luminaries|   |Wood|Metal|Earth|Sun|Moon|Fire|Water|
    |----------------|---|----|-----|-----|---|----|----|-----|
    |Chinese Name|<notr>东方苍龙</notr>|<notr>角宿</notr>|<notr>亢宿</notr>|<notr>氐宿</notr>|<notr>房宿</notr>|<notr>心宿</notr>|<notr>尾宿</notr>|<notr>箕宿</notr>|
    |Pinyin|<notr>Dōngfāng Cānglóng</notr>|<notr>Jiǎoxiù</notr>|<notr>Kàngxiù</notr>|<notr>Dīxiù</notr>|<notr>Fángxiù</notr>|<notr>Xīnxiù</notr>|<notr>Wěixiù</notr>|<notr>Jīxiù</notr>|
    |Translation|Azure Dragon of the East|Horn Mansion|Neck Mansion|Root Mansion|Room Mansion|Heart Mansion|Tail Mansion|Winnowing Basket Mansion|
    |Number of xingguans|<notr>46</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |Determinative Star|   |<notr>α Vir</notr>|<notr>κ Vir</notr>|<notr>α2 Lib</notr>|<notr>π Sco</notr>|<notr>σ Sco</notr>|<notr>μ1 Sco</notr>|<notr>γ Sgr</notr>|
    |RA of Determinative Star|   |<notr>13h25m11.6s</notr>|<notr>14h12m53.8s</notr>|<notr>14h50m52.8s</notr>|<notr>15h58m51.1s</notr>|<notr>16h21m11.3s</notr>|<notr>16h51m52.2s</notr>|<notr>18h05m48.5s</notr>|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1|   |<notr>47m42s</notr>|<notr>37m59s</notr>|<notr>1h07m58s</notr>|<notr>22m20s</notr>|<notr>30m41s</notr>|<notr>1h13m57s</notr>|<notr>39m51s</notr>|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2|   |<notr>12.10°</notr>|<notr>9.63°</notr>|<notr>17.24°</notr>|<notr>5.67°</notr>|<notr>7.78°</notr>|<notr>18.76°</notr>|<notr>10.11°</notr>|
    |Chinese Name|<notr>北方玄武</notr>|<notr>斗宿</notr>|<notr>牛宿</notr>|<notr>女宿</notr>|<notr>虚宿</notr>|<notr>危宿</notr>|<notr>室宿</notr>|<notr>壁宿</notr>|
    |Pinyin|<notr>Běifāng Xuánwǔ</notr>|<notr>Dǒuxiù</notr>|<notr>Niúxiù</notr>|<notr>Nǚxiù</notr>|<notr>Xūxiù</notr>|<notr>Wēixiù</notr>|<notr>Shìxiù</notr>|<notr>Bìxiù</notr>|
    |Translation|Black Tortoise of the North|Dipper Mansion|Ox Mansion|Girl Mansion|Emptiness Mansion|Rooftop Mansion|Encampment Mansion|Wall Mansion|
    |Number of xingguans|<notr>65</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |Determinative Star|   |<notr>μ Sgr</notr>|<notr>β Cap</notr>|<notr>ε Aqr</notr>|<notr>β Aqr</notr>|<notr>α Aqr</notr>|<notr>α Peg</notr>|<notr>γ Peg</notr>|
    |RA of Determinative Star|   |<notr>18h45m39.4s</notr>|<notr>20h21m0.7s</notr>|<notr>20h47m40.6s</notr>|<notr>21h31m33.5s</notr>|<notr>22h05m47.0s</notr>|<notr>23h04m45.7s</notr>|<notr>00h13m14.2s</notr>|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1|   |<notr>1h35m21s</notr>|<notr>26m40s</notr>|<notr>43m53s</notr>|<notr>34m13s</notr>|<notr>58m59s</notr>|<notr>1h08s29s</notr>|<notr>43m58s</notr>|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2|   |<notr>24.19°</notr>|<notr>6.76°</notr>|<notr>11.13°</notr>|<notr>8.68°</notr>|<notr>14.96°</notr>|<notr>17.37°</notr>|<notr>11.15°</notr>|
    |Chinese Name|<notr>西方白虎</notr>|<notr>奎宿</notr>|<notr>娄宿</notr>|<notr>胃宿</notr>|<notr>昴宿</notr>|<notr>毕宿</notr>|<notr>觜宿</notr>|<notr>参宿</notr>|
    |Pinyin|<notr>Xīfāng Báihǔ</notr>|<notr>Kuíxiù</notr>|<notr>Loúxiù</notr>|<notr>Wèixiù</notr>|<notr>Mǎoxiù</notr>|<notr>Bìxiù</notr>|<notr>Zīxiù</notr>|<notr>Shēnxiù</notr>|
    |Translation|White Tiger of the West|Legs Mansion|Bond Mansion|Stomach Mansion|Hairy Head Mansion|Net Mansion|Turtle Beak Mansion|Three Stars Mansion|
    |Number of xingguans|<notr>54</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>14</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |Determinative Star|   |<notr>η And</notr>|<notr>β Ari</notr>|<notr>35 Ari</notr>|<notr>17 Tau</notr>|<notr>ε Tau</notr>|<notr>λ Ori</notr>|<notr>ζ Ori</notr>|
    |RA of Determinative Star|   |<notr>00h57m12.3s</notr>|<notr>01h54m38.4s</notr>|<notr>02h43m27.1s</notr>|<notr>03h44m52.5s</notr>|<notr>04h28m37.0s</notr>|<notr>5h35m8.3s</notr>|<notr>05h40m45.5s</notr>|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1|   |<notr>57m26s</notr>|<notr>48m49s</notr>|<notr>1h01m26s</notr>|<notr>43m44s</notr>|<notr>1h06m31s</notr>|<notr>5m32s</notr>|<notr>42m12s</notr>|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2|   |<notr>14.57°</notr>|<notr>12.38°</notr>|<notr>15.58°</notr>|<notr>11.09°</notr>|<notr>16.87°</notr>|<notr>1.40°</notr>|<notr>10.70°</notr>|
    |Chinese Name|<notr>南方朱雀</notr>|<notr>井宿</notr>|<notr>鬼宿</notr>|<notr>柳宿</notr>|<notr>星宿</notr>|<notr>张宿</notr>|<notr>翼宿</notr>|<notr>轸宿</notr>|
    |Pinyin|<notr>Nánfāng Zhūquè</notr>|<notr>Jǐngxiù</notr>|<notr>Guǐxiù</notr>|<notr>Liǔxiù</notr>|<notr>Xīngxiù</notr>|<notr>Zhāngxiù</notr>|<notr>Yìxiù</notr>|<notr>Zhěnxiù</notr>|
    |Translation|Vermilion Bird of the South|Well Mansion|Ghosts Mansion|Willow Mansion|Star Mansion|Extended Net Mansion|Wings Mansion|Chariot Mansion|
    |Number of xingguans|<notr>42</notr>|<notr>19</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |Determinative Star|   |<notr>μ Gem</notr>|<notr>θ Cnc</notr>|<notr>δ Hya</notr>|<notr>α Hya</notr>|<notr>υ1 Hya</notr>|<notr>α Crt</notr>|<notr>γ Crv</notr>|
    |RA of Determinative Star|   |<notr>6h22m57.6s</notr>|<notr>8h31m35.7s</notr>|<notr>8h37m39.4s</notr>|<notr>09h27m35.2s</notr>|<notr>09h51m28.7s</notr>|<notr>10h59m45.9s</notr>|<notr>12h15m48.4s</notr>|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1|   |<notr>2h08m38s</notr>|<notr>6m3s</notr>|<notr>49m58s</notr>|<notr>23m54s</notr>|<notr>1h08m17s</notr>|<notr>1h16m02s</notr>|<notr>1h09m23s</notr>|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2|   |<notr>32.63°</notr>|<notr>1.54°</notr>|<notr>12.67°</notr>|<notr>6.06°</notr>|<notr>17.32°</notr>|<notr>19.29°</notr>|<notr>17.60°</notr>|
    
    note 1: Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1:Modern equatorial coordinate system.
    
    note 2: Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2:The traditional equatorial coordinate system of China, divides the equator into 365.25 degrees.
    
     - <notr>[Twenty-Eight Mansions (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-Eight_Mansions)</notr>
    
    ### The Southern Sky
    
    The sky around the south celestial pole was unknown to ancient Chinese. Therefore, it was not included in the Three Enclosures and Twenty-Eight Mansions system. However, in the late Ming Dynasty, Xu Guangqi (Chinese: 徐光启; pinyin: Xú Guāngqǐ) introduced another 23 Xingguans based on the European star charts. These Xingguans were since incorporated into the traditional Chinese star maps. These Xingguans are actually variations of Western constellations, and they are mostly named after animals.
    
    ### The list of Xingguans
    
    |Chinese Name|Pinyin|Translation|Number of Primary Stars|Number of Added Stars|
    |------------|------|-----------|-----------------------|---------------------|
    |<notr>紫微垣</notr>|<notr>Zǐwēiyuán</notr>|Purple Forbidden Enclosure|   |   |
    |<notr>北极</notr>|<notr>Běijí</notr>|Northern Pole|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>四辅</notr>|<notr>Sìfǔ</notr>|Four Advisors|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>天乙</notr>|<notr>Tiānyǐ</notr>|Celestial Great One|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>太乙</notr>|<notr>Tàiyǐ</notr>|First Great One|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>紫微左垣</notr>|<notr>Zǐwēizuǒyuán</notr>|Purple Forbidden Left Wall|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>12</notr>|
    |<notr>紫微右垣</notr>|<notr>Zǐwēiyòuyuán</notr>|Purple Forbidden Right Wall|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>12</notr>|
    |<notr>阴德</notr>|<notr>Yīndé</notr>|Hidden Virtue|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>尚书</notr>|<notr>Shàngshū</notr>|Royal Secretary|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>女史</notr>|<notr>Nǚshǐ</notr>|Female Protocol|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>柱史</notr>|<notr>Zhùshǐ</notr>|Official of Royal Archives|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>御女</notr>|<notr>Yùnǚ</notr>|Maids-in-waiting|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>天柱</notr>|<notr>Tiānzhù</notr>|Celestial Pillar|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>大理</notr>|<notr>Dàlǐ</notr>|Chief Judge|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>勾陈</notr>|<notr>Gōuchén</notr>|Curved Array|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|
    |<notr>六甲</notr>|<notr>Liùjiǎ</notr>|Six Jia|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>天皇大帝</notr>|<notr>Tiānhuángdàdì</notr>|Great Emperor of Heaven|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>五帝内座</notr>|<notr>WǔdìnèiZuò</notr>|Interior Seats of the Five Emperors|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>华盖</notr>|<notr>Huágài</notr>|Canopy of the Emperor|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>杠(附华盖)</notr>|<notr>Gàng</notr>|Canopy Support (Vassal of Canopy of the Emperor )|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>传舍</notr>|<notr>Chuánshè</notr>|Guest House|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>内阶</notr>|<notr>Nèijiē</notr>|Inner Steps|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|
    |<notr>天厨</notr>|<notr>Tiānchú</notr>|Celestial Kitchen|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>八谷</notr>|<notr>Bāgǔ</notr>|Eight Kinds of Crops|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>34</notr>|
    |<notr>天棓</notr>|<notr>Tiānbàng</notr>|Celestial Flail|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|
    |<notr>内厨</notr>|<notr>Nèichú</notr>|Inner Kitchen|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>文昌</notr>|<notr>Wénchāng</notr>|Administrative Center|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>三师</notr>|<notr>Sānshī</notr>|Three Top Instructors|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>三公</notr>|<notr>Sāngōng</notr>|Three Excellencies|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天床</notr>|<notr>Tiānchuáng</notr>|Celestial Bed|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>太尊</notr>|<notr>Tàizūn</notr>|Royals|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天牢</notr>|<notr>Tiānláo</notr>|Celestial Prison|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>太阳守</notr>|<notr>Tàiyángshǒu</notr>|Guard of the Sun|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>势</notr>|<notr>Shì</notr>|Eunuch|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>19</notr>|
    |<notr>相</notr>|<notr>Xiàng</notr>|Prime Minister|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>玄戈</notr>|<notr>Xuángē</notr>|Sombre Lance|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>天理</notr>|<notr>Tiānlǐ</notr>|Judge for Nobility|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>北斗</notr>|<notr>Běidǒu</notr>|Northern Dipper|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>16</notr>|
    |<notr>辅(附北斗)</notr>|<notr>Fǔ</notr>|Assistant (Vassal of Northern Dipper)|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>天枪</notr>|<notr>Tiānqiāng</notr>|Celestial Spear|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>太微垣</notr>|<notr>Tàiwēiyuán</notr>|Supreme Palace Enclosure|   |   |
    |<notr>太微左垣</notr>|<notr>Tàiwēizuǒyuán</notr>|Supreme Palace Left Wall|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>太微右垣</notr>|<notr>Tàiwēiyòuyuán</notr>|Supreme Palace Right Wall|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>谒者</notr>|<notr>Yèzhě</notr>|Usher to the Court|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>三公</notr>|<notr>Sāngōng</notr>|Three Excellencies|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>九卿</notr>|<notr>Jiǔqīng</notr>|Nine Senior Officers|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>五诸侯</notr>|<notr>Wǔzhūhóu</notr>|Five Lords|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>内屏</notr>|<notr>Nèipíng</notr>|Inner Screen|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>五帝座</notr>|<notr>Wǔdìzuò</notr>|Seats of the Five Emperors|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>幸臣</notr>|<notr>Xìngchén</notr>|Officer of Honour|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>太子</notr>|<notr>Tàizǐ</notr>|Crown Prince|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>从官</notr>|<notr>Cóngguān</notr>|Retinue|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>郎将</notr>|<notr>Lángjiàng</notr>|Captain of the Bodyguards|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>虎贲</notr>|<notr>Hǔbēn</notr>|Emperor's Bodyguard|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>常陈</notr>|<notr>Chángchén</notr>|Royal Guards|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>郎位</notr>|<notr>Lángwèi</notr>|Officers of the Imperial Guard|<notr>15</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>明堂</notr>|<notr>Míngtáng</notr>|The Hall of Glory|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>灵台</notr>|<notr>Língtaí</notr>|Astronomical Observatory|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>少微</notr>|<notr>Shàowēi</notr>|Junior Officers|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>长垣</notr>|<notr>Chángyuán</notr>|Long Wall|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>三台</notr>|<notr>Sāntái</notr>|Three Steps|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>13</notr>|
    |<notr>天市垣</notr>|<notr>Tiānshìyuán</notr>|Heavenly Market Enclosure|   |   |
    |<notr>天市左垣</notr>|<notr>Tiānshìzuǒyuán</notr>|Heavenly Market Left Wall|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>48</notr>|
    |<notr>天市右垣</notr>|<notr>Tiānshìyòuyuán</notr>|Heavenly Market Right Wall|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>32</notr>|
    |<notr>市楼</notr>|<notr>Shìlóu</notr>|Municipal Office|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>车肆</notr>|<notr>Chēsì</notr>|Commodity Market|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>宗正</notr>|<notr>Zōngzhèng</notr>|Official for the Royal Clan|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>宗人</notr>|<notr>Zōngrén</notr>|Official of Religious Ceremonies|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>宗</notr>|<notr>Zōng</notr>|Patriarchal Clan|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>帛度</notr>|<notr>Bódù</notr>|Textile Ruler|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>屠肆</notr>|<notr>Túsì</notr>|Butcher's Shops|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>候</notr>|<notr>Hòu</notr>|Astrologer|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>帝座</notr>|<notr>Dìzuò</notr>|Emperor's Seat|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>宦者</notr>|<notr>Huànzhě</notr>|Eunuch Official|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>列肆</notr>|<notr>Lièsì</notr>|Jewel Market|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>斗</notr>|<notr>Dǒu</notr>|Dipper for Liquids|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>斛</notr>|<notr>Hú</notr>|Dipper for Solids|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>贯索</notr>|<notr>Guànsuǒ</notr>|Coiled Thong|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>13</notr>|
    |<notr>七公</notr>|<notr>Qīgōng</notr>|Seven Excellencies|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>16</notr>|
    |<notr>天纪</notr>|<notr>Tiānjì</notr>|Celestial Discipline|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>15</notr>|
    |<notr>女床</notr>|<notr>Nǚchuáng</notr>|Woman's Bed|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>角宿</notr>|<notr>Jiǎoxiù</notr>|Horn Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>角宿</notr>|<notr>Jiǎoxiù</notr>|Horn|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>16</notr>|
    |<notr>平道</notr>|<notr>Píngdào</notr>|Flat Road|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天田</notr>|<notr>Tiāntián</notr>|Celestial Farmland|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>进贤</notr>|<notr>Jìnxián</notr>|Recommending Virtuous Men|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>周鼎</notr>|<notr>Zhōudǐng</notr>|Tripod of the Zhou|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天门</notr>|<notr>Tiānmén</notr>|Celestial Gate|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>平</notr>|<notr>Píng</notr>|Justice|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>库楼</notr>|<notr>Kùlóu</notr>|Arsenal|<notr>10</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>柱</notr>|<notr>Zhù</notr>|Pillars|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>衡</notr>|<notr>Héng</notr>|Railings|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>南门</notr>|<notr>Nánmén</notr>|Southern Gate|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>亢宿</notr>|<notr>Kàngxiù</notr>|Neck Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>亢宿</notr>|<notr>Kàngxiù</notr>|Neck|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>12</notr>|
    |<notr>大角</notr>|<notr>Dàjiǎo</notr>|Great Horn|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>左摄提</notr>|<notr>Zuǒshètí</notr>|Left Conductor|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>右摄提</notr>|<notr>Yòushètí</notr>|Right Conductor|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>顿顽</notr>|<notr>Dùnwán</notr>|Trials|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>阳门</notr>|<notr>Yángmén</notr>|Gate of Yang|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>折威</notr>|<notr>Zhéwēi</notr>|Executions|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>氐宿</notr>|<notr>Dīxiù</notr>|Root Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>氐宿</notr>|<notr>Dīxiù</notr>|Root|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>30</notr>|
    |<notr>天乳</notr>|<notr>Tiānrǔ</notr>|Celestial Milk|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>招摇</notr>|<notr>Zhāoyáo</notr>|Twinkling Indicator|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>梗河</notr>|<notr>Gěnghé</notr>|Celestial Lance|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>帝席</notr>|<notr>Dìxí</notr>|Mattress of the Emperor|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>亢池</notr>|<notr>Kàngchí</notr>|Boats and Lake|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>阵车</notr>|<notr>Zhènchē</notr>|Battle Chariots|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>骑官</notr>|<notr>Qíguān</notr>|Imperial Guards|<notr>10</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>车骑</notr>|<notr>Chēqí</notr>|Chariots and Cavalry|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天辐</notr>|<notr>Tiānfú</notr>|Celestial Spokes|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>骑阵将军</notr>|<notr>Qízhènjiāngjūn</notr>|Chariots and Cavalry General|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>房宿</notr>|<notr>Fángxiù</notr>|Room Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>房宿</notr>|<notr>Fángxiù</notr>|Room|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>钩钤(附房宿)</notr>|<notr>Gōuqián</notr>|Lock (Vassal of Room)|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>键闭</notr>|<notr>Jiànbì</notr>|Door Bolt|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>罚</notr>|<notr>Fá</notr>|Punishment|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>东咸</notr>|<notr>Dōngxián</notr>|Eastern Door|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>西咸</notr>|<notr>Xīxián</notr>|Western Door|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>日</notr>|<notr>Rì</notr>|Solar Star|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>从官</notr>|<notr>Cóngguān</notr>|Retinue|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>心宿</notr>|<notr>Xīnxiù</notr>|Heart Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>心宿</notr>|<notr>Xīnxiù</notr>|Heart|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>积卒</notr>|<notr>Jīzú</notr>|Group of Soldiers|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>尾宿</notr>|<notr>Wěixiù</notr>|Tail Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>尾宿</notr>|<notr>Wěixiù</notr>|Tail|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>神宫(附尾宿)</notr>|<notr>shéngōng</notr>|Changing Room (Vassal of Tail)|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>龟</notr>|<notr>Guī</notr>|Tortoise|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天江</notr>|<notr>Tiānjiāng</notr>|Celestial River|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>傅说</notr>|<notr>Fùyuè</notr>|Fu Yue|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>鱼</notr>|<notr>Yú</notr>|Fish|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>箕宿</notr>|<notr>Jīxiù</notr>|Winnowing Basket Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>箕宿</notr>|<notr>Jīxiù</notr>|Winnowing Basket|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>糠</notr>|<notr>Kāng</notr>|Chaff|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>杵</notr>|<notr>Chǔ</notr>|Pestle|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>斗宿</notr>|<notr>Dǒuxiù</notr>|Dipper Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>斗宿</notr>|<notr>Dǒuxiù</notr>|Dipper|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>建</notr>|<notr>Jiàn</notr>|Establishment|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|
    |<notr>天籥</notr>|<notr>Tiānyuè</notr>|Celestial Keyhole|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>天弁</notr>|<notr>Tiānbiàn</notr>|Market Officer|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>鳖</notr>|<notr>Biē</notr>|River Turtle|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天鸡</notr>|<notr>Tiānjī</notr>|Celestial Cock|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>狗国</notr>|<notr>Gǒuguó</notr>|Territory of Dog|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>天渊</notr>|<notr>Tiānyuān</notr>|Celestial Spring|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>狗</notr>|<notr>Gǒu</notr>|Dog|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>农丈人</notr>|<notr>Nóngzhàngrén</notr>|Peasant|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>牛宿</notr>|<notr>Niúxiù</notr>|Ox Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>牛宿</notr>|<notr>Niúxiù</notr>|Ox|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>14</notr>|
    |<notr>天田</notr>|<notr>Tiāntián</notr>|Celestial Farmland|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>九坎</notr>|<notr>Jiǔkǎn</notr>|Nine Water Wells|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>河鼓</notr>|<notr>Hégǔ</notr>|Drum at the River|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>织女</notr>|<notr>Zhinǚ</notr>|Weaving Girl|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>左旗</notr>|<notr>Zuǒqí</notr>|Left Flag|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>30</notr>|
    |<notr>右旗</notr>|<notr>Yòuqí</notr>|Right Flag|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>12</notr>|
    |<notr>天桴</notr>|<notr>Tiānfú</notr>|Celestial Drumstick|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>罗堰</notr>|<notr>Luóyàn</notr>|Network of Dykes|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>渐台</notr>|<notr>Jiàntái</notr>|Clepsydra Terrace|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>辇道</notr>|<notr>Niǎndào</notr>|Imperial Passageway|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>女宿</notr>|<notr>Nǚxiù</notr>|Girl Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>女宿</notr>|<notr>Nǚxiù</notr>|Girl|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>十二国</notr>|<notr>Shí'èrguó</notr>|Twelve States|<notr>16</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>离珠</notr>|<notr>Lízhū</notr>|Pearls on Ladies' Wear|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>败瓜</notr>|<notr>Bàiguā</notr>|Rotten Gourd|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>瓠瓜</notr>|<notr>Hùguā</notr>|Good Gourd|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>天津</notr>|<notr>Tiānjīn</notr>|Celestial Ford|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>40</notr>|
    |<notr>奚仲</notr>|<notr>Xīzhòng</notr>|Xi Zhong|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>扶筐</notr>|<notr>Fúkuāng</notr>|Basket for Mulberry Leaves|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>虚宿</notr>|<notr>Xūxiù</notr>|Emptiness Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>虚宿</notr>|<notr>Xūxiù</notr>|Emptiness|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>司命</notr>|<notr>Sīmìng</notr>|Deified Judge of Life|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>司禄</notr>|<notr>Sīlù</notr>|Deified Judge of Rank|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>司危</notr>|<notr>Sīwēi</notr>|Deified Judge of Disaster and Good Fortune|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>司非</notr>|<notr>Sīfēi</notr>|Deified Judge of Right and Wrong|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>哭</notr>|<notr>Kū</notr>|Crying|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>泣</notr>|<notr>Qì</notr>|Weeping|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>天垒城</notr>|<notr>Tiānlěichéng</notr>|Celestial Ramparts|<notr>13</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>败臼</notr>|<notr>Bàijiù</notr>|Decayed Mortar|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>离瑜</notr>|<notr>Líyú</notr>|Jade Ornament on Ladies' Wear|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>危宿</notr>|<notr>Wēixiù</notr>|Rooftop Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>危宿</notr>|<notr>Wēixiù</notr>|Rooftop|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>14</notr>|
    |<notr>坟墓(附危宿)</notr>|<notr>Fénmù</notr>|Tomb (Vassal of Rooftop)|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>人</notr>|<notr>Rén</notr>|Humans|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>杵</notr>|<notr>Chǔ</notr>|Pestle|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>臼</notr>|<notr>Jiù</notr>|Mortar|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>车府</notr>|<notr>Chēfǔ</notr>|Big Yard for Chariots|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>20</notr>|
    |<notr>天钩</notr>|<notr>Tiāngōu</notr>|Celestial Hook|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>18</notr>|
    |<notr>造父</notr>|<notr>Zàofù</notr>|Zaofu|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>盖屋</notr>|<notr>Gàiwū</notr>|Roofing|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>虚梁</notr>|<notr>Xūliáng</notr>|Temple|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天钱</notr>|<notr>Tiānqián</notr>|Celestial Money|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>室宿</notr>|<notr>Shìxiù</notr>|Encampment Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>室宿</notr>|<notr>Shìxiù</notr>|Encampment|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>离宫(附室宿)</notr>|<notr>Lígōng</notr>|Resting Palace (Vassal of Encampment)|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>雷电</notr>|<notr>Léidiàn</notr>|Thunder and Lightning|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>垒壁阵</notr>|<notr>Lěibìzhèn</notr>|Line of Ramparts|<notr>12</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>羽林军</notr>|<notr>Yǔlínjūn</notr>|Palace Guard|<notr>45</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>𫓧钺</notr>|<notr>Fūyuè</notr>|Axe|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>北落师门</notr>|<notr>Běiluòshīmén</notr>|North Gate of the Military Camp|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>八魁</notr>|<notr>Bākuí</notr>|Net for Catching Birds|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天纲</notr>|<notr>Tiāngāng</notr>|Materials for Making Tents|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>土公吏</notr>|<notr>Tǔgōnglì</notr>|Official for Materials Supply|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>螣蛇</notr>|<notr>Téngshé</notr>|Flying Serpent|<notr>22</notr>|<notr>19</notr>|
    |<notr>壁宿</notr>|<notr>Bìxiù</notr>|Wall Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>壁宿</notr>|<notr>Bìxiù</notr>|Wall|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>23</notr>|
    |<notr>霹雳</notr>|<notr>Pīlì</notr>|Thunderbolt|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>云雨</notr>|<notr>Yúnyǔ</notr>|Cloud and Rain|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|
    |<notr>天厩</notr>|<notr>Tiānjiù</notr>|Celestial Stable|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>𫓧锧</notr>|<notr>Fūzhì</notr>|Sickle|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>土公</notr>|<notr>Tǔgōng</notr>|Official for Earthworks and Buildings|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>奎宿</notr>|<notr>Kuíxiù</notr>|Legs Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>奎宿</notr>|<notr>Kuíxiù</notr>|Legs|<notr>16</notr>|<notr>23</notr>|
    |<notr>外屏</notr>|<notr>Wàipíng</notr>|Outer Fence|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>15</notr>|
    |<notr>天溷</notr>|<notr>Tiānhùn</notr>|Celestial Pigsty|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>土司空</notr>|<notr>Tǔsīkōng</notr>|Master of Constructions|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>军南门</notr>|<notr>Jūnnánmén</notr>|Southern Military Gate|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>阁道</notr>|<notr>Gédào</notr>|Flying Corridor|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>附路</notr>|<notr>Fùlù</notr>|Auxiliary Road|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>王良</notr>|<notr>Wángliáng</notr>|Wang Liang|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>14</notr>|
    |<notr>策</notr>|<notr>Cè</notr>|Whip|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>娄宿</notr>|<notr>Loúxiù</notr>|Bond Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>娄宿</notr>|<notr>Loúxiù</notr>|Bond|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>15</notr>|
    |<notr>左更</notr>|<notr>Zuǒgēng</notr>|Official in Charge of the Forest|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>右更</notr>|<notr>Yòugēng</notr>|Official in Charge of Pasturing|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>天仓 </notr>|<notr>Tiāncāng</notr>|Square Celestial Granary|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>21</notr>|
    |<notr>天庾</notr>|<notr>Tiānyǔ</notr>|Ricks of Grain|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>天大将军</notr>|<notr>Tiāndàjiāngjūn</notr>|Great General of Heaven|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>17</notr>|
    |<notr>胃宿</notr>|<notr>Wèixiù</notr>|Stomach Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>胃宿</notr>|<notr>Wèixiù</notr>|Stomach|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>天廪</notr>|<notr>Tiānlǐn</notr>|Celestial Foodstuff|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>天囷</notr>|<notr>Tiānqūn</notr>|Circular Celestial Granary|<notr>13</notr>|<notr>21</notr>|
    |<notr>大陵</notr>|<notr>Dàlíng</notr>|Mausoleum|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>21</notr>|
    |<notr>天船</notr>|<notr>Tiānchuán</notr>|Celestial Boat|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|
    |<notr>积尸</notr>|<notr>JīShī</notr>|Heap of Corpses|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>积水</notr>|<notr>Jīshuǐ</notr>|Stored Water|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>昴宿</notr>|<notr>Mǎoxiù</notr>|Hairy Head Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>昴宿</notr>|<notr>Mǎoxiù</notr>|Hairy Head|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>13</notr>|
    |<notr>天阿</notr>|<notr>Tiān'ē</notr>|Celestial Concave|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>月</notr>|<notr>Yuè</notr>|Lunar Star|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>天阴</notr>|<notr>Tiānyīn</notr>|Celestial Yin Force|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>刍藁</notr>|<notr>Chúgǎo</notr>|Hay|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>天苑</notr>|<notr>Tiānyuàn</notr>|Celestial Meadows|<notr>16</notr>|<notr>18</notr>|
    |<notr>卷舌</notr>|<notr>Juǎnshé</notr>|Rolled Tongue|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>天谗</notr>|<notr>Tiānchán</notr>|Celestial Slander|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>砺石</notr>|<notr>Lìshí</notr>|Whetstone|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>毕宿</notr>|<notr>Bìxiù</notr>|Net Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>毕宿</notr>|<notr>Bìxiù</notr>|Net|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>18</notr>|
    |<notr>附耳(附毕宿)</notr>|<notr>Fù'ěr</notr>|Whisper (Vassal of Net)|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>天街</notr>|<notr>Tiānjiē</notr>|Celestial Street|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>天节</notr>|<notr>Tiānjié</notr>|Celestial Tally|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>诸王</notr>|<notr>Zhūwáng</notr>|Feudal Kings|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>天高</notr>|<notr>Tiāngāo</notr>|Celestial High Terrace|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>九州殊口</notr>|<notr>Jiǔzhōushūkǒu</notr>|Interpreters of Nine Dialects|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>五车</notr>|<notr>Wǔchē</notr>|Five Chariots|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>19</notr>|
    |<notr>柱</notr>|<notr>Zhù</notr>|Pillars|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天潢</notr>|<notr>Tiānhuáng</notr>|Celestial Pier|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>咸池</notr>|<notr>Xiánchí</notr>|Pool of Harmony|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天关</notr>|<notr>Tiānguān</notr>|Celestial Pass|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>参旗</notr>|<notr>Shēnqí</notr>|Banner of Three Stars|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>12</notr>|
    |<notr>九斿</notr>|<notr>Jiǔyóu</notr>|Imperial Military Flag|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>天园</notr>|<notr>Tiānyuán</notr>|Celestial Orchard|<notr>13</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>觜宿</notr>|<notr>Zīxiù</notr>|Turtle Beak Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>觜宿</notr>|<notr>Zīxiù</notr>|Turtle Beak|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>司怪</notr>|<notr>Sīguài</notr>|Deity in Charge of Monsters|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>座旗</notr>|<notr>Zuòqí</notr>|Seat Flags|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>参宿</notr>|<notr>Shēnxiù</notr>|Three Stars Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>参宿</notr>|<notr>Shēnxiù</notr>|Three Stars|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>39</notr>|
    |<notr>伐(附参宿)</notr>|<notr>Fá</notr>|Send Armed Forces To Suppress (Vassal of Three Stars)|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>玉井</notr>|<notr>Yùjǐng</notr>|Jade Well|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>屏</notr>|<notr>Píng</notr>|Screen|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>军井</notr>|<notr>Jūnjǐng</notr>|Military well|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>厕</notr>|<notr>Cè</notr>|Toilet|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>屎</notr>|<notr>Shǐ</notr>|Excrement|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>井宿</notr>|<notr>Jǐngxiù</notr>|Well Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>井宿</notr>|<notr>Jǐngxiù</notr>|Well|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>19</notr>|
    |<notr>钺(附井宿)</notr>|<notr>Yuè</notr>|Battle Axe (Vassal of Well)|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>南河</notr>|<notr>Nánhé</notr>|South River|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>北河</notr>|<notr>Běihé</notr>|North River|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>天樽</notr>|<notr>Tiānzūn</notr>|Celestial Wine Cup|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>五诸侯</notr>|<notr>Wǔzhūhóu</notr>|Five Feudal Kings|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>积水</notr>|<notr>Jīshuǐ</notr>|Accumulated Water|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>积薪</notr>|<notr>Jīxīn</notr>|Pile of Firewood|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>水府</notr>|<notr>Shuǐfǔ</notr>|Official for Irrigation|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>水位</notr>|<notr>Shuǐwèi</notr>|Water Level|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>12</notr>|
    |<notr>四渎</notr>|<notr>Sìdú</notr>|Four Channels|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>军市</notr>|<notr>Jūnshì</notr>|Market for Soldiers|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>野鸡</notr>|<notr>Yějī</notr>|Wild Cockerel|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>丈人</notr>|<notr>Zhàngrén</notr>|Grandfather|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>子</notr>|<notr>Zǐ</notr>|Son|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>孙</notr>|<notr>Sūn</notr>|Grandson|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>阙丘</notr>|<notr>Quèqiū</notr>|Palace Gate|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>天狼</notr>|<notr>Tiānláng</notr>|Celestial Wolf|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>弧矢</notr>|<notr>Húshǐ</notr>|Bow and Arrow|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>32</notr>|
    |<notr>老人</notr>|<notr>Lǎorén</notr>|Old Man|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>鬼宿</notr>|<notr>Guǐxiù</notr>|Ghosts Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>鬼宿</notr>|<notr>Guǐxiù</notr>|Ghosts|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>19</notr>|
    |<notr>积尸</notr>|<notr>Jīshī</notr>|Cumulative Corpses|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>爟</notr>|<notr>Guàn</notr>|Beacon Fire|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>天狗</notr>|<notr>Tiāngǒu</notr>|Celestial Dog|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>外厨</notr>|<notr>Wàichú</notr>|Outer Kitchen|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>17</notr>|
    |<notr>天社</notr>|<notr>Tiānshè</notr>|Celestial Earth God's Temple|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>天记</notr>|<notr>Tiānjì</notr>|Judge for Estimating the Age of Animals|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>柳宿</notr>|<notr>Liǔxiù</notr>|Willow Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>柳宿</notr>|<notr>Liǔxiù</notr>|Willow|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>13</notr>|
    |<notr>酒旗</notr>|<notr>Jiǔqí</notr>|Banner of Wine Shop|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>星宿</notr>|<notr>Xīngxiù</notr>|Star Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>星宿</notr>|<notr>Xīngxiù</notr>|Star Mansion|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>15</notr>|
    |<notr>天相</notr>|<notr>Tiānxiàng</notr>|Celestial Premier|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>天稷*</notr>|<notr>Tiānjì</notr>|Celestial Cereals|<notr>/</notr>|<notr>/</notr>|
    |<notr>轩辕</notr>|<notr>Xuānyuán</notr>|Xuanyuan|<notr>17</notr>|<notr>59</notr>|
    |<notr>内平</notr>|<notr>Nèipíng</notr>|High Judge|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>张宿</notr>|<notr>Zhāngxiù</notr>|Extended Net Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>张宿</notr>|<notr>Zhāngxiù</notr>|Extended Net|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>天庙*</notr>|<notr>Tiānmiào</notr>|Celestial Temple|<notr>/</notr>|<notr>/</notr>|
    |<notr>翼宿</notr>|<notr>Yìxiù</notr>|Wings Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>翼宿</notr>|<notr>Yìxiù</notr>|Wings|<notr>22</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>东瓯*</notr>|<notr>Dōngōu</notr>|Dongou|<notr>/</notr>|<notr>/</notr>|
    |<notr>轸宿</notr>|<notr>Zhěnxiù</notr>|Chariot Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>轸宿</notr>|<notr>Zhěnxiù</notr>|Chariot|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>长沙(附轸宿)</notr>|<notr>Chángshā</notr>|Changsha (Vassal of Chariot)|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>左辖(附轸宿)</notr>|<notr>Zuǒxiá</notr>|Left Linchpin (Vassal of Chariot)|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>右辖(附轸宿)</notr>|<notr>Yoùxiá</notr>|Right Linchpin (Vassal of Chariot)|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>青丘</notr>|<notr>Qīngqiū</notr>|Green Hill|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>军门*</notr>|<notr>Jūnmén</notr>|Military Gate|<notr>/</notr>|<notr>/</notr>|
    |<notr>土司空*</notr>|<notr>Tǔsīkōng</notr>|Master of Constructions|<notr>/</notr>|<notr>/</notr>|
    |<notr>器府*</notr>|<notr>Qìfǔ</notr>|House for Musical Instruments|<notr>/</notr>|<notr>/</notr>|
    |<notr>近南极星区</notr>|<notr>JìnnánJí Xīngqū</notr>|The Southern Sky|   |   |
    |<notr>海山</notr>|<notr>Hǎishān</notr>|Sea and Mountain|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>十字架</notr>|<notr>Shízìjià</notr>|Cross|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>马尾</notr>|<notr>Mǎwěi</notr>|Horse's Tail|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>马腹</notr>|<notr>Mǎfù</notr>|Horse's Abdomen|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>蜜蜂</notr>|<notr>Mìfēng</notr>|Bee|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>三角形</notr>|<notr>Sānjiǎoxíng</notr>|Triangle|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>异雀</notr>|<notr>Yìquè</notr>|Exotic Bird|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>孔雀</notr>|<notr>Kǒngquè</notr>|Peafowl|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>波斯</notr>|<notr>Bōsī</notr>|Persia|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>蛇尾</notr>|<notr>Shéwěi</notr>|Snake's Tail|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>蛇腹</notr>|<notr>Shéfù</notr>|Snake's Abdomen|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>蛇首</notr>|<notr>Shéshǒu</notr>|Snake's Head|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>鸟喙</notr>|<notr>Niǎohuì</notr>|Bird's Beak|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>鹤 </notr>|<notr>Hè</notr>|Crane|<notr>12</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>火鸟</notr>|<notr>Huǒniǎo</notr>|Firebird|<notr>10</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>水委</notr>|<notr>Shuǐweǐ</notr>|Crooked Running Water|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>附白</notr>|<notr>Fùbái</notr>|White Patched Nearby|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>夹白</notr>|<notr>Jiābái</notr>|White Patches Attached|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>金鱼</notr>|<notr>Jīnyú</notr>|Goldfish|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>海石</notr>|<notr>Hǎishí</notr>|Sea Rock|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>飞鱼</notr>|<notr>Fēiyú</notr>|Flying Fish|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>南船</notr>|<notr>Nánchuán</notr>|Southern Boat|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>小斗</notr>|<notr>Xiǎodǒu</notr>|Little Dipper|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    
    note 1: The Xingguans with "*", Was officially deleted in 1752.
    
    note 2: The vassal Xingguan is not a separate Xingguan, but a vassal of the parent Xingguan.
    
    ### Deep Space Objects
    
    Some deep space objects were also discovered in ancient China, which were also included in the Xingguans.
    
    Include the following:
    
    |General name|Chinese Name|Pinyin|Translation|Nick name|
    |------------|------------|------|-----------|---------|
    |<notr>NGC 6231</notr>|<notr>神宫</notr>|<notr>shéngōng</notr>|God's Palace|Northern Jewel Box Cluster|
    |<notr>NGC 6475/M 7</notr>|<notr>鱼</notr>|<notr>Yú</notr>|Fish|Ptolemy Cluster|
    |<notr>NGC 2632/M 44</notr>|<notr>积尸</notr>|<notr>JīShī</notr>|Cumulative Corpses|Beehive Cluster|
    |<notr>NGC 5139</notr>|<notr>库楼增一</notr>|<notr>Kùlóu Zēng I</notr>|Arsenal Added I|Omega Centauri|
    |<notr>NGC 224/M 31</notr>|<notr>奎宿增廿一</notr>|<notr>Kuíxiù Zēng XXI</notr>|Legs Mansion XXI|Andromeda Galaxy|
    
    ### Notes
    
    This Sky Culture is based on the information inside *Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0 (Star Catalogue)* (Chinese: 中西对照恒星图表1950.0(星表分册)) and *Complete Studies of Astronomical* (Chinese: 仪象考成).
    
    Thanks to Liu Chunbin for the collation of the *Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0 (Star Catalogue)*. He produced *Chinese Star Catalogue for Stellarium* (Chinese: Stellarium 中国星官体系下中文星名扩展包) which is a very important reference.
    
    Some stars have been added according to *The History of Stellar Observation in China* (Chinese: 中国恒星观测史).
    
    For the translation of constellations, we use the *English-Chinese Glossary of Chinese Star Regions, Asterisms and Star Names* (Chinese: 中国星区、星官及星名英译表) by Hong Kong Space Museum. Only a small portion of the translation is changed, for example, when the translations of the two different Xingguans are the same.
    
    The cultural connotations of the name cannot be explained perfectly, because thousands of years passed, the connotations behind some names are controversial. These are only possible translations. Chinese characters are ideographic characters, which leads to some completely different names having the same pronunciation. Therefore, the pinyin transliteration is provided only to make star names readable.
gl: <notr>Stellarium contén actualmente 300 Xingguan chineses e máis de 3000 nomes de estrelas chinesas de *Estudos completos de astronomía* (en chinés: 仪象考成; pinyin: Yíxiàng kǎochéng) e *A continuación dos estudos completos de astronomía* (en chinés: 仪象考成续编; pinyin: Yíxiàngkǎochéng xùbiān). *Estudos completos de astronomía* é un rexistro imperial de astronomía rematado en 1756. En 1844, o Observatorio Astronómico Imperial fixo unha revisión e publicou *A continuación dos estudos completos de astronomía*, que é a principal referencia aos Xingguan chineses tradicionais e aos nomes de estrelas que se usan hoxe en día. Yi Shitong realizou unha investigación textual e un resumo destes rexistros no seu libro *Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0* (en chinés: 中西对照恒星图表1950.0; pinyin: Zhōngxī Duìzhào Héngxīng Túbiǎo).
    
    A cultura tradicional chinesa do ceo baséase na información que se atopa no *Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0* e nos *Complete Studies of Astronomical*.
    
    Ademais, engadíronse algunhas estrelas segundo *The History of Stellar Observation in China* (en chinés: 中国恒星观测史; pinyin: Zhōngguó Héngxīng Guāncèshǐ) de Pan Nai, se estas estrelas non están certificadas no *Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0 (Catálogo de estrelas)*.
    
    Se o nome da estrela vai seguido dun "*", trátase dunha estrela engadida segundo *A Historia da Observación Estelar na China*.
    
    Se o nome da estrela vai seguido dun "?", trátase dunha estrela engadida segundo *A Historia da Observación Estelar na China*, pero non se pode certificar completamente.
    
    ### Sol, Lúa e Planetas
    
    Os países occidentais nomeaban os planetas con caracteres míticos. A antiga comprensión chinesa dos cinco planetas baséase en conceptos de cinco elementos. Polo tanto, Mercurio chámase Estrela da Auga, Venus chámase Estrela do Metal, Marte chámase Estrela do Lume, Xúpiter chámase Estrela da Madeira e Saturno chámase Estrela da Terra.
    
    En chinés, o sol e a lúa reciben os nomes do Yin e o Yang (co prefixo "grande" (chinés:太; pinyin: tài)), respectivamente Taiyang (Sol, chinés: 太阳; pinyin: Tàiyáng) e Taiyin (Lúa, chinés:太阴; pinyin: Tàiyīn). O seu outro nome pertence ós caracteres pictográficos. Ri (Sol, chinés: 日) e Yue (Lúa, chinés: 月). Pero o nome máis común para a Lúa é Yueliang (chinés: 月亮; pinyin: Yuèliàng).
    
    O Sol, a Lúa e os cinco planetas forman as Sete Luminarias (chinés: 七曜; pinyin: qīyào), que corresponden ós Cinco Elementos e ó Yin e o Yang.
    
    ### Xingguans
    
    A astronomía tradicional chinesa ten un sistema de división da esfera celeste en asterismos ou constelacións, coñecido como "Xingguan". As constelacións modernas refírense a áreas específicas da esfera celeste. Os Xingguans refírense só á forma en que se distribúen as estrelas, sen límites específicos entre os Xingguans.
    
    O nome e a disposición dos Xingguans son moi sociais, o reino, as montañas, os bens, a industria, todo se move cara ó ceo, segundo a forma en que a Terra no ceo copia un mundo.
    
    Os Xingguan son xeralmente máis pequenas que as constelacións da tradición helenística. Un Xingguan contén máis de ducias de estrelas, e menos son só unha. Os mapas astronómicos chineses medievais mostran xeralmente un total de 283 Xingguan, que comprenden un total de 1.464 estrelas individuais. Os Xingguan divídense en 31 rexións, as Vinte e Oito Mansións (en chinés: 二十八宿; pinyin: Èrshíbā Xiù) ó longo da eclíptica, e os Tres Recintos (en chinés: 三垣; pinyin: Sānyuán) do ceo setentrional. Debido á influencia da precesión, seis Xingguan preto do horizonte sur están a desprazarse cada vez máis cara ó sur. Xa non eran fáciles de observar polos astrónomos nas dinastías Ming e Qing, polo que xa non se rexistraban en *Estudos Completos de Astronómica*.
    
    Antes de finais da dinastía Ming (século XVII), non había Xingguans arredor do polo celeste sur. O Ceo Austral (en chinés: 近南极星区; pinyin: JìnnánJí Xīngqū) engadiuse como unha 32ª rexión a finais da dinastía Ming baseándose nas cartas estelares europeas, que comprendía 23 Xingguans adicionais. O Ceo Austral agora tamén se trata como parte do sistema tradicional chinés.
    
    Desde finais da dinastía Ming, os misioneiros occidentais entraron no Observatorio Astronómico Imperial. Seguiron os nomes dos Xingguans, pero cambiaron as estrelas correspondentes dalgúns Xingguans e engadiron algunhas estrelas a case todos os Xingguans, chamadas "estrelas engadidas" (en chinés: 增星; pinyin: zēngxīng). As estrelas orixinais chámanse "estrelas primarias" (en chinés: 正星; pinyin: zhèngxīng). Un Xingguan de dúas ou máis estrelas, cada estrela ten un número. O nome das estrelas en *A continuación dos estudos astronómicos completos* é Xingguan máis un número. Pero tamén hai algunhas Xingguan, cada estrela ten un nome especial.
    
    Deste xeito, *A continuación dos estudos astronómicos completos* ten 300 Xingguan e 3240 estrelas en total.
    
    Ata a Revolución de 1911, China xa non consideraba Xingguan como o sistema oficial de constelacións. A diferenza dos Xingguan, os nomes tradicionais chineses das estrelas aínda se usan na astronomía chinesa moderna, sendo incluso máis comúns cós nomes occidentais.
    
    ![](illustrations/yxkcxt.png)
    
    *Mapa astronómico de estudos astronómicos completos (1757)*
    
    ### Tres Recintos
    
    Os Tres Recintos son tres rexións do ceo setentrional rodeadas pola eclíptica. Os Tres Recintos son o Recinto Prohibido Púrpura (en chinés: 紫微垣; pinyin: Zǐwēiyuán), o Recinto do Palacio Supremo (en chinés: 太微垣; pinyin: Tàiwēiyuán) e o Recinto do Mercado Celestial (en chinés: 天市垣; pinyin: Tiānshìyuán).
    
    Cada Recinto ten dous muros, chamados muro esquerdo e muro dereito, que son os principais Xingguan. Os muros están rodeados por moitos Xingguan. Tamén hai Xingguan nas proximidades do muro que pertencen a este Recinto.
    
    O Recinto Prohibido Púrpura é o palacio interior do emperador e cobre a zona máis setentrional do ceo nocturno. Desde o punto de vista dos antigos chineses, o Recinto Púrpura Prohibido atópase no medio do ceo e está rodeado por todas as outras estrelas. Abarca as constelacións modernas da Osa Menor, Draco, Camelopardalis, Cepheus, Cassiopeia, Auriga, Boötes e partes da Osa Maior, Canes Venatici, Leo Minor e Hércules. O Recinto Púrpura Prohibido ten 37 Xingguan.
    
    - [Recinto Púrpura Prohibido (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Forbidden_enclosure)
    
    O Recinto do Palacio Supremo é o lugar onde o emperador e os cortesáns tratan as súas políticas. O Recinto do Palacio Supremo ten unha variedade de funcionarios e axencias gobernamentais. Abarca as constelacións modernas de Virgo, Coma de Berenices e Leo e partes dos Canes Venatici, a Osa Maior e Leo Minor. O Recinto do Palacio Supremo ten 20 Xingguan.
    
    - [Recinto do Palacio Supremo (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Palace_enclosure)
    
    O Recinto do Mercado Celestial é un bazar no ceo, un lugar onde vive xente común. O Recinto do Mercado Celestial abrangue as constelacións modernas Serpens, Ophiuchus, Aquila e Corona Borealis, e partes de Hércules. O Recinto do Mercado Celestial ten 19 Xingguan. Recibiron o seu nome polos participantes do bazar e as instalacións do bazar.
    
    - [Recinto do Mercado Celestial (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavenly_Market_enclosure)
    
    ### Vinte e oito Mansións
    
    As Vinte e oito Mansións (en chinés: 二十八宿; pinyin:Èrshíbā Xiù), tamén coñecidas como as 28 Mansións Lunares, son as antigas divisións chinesas da eclíptica e da área do ceo preto do ecuador para dividir a eclíptica en 28 rexións segundo a ascensión recta. Cada rexión chámase Mansión (en chinés: 宿; pinyin:Xiù). Os antigos deixaban que a Lúa cambiase de Mansión todos os días para descansar.
    
    Cada Mansión ten un Xingguan co mesmo nome preto da eclíptica, que é o Xingguan principal. Os Xingguan desta área pertencen á Mansión.
    
    Cada Xingguan ten unha estrela principal coñecida como estrela determinativa (en chinés: 距星; pinyin: jùxīng). Na antiga China, as estrelas determinativas das Vinte e oito Mansións eran o punto de referencia para determinar a lonxitude do sistema de coordenadas ecuatoriais. A diferenza de ascensión recta entre as estrelas determinativas de dúas Mansións adxacentes son os graos das mansións ecuatoriais (en chinés: 宿度; pinyin: xiùdù) das Mansións occidentais. O sistema de coordenadas ecuatoriais tradicional da China divide o ecuador en 365,25 graos, e o Sol percorre un día por un grao, que tamén é a suma dos graos das mansións ecuatoriais das 28 Mansións.
    
    Debido á influencia da precesión, os graos das mansións ecuatoriais de cada Mansión foron cambiando lentamente, e algunhas estrelas determinativas tamén cambiaron ó longo da historia.
    
    Nos mapas estelares tradicionais chineses, hai 28 liñas que pasan polas estrelas determinativas das Vinte e oito Mansións desde o polo norte celeste como os seus límites para facilitar o posicionamento dos corpos celestes.
    
    Se un corpo celeste está ó leste da estrela determinante dunha Mansión, e a súa ascensión recta non excede a estrela determinante da seguinte Mansión, a diferenza de ascensión recta entre este corpo celeste e a estrela determinante coñécese como graos de distancia da mansión (en chinés: 入宿度; pinyin: rùxiùdù).
    
    Xunto cos graos de distancia polar (en chinés: 去极度; pinyin: qùjídù), que é a distancia angular entre a estrela e o polo norte celeste, podemos determinar a posición dunha estrela na esfera celeste. Os graos de distancia da mansión e os graos de distancia polar xuntos constitúen os dous compoñentes do antigo sistema de coordenadas ecuatoriais chinés.
    
    As vinte e oito Mansións agrúpanse en catro símbolos (en chinés: 四象; pinyin: sìxiàng), cada un asociado a unha dirección do compás e que contén sete Mansións, corresponden a sete Luminarias. A correspondencia entre as Vinte e Oito Mansións e os Catro Símbolos baséase no ceo ó anoitecer no equinoccio de primavera nun certo período da antigüidade. Nesta época, a Ave Vermella está no sur, o Dragón Azul no leste, a Tartaruga Negra no norte e o Tigre Branco no oeste.
    
    ### A lista das vinte e oito mansións (J2000)
    
    |Sete luminarias| |Madeira|Metal|Terra|Sol|Lúa|Lume|Auga|
    |----------------|---|----|-----|-----|---|----|----|-----|
    |Nome Chinés|<notr>东方苍龙</notr>|<notr>角宿</notr>|<notr>亢宿</notr>|<notr>氐宿</notr>|<notr>房宿</notr>|<notr>心宿</notr>|<notr>尾宿</notr>|<notr>箕宿</notr>|
    |Pinyin|<notr>Dōngfāng Cānglóng</notr>|<notr>Jiǎoxiù</notr>|<notr>Kàngxiù</notr>|<notr>Dīxiù</notr>|<notr>Fángxiù</notr>|<notr>Xīnxiù</notr>|<notr>Wěixiù</notr>|<notr>Jīxiù</notr>|
    |Tradución|Dragón Azul do Leste|Mansión Corno|Mansión Pescozo|Mansión Raíz|Mansión Habitación|Mansión Corazón|Mansión Cola|Mansión Cribadora|
    |Número de xingguans|<notr>46</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |Estrela Determinativa|   |<notr>α Vir</notr>|<notr>κ Vir</notr>|<notr>α2 Lib</notr>|<notr>π Sco</notr>|<notr>σ Sco</notr>|<notr>μ1 Sco</notr>|<notr>γ Sgr</notr>|
    |AR da Estrela Determinativa|   |<notr>13h25m11.6s</notr>|<notr>14h12m53.8s</notr>|<notr>14h50m52.8s</notr>|<notr>15h58m51.1s</notr>|<notr>16h21m11.3s</notr>|<notr>16h51m52.2s</notr>|<notr>18h05m48.5s</notr>|
    |Graos da Mansión Ecuatorial 1|   |<notr>47m42s</notr>|<notr>37m59s</notr>|<notr>1h07m58s</notr>|<notr>22m20s</notr>|<notr>30m41s</notr>|<notr>1h13m57s</notr>|<notr>39m51s</notr>|
    |Graos da Mansión Ecuatorial 2|   |<notr>12.10°</notr>|<notr>9.63°</notr>|<notr>17.24°</notr>|<notr>5.67°</notr>|<notr>7.78°</notr>|<notr>18.76°</notr>|<notr>10.11°</notr>|
    |Nome Chinés|<notr>北方玄武</notr>|<notr>斗宿</notr>|<notr>牛宿</notr>|<notr>女宿</notr>|<notr>虚宿</notr>|<notr>危宿</notr>|<notr>室宿</notr>|<notr>壁宿</notr>|
    |Pinyin|<notr>Běifāng Xuánwǔ</notr>|<notr>Dǒuxiù</notr>|<notr>Niúxiù</notr>|<notr>Nǚxiù</notr>|<notr>Xūxiù</notr>|<notr>Wēixiù</notr>|<notr>Shìxiù</notr>|<notr>Bìxiù</notr>|
    |Tradución|Tartaruga Negra do Norte|Mansión do Merlo|Mansión do Boi|Mansion da Moza|Mansión do Baleiro|Mansión do Tellado|Mansión  do Campamento|Mansión do muro|
    |Número de xingguans|<notr>65</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |Estrela Determinativa|   |<notr>μ Sgr</notr>|<notr>β Cap</notr>|<notr>ε Aqr</notr>|<notr>β Aqr</notr>|<notr>α Aqr</notr>|<notr>α Peg</notr>|<notr>γ Peg</notr>|
    |AR da Estrela Determinativa|   |<notr>18h45m39.4s</notr>|<notr>20h21m0.7s</notr>|<notr>20h47m40.6s</notr>|<notr>21h31m33.5s</notr>|<notr>22h05m47.0s</notr>|<notr>23h04m45.7s</notr>|<notr>00h13m14.2s</notr>|
    |Graos da Mansión Ecuatorial 1|   |<notr>1h35m21s</notr>|<notr>26m40s</notr>|<notr>43m53s</notr>|<notr>34m13s</notr>|<notr>58m59s</notr>|<notr>1h08s29s</notr>|<notr>43m58s</notr>|
    |Graos da Mansión Ecuatorial 2|   |<notr>24.19°</notr>|<notr>6.76°</notr>|<notr>11.13°</notr>|<notr>8.68°</notr>|<notr>14.96°</notr>|<notr>17.37°</notr>|<notr>11.15°</notr>|
    |Nome Chinés|<notr>西方白虎</notr>|<notr>奎宿</notr>|<notr>娄宿</notr>|<notr>胃宿</notr>|<notr>昴宿</notr>|<notr>毕宿</notr>|<notr>觜宿</notr>|<notr>参宿</notr>|
    |Pinyin|<notr>Xīfāng Báihǔ</notr>|<notr>Kuíxiù</notr>|<notr>Loúxiù</notr>|<notr>Wèixiù</notr>|<notr>Mǎoxiù</notr>|<notr>Bìxiù</notr>|<notr>Zīxiù</notr>|<notr>Shēnxiù</notr>|
    |Tradución|Tigre Branco do Oeste|Mansión das Pernas|Mansión da Amizade|Mansión  do Estómago|Mansión Cabeza Peluda|Mansión Rede|Mansión Bico de Tartaruga|Mansión Tres Estrelas| 
    |Número de xingguans|<notr>54</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>14</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |Estrela Determinativa|   |<notr>η And</notr>|<notr>β Ari</notr>|<notr>35 Ari</notr>|<notr>17 Tau</notr>|<notr>ε Tau</notr>|<notr>λ Ori</notr>|<notr>ζ Ori</notr>|
    |AR da Estrela Determinativa|   |<notr>00h57m12.3s</notr>|<notr>01h54m38.4s</notr>|<notr>02h43m27.1s</notr>|<notr>03h44m52.5s</notr>|<notr>04h28m37.0s</notr>|<notr>5h35m8.3s</notr>|<notr>05h40m45.5s</notr>|
    |Graos da Mansión Ecuatorial 1|   |<notr>57m26s</notr>|<notr>48m49s</notr>|<notr>1h01m26s</notr>|<notr>43m44s</notr>|<notr>1h06m31s</notr>|<notr>5m32s</notr>|<notr>42m12s</notr>|
    |Graos da Mansión Ecuatorial 2|   |<notr>14.57°</notr>|<notr>12.38°</notr>|<notr>15.58°</notr>|<notr>11.09°</notr>|<notr>16.87°</notr>|<notr>1.40°</notr>|<notr>10.70°</notr>|
    |Nome Chinés|<notr>南方朱雀</notr>|<notr>井宿</notr>|<notr>鬼宿</notr>|<notr>柳宿</notr>|<notr>星宿</notr>|<notr>张宿</notr>|<notr>翼宿</notr>|<notr>轸宿</notr>|
    |Pinyin|<notr>Nánfāng Zhūquè</notr>|<notr>Jǐngxiù</notr>|<notr>Guǐxiù</notr>|<notr>Liǔxiù</notr>|<notr>Xīngxiù</notr>|<notr>Zhāngxiù</notr>|<notr>Yìxiù</notr>|<notr>Zhěnxiù</notr>|
    |Tradución|Paxaro Vermello do Sur|Mansión do Pozo|Mansión dos Fantasmas|Mansión dos Salgueiros|Mansión das Estrelas|Mansión da Rede Estendida|Mansión das Ás|Mansión da Carroza|
    |Número dexingguans|<notr>42</notr>|<notr>19</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |Estrela Determinativa|   |<notr>μ Gem</notr>|<notr>θ Cnc</notr>|<notr>δ Hya</notr>|<notr>α Hya</notr>|<notr>υ1 Hya</notr>|<notr>α Crt</notr>|<notr>γ Crv</notr>|
    |AR de Estrela Determinativa|   |<notr>6h22m57.6s</notr>|<notr>8h31m35.7s</notr>|<notr>8h37m39.4s</notr>|<notr>09h27m35.2s</notr>|<notr>09h51m28.7s</notr>|<notr>10h59m45.9s</notr>|<notr>12h15m48.4s</notr>|
    |Graos da Mansión Ecuatorial 1|   |<notr>2h08m38s</notr>|<notr>6m3s</notr>|<notr>49m58s</notr>|<notr>23m54s</notr>|<notr>1h08m17s</notr>|<notr>1h16m02s</notr>|<notr>1h09m23s</notr>|
    |Graos da Mansión Ecuatorial 2|   |<notr>32.63°</notr>|<notr>1.54°</notr>|<notr>12.67°</notr>|<notr>6.06°</notr>|<notr>17.32°</notr>|<notr>19.29°</notr>|<notr>17.60°</notr>|
    
    nota 1: Graos da Mansión Ecuatorial 1:Sistema de coordenadas ecuatoriais modernas.
    
    nota 2: Graos da Mansión Ecuatorial 2:O sistema de coordinadas ecuatoriais tradicional de China, divide o ecuador en 365.25 graos.
    
     - <notr>[Twenty-Eight Mansions (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-Eight_Mansions)</notr>
    
    ### O ceo do sur
    
    O ceo arredor do polo sur celeste era descoñecido para os antigos chineses. Polo tanto, non se incluía no sistema dos Tres Recintos e as Vinte e Oito Mansións. Non obstante, a finais da dinastía Ming, Xu Guangqi (en chinés: 徐光启; pinyin: Xú Guāngqǐ) introduciu outros 23 Xingguan baseados nas cartas estelares europeas. Estes Xingguan incorporáronse desde entón ós mapas estelares tradicionais chineses. Estes Xingguan son en realidade variacións das constelacións occidentais e na súa maioría reciben nomes de animais.
    
    ### A lista de Xingguan
    
    |Nome chinés|Pinyin|Tradución|Número de estrelas primarias|Número de estrelas engadidas|
    |------------|------|-----------|-----------------------|---------------------|
    |<notr>紫微垣</notr>|<notr>Zǐwēiyuán</notr>|Recinto Prohibido Púrpura|   |   |
    |<notr>北极</notr>|<notr>Běijí</notr>|Polo Norte|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>四辅</notr>|<notr>Sìfǔ</notr>|Catro Asesores|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>天乙</notr>|<notr>Tiānyǐ</notr>|O Grande Celestial|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>太乙</notr>|<notr>Tàiyǐ</notr>|O Primeiro Grande|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>紫微左垣</notr>|<notr>Zǐwēizuǒyuán</notr>|Muro esquerdo prohibido púrpura|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>12</notr>|
    |<notr>紫微右垣</notr>|<notr>Zǐwēiyòuyuán</notr>|Muro dereito prohibido púrpura|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>12</notr>|
    |<notr>阴德</notr>|<notr>Yīndé</notr>|Virtude Oculta|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>尚书</notr>|<notr>Shàngshū</notr>|Secretario Real|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>女史</notr>|<notr>Nǚshǐ</notr>|Protocolo Feminino|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>柱史</notr>|<notr>Zhùshǐ</notr>|Oficial de Arquivos Reais|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>御女</notr>|<notr>Yùnǚ</notr>|Damas de Compañía|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>天柱</notr>|<notr>Tiānzhù</notr>|Piar Celestial|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>大理</notr>|<notr>Dàlǐ</notr>|Xuíz Xefe|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>勾陈</notr>|<notr>Gōuchén</notr>|Matriz Curva|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|
    |<notr>六甲</notr>|<notr>Liùjiǎ</notr>|Six Jia|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>天皇大帝</notr>|<notr>Tiānhuángdàdì</notr>|Gran Emperador do Ceo|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>五帝内座</notr>|<notr>WǔdìnèiZuò</notr>|Asentos interiores dos Cinco Emperadores|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>华盖</notr>|<notr>Huágài</notr>|Vestido do Emperador|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>杠(附华盖)</notr>|<notr>Gàng</notr>|Axudante do Vestido (Vasalo do vestido do emperador)|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>传舍</notr>|<notr>Chuánshè</notr>|Casa de Convidados|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>内阶</notr>|<notr>Nèijiē</notr>|Escaleiras Interiores|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|
    |<notr>天厨</notr>|<notr>Tiānchú</notr>|Cociña Celestial|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>八谷</notr>|<notr>Bāgǔ</notr>|Grupo de Oito Persoas|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>34</notr>|
    |<notr>天棓</notr>|<notr>Tiānbàng</notr>|Mallo Celestial|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|
    |<notr>内厨</notr>|<notr>Nèichú</notr>|Cociña Interior|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>文昌</notr>|<notr>Wénchāng</notr>|Centro Administrativo|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>三师</notr>|<notr>Sānshī</notr>|Tres instrutores principais|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>三公</notr>|<notr>Sāngōng</notr>|Tres Excelencias|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天床</notr>|<notr>Tiānchuáng</notr>Leito |Celestial|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>太尊</notr>|<notr>Tàizūn</notr>|Reais|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天牢</notr>|<notr>Tiānláo</notr>|Prisión Celestial|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>太阳守</notr>|<notr>Tàiyángshǒu</notr>|Garda do Sol|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>势</notr>|<notr>Shì</notr>|Eunuco|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>19</notr>|
    |<notr>相</notr>|<notr>Xiàng</notr>|Primeiro Ministro|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>玄戈</notr>|<notr>Xuángē</notr>|Lanza sombría|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>天理</notr>|<notr>Tiānlǐ</notr>|Xuíz para a Nobreza|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>北斗</notr>|<notr>Běidǒu</notr>|Merlo do Norte|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>16</notr>|
    |<notr>辅(附北斗)</notr>|<notr>Fǔ</notr>|Asistente (Vasalo do Merlo do Norte)|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>天枪</notr>|<notr>Tiānqiāng</notr>|Lanza Celestial|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>太微垣</notr>|<notr>Tàiwēiyuán</notr>|Recinto do Palacio Supremo|   |   |
    |<notr>太微左垣</notr>|<notr>Tàiwēizuǒyuán</notr>|Muro Esquerdo do Palacio Supremo|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>太微右垣</notr>|<notr>Tàiwēiyòuyuán</notr>|Muro Dereito do Palacio Supremo|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>谒者</notr>|<notr>Yèzhě</notr>|Acomodador do Tribunal|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>三公</notr>|<notr>Sāngōng</notr>|Tres Excelencias|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>九卿</notr>|<notr>Jiǔqīng</notr>|Nove Oficiais Senior|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>五诸侯</notr>|<notr>Wǔzhūhóu</notr>|Cinco Señores|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>内屏</notr>|<notr>Nèipíng</notr>|Pantalla interior|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>五帝座</notr>|<notr>Wǔdìzuò</notr>|Asentos dos Cinco Emperadores|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>幸臣</notr>|<notr>Xìngchén</notr>|Oficial de Honra|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>太子</notr>|<notr>Tàizǐ</notr>|Príncipe Herdeiro|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>从官</notr>|<notr>Cóngguān</notr>|Séquito|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>郎将</notr>|<notr>Lángjiàng</notr>|Capitán dos Gardacostas|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>虎贲</notr>|<notr>Hǔbēn</notr>|Gardacostas do Emperador|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>常陈</notr>|<notr>Chángchén</notr>|Gardas Reais|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>郎位</notr>|<notr>Lángwèi</notr>|Oficiais da Garda Imperial|<notr>15</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>明堂</notr>|<notr>Míngtáng</notr>|O Salón da Gloria|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>灵台</notr>|<notr>Língtaí</notr>|Observatorio Astronómico|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>少微</notr>|<notr>Shàowēi</notr>|Oficiais Novos|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>长垣</notr>|<notr>Chángyuán</notr>|Muro Longo|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>三台</notr>|<notr>Sāntái</notr>|Tres Chanzos|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>13</notr>|
    |<notr>天市垣</notr>|<notr>Tiānshìyuán</notr>|Recinto do Mercado Celestial|   |   |
    |<notr>天市左垣</notr>|<notr>Tiānshìzuǒyuán</notr>|Muro Esquerdo do Mercado Celestial|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>48</notr>|
    |<notr>天市右垣</notr>|<notr>Tiānshìyòuyuán</notr>|Muro Dereito do Mercado Celestial|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>32</notr>|
    |<notr>市楼</notr>|<notr>Shìlóu</notr>|Oficial Municipal|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>车肆</notr>|<notr>Chēsì</notr>|Mercado de Materias Primas|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>宗正</notr>|<notr>Zōngzhèng</notr>|Oficial para o Clan Real|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>宗人</notr>|<notr>Zōngrén</notr>|Oficial de Cerimonias Relixiosas|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>宗</notr>|<notr>Zōng</notr>|Clan Patriarcal|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>帛度</notr>|<notr>Bódù</notr>|Regra téxtil|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>屠肆</notr>|<notr>Túsì</notr>|Carnicerías|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>候</notr>|<notr>Hòu</notr>|Astrólogo|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>帝座</notr>|<notr>Dìzuò</notr>|Asento do Emperador|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>宦者</notr>|<notr>Huànzhě</notr>|Eunuco Oficial|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>列肆</notr>|<notr>Lièsì</notr>|Mercado de Xoias|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>斗</notr>|<notr>Dǒu</notr>|Culler para Líquidos|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>斛</notr>|<notr>Hú</notr>|Culler para Sólidos|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>贯索</notr>|<notr>Guànsuǒ</notr>|Tanga en espiral|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>13</notr>|
    |<notr>七公</notr>|<notr>Qīgōng</notr>|Sete Excelencias|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>16</notr>|
    |<notr>天纪</notr>|<notr>Tiānjì</notr>|Disciplina Celestial|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>15</notr>|
    |<notr>女床</notr>|<notr>Nǚchuáng</notr>|Leito de Muller|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>角宿</notr>|<notr>Jiǎoxiù</notr>|Mansión do Corno|   |   |
    |<notr>角宿</notr>|<notr>Jiǎoxiù</notr>|Corno|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>16</notr>|
    |<notr>平道</notr>|<notr>Píngdào</notr>|Estrada Chaira|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天田</notr>|<notr>Tiāntián</notr>|Terras de cultivo celestiais|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>进贤</notr>|<notr>Jìnxián</notr>|Recomendación de Homes Virtuosos|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>周鼎</notr>|<notr>Zhōudǐng</notr>|Trípode de Zhou|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天门</notr>|<notr>Tiānmén</notr>|Porta Celestial|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>平</notr>|<notr>Píng</notr>|Xustiza|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>库楼</notr>|<notr>Kùlóu</notr>|Arsenal|<notr>10</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>柱</notr>|<notr>Zhù</notr>|Piares|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>衡</notr>|<notr>Héng</notr>|Barandas|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>南门</notr>|<notr>Nánmén</notr>|Porta Sur|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>亢宿</notr>|<notr>Kàngxiù</notr>|Mansión do Pescozo|   |   |
    |<notr>亢宿</notr>|<notr>Kàngxiù</notr>|Pescozo|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>12</notr>|
    |<notr>大角</notr>|<notr>Dàjiǎo</notr>|Gran Corno|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>左摄提</notr>|<notr>Zuǒshètí</notr>|Condutor Esqwuerdo|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>右摄提</notr>|<notr>Yòushètí</notr>|Condutor Dereito|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>顿顽</notr>|<notr>Dùnwán</notr>|Probas|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>阳门</notr>|<notr>Yángmén</notr>|Porta de Yang|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>折威</notr>|<notr>Zhéwēi</notr>|Execucións|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>氐宿</notr>|<notr>Dīxiù</notr>|Mansión da Raíz|   |   |
    |<notr>氐宿</notr>|<notr>Dīxiù</notr>|Raíz|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>30</notr>|
    |<notr>天乳</notr>|<notr>Tiānrǔ</notr>|Leite Celestial|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>招摇</notr>|<notr>Zhāoyáo</notr>|Identificador de Escintileo|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>梗河</notr>|<notr>Gěnghé</notr>|Lanza Celestial|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>帝席</notr>|<notr>Dìxí</notr>|Colchón do Emperador|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>亢池</notr>|<notr>Kàngchí</notr>|Barcos e Lago|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>阵车</notr>|<notr>Zhènchē</notr>|Carros de Batalla|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>骑官</notr>|<notr>Qíguān</notr>|Gardas Imperiais|<notr>10</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>车骑</notr>|<notr>Chēqí</notr>|Carros e Cabalería|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天辐</notr>|<notr>Tiānfú</notr>|Raios celestiais|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>骑阵将军</notr>|<notr>Qízhènjiāngjūn</notr>|Carros e Cabalería Xeral|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>房宿</notr>|<notr>Fángxiù</notr>|Mansión da Habitación|   |   |
    |<notr>房宿</notr>|<notr>Fángxiù</notr>|Habitación|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>钩钤(附房宿)</notr>|<notr>Gōuqián</notr>|Pechadura (Vasalo de habitación)|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>键闭</notr>|<notr>Jiànbì</notr>|Pechadura da Porta|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>罚</notr>|<notr>Fá</notr>|Castigo|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>东咸</notr>|<notr>Dōngxián</notr>|Porta Leste|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>西咸</notr>|<notr>Xīxián</notr>|Porta Oeste|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>日</notr>|<notr>Rì</notr>|Estrela Solar|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>从官</notr>|<notr>Cóngguān</notr>|Séquito|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>心宿</notr>|<notr>Xīnxiù</notr>|Mansión do Corazón|   |   |
    |<notr>心宿</notr>|<notr>Xīnxiù</notr>|Corazón|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>积卒</notr>|<notr>Jīzú</notr>|Grupo de Soldados|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>尾宿</notr>|<notr>Wěixiù</notr>|Mansión da Cola|   |   |
    |<notr>尾宿</notr>|<notr>Wěixiù</notr>|Cola|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>神宫(附尾宿)</notr>|<notr>shéngōng</notr>|Vestiario (Vasallo de Cola)|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>龟</notr>|<notr>Guī</notr>|Tartaruga|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天江</notr>|<notr>Tiānjiāng</notr>|Río Celestial|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>傅说</notr>|<notr>Fùyuè</notr>|Fu Yue|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>鱼</notr>|<notr>Yú</notr>|Peixe|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>箕宿</notr>|<notr>Jīxiù</notr>|Mansión da Cesta de Cribado|   |   |
    |<notr>箕宿</notr>|<notr>Jīxiù</notr>|Cesta de Cribado|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>糠</notr>|<notr>Kāng</notr>|Palla|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>杵</notr>|<notr>Chǔ</notr>|Pailán|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>斗宿</notr>|<notr>Dǒuxiù</notr>|Mansión da Culler|   |   |
    |<notr>斗宿</notr>|<notr>Dǒuxiù</notr>|Culler|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>建</notr>|<notr>Jiàn</notr>|Establecemento|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|
    |<notr>天籥</notr>|<notr>Tiānyuè</notr>|Buraco da Chave Celestial|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>天弁</notr>|<notr>Tiānbiàn</notr>|Oficial de Mercado|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>鳖</notr>|<notr>Biē</notr>|Tartaruga de Río|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天鸡</notr>|<notr>Tiānjī</notr>|Galo Celestial|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>狗国</notr>|<notr>Gǒuguó</notr>|Territorio do Can|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>天渊</notr>|<notr>Tiānyuān</notr>|Primavera Celestial|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>狗</notr>|<notr>Gǒu</notr>|Can|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>农丈人</notr>|<notr>Nóngzhàngrén</notr>|Labrego|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>牛宿</notr>|<notr>Niúxiù</notr>|Mansión do Boi|   |   |
    |<notr>牛宿</notr>|<notr>Niúxiù</notr>|Boi|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>14</notr>|
    |<notr>天田</notr>|<notr>Tiāntián</notr>|Terras de Cultivo Celestiais|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>九坎</notr>|<notr>Jiǔkǎn</notr>|Nove pozos de auga|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>河鼓</notr>|<notr>Hégǔ</notr>|Tambor no río|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>织女</notr>|<notr>Zhinǚ</notr>|Rapaza tecedora|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>左旗</notr>|<notr>Zuǒqí</notr>|Bandeira esquerda|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>30</notr>|
    |<notr>右旗</notr>|<notr>Yòuqí</notr>|Bandeira dereita|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>12</notr>|
    |<notr>天桴</notr>|<notr>Tiānfú</notr>|Baqueta Celestial|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>罗堰</notr>|<notr>Luóyàn</notr>|Rede de diques|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>渐台</notr>|<notr>Jiàntái</notr>|Terraza Clepsidra|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>辇道</notr>|<notr>Niǎndào</notr>|Pasaxe Imperial|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>女宿</notr>|<notr>Nǚxiù</notr>|Mansion da Rapaza|   |   |
    |<notr>女宿</notr>|<notr>Nǚxiù</notr>|Rapaza|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>十二国</notr>|<notr>Shí'èrguó</notr>|Doce Estados|<notr>16</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>离珠</notr>|<notr>Lízhū</notr>|Perlas na roupa de muller|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>败瓜</notr>|<notr>Bàiguā</notr>|Cabaza podre|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>瓠瓜</notr>|<notr>Hùguā</notr>|Boa cabaza|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>天津</notr>|<notr>Tiānjīn</notr>|Vao Celestial|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>40</notr>|
    |<notr>奚仲</notr>|<notr>Xīzhòng</notr>|Xi Zhong|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>扶筐</notr>|<notr>Fúkuāng</notr>|Cesta para follas de moreira|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>虚宿</notr>|<notr>Xūxiù</notr>|Mansion do Baleiro|   |   |
    |<notr>虚宿</notr>|<notr>Xūxiù</notr>|Baleiro|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>司命</notr>|<notr>Sīmìng</notr>|Xuíz Deificado da Vida|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>司禄</notr>|<notr>Sīlù</notr>|Xuíz de Rango Divino|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>司危</notr>|<notr>Sīwēi</notr>|Xuíz Deificado do Desastre e da Boa Fortuna|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>司非</notr>|<notr>Sīfēi</notr>|Xuíz Deificado do Ben e do Mal|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>哭</notr>|<notr>Kū</notr>|Choro|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>泣</notr>|<notr>Qì</notr>|Pranto|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>天垒城</notr>|<notr>Tiānlěichéng</notr>|Murallas Celestiais|<notr>13</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>败臼</notr>|<notr>Bàijiù</notr>|Morteiro deteriorado|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>离瑜</notr>|<notr>Líyú</notr>|Ornamento de xade en roupa de muller|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>危宿</notr>|<notr>Wēixiù</notr>|Mansión da Azotea|   |   |
    |<notr>危宿</notr>|<notr>Wēixiù</notr>|Azotea|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>14</notr>|
    |<notr>坟墓(附危宿)</notr>|<notr>Fénmù</notr>|Tumba(Vasalo de Azotea)|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>人</notr>|<notr>Rén</notr>|Humanos|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>杵</notr>|<notr>Chǔ</notr>|Pailán|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>臼</notr>|<notr>Jiù</notr>Morteiro||<notr>4</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>车府</notr>|<notr>Chēfǔ</notr>|Gran Patio para Carros|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>20</notr>|
    |<notr>天钩</notr>|<notr>Tiāngōu</notr>|Gancho Celestial|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>18</notr>|
    |<notr>造父</notr>|<notr>Zàofù</notr>|Zaofu|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>盖屋</notr>|<notr>Gàiwū</notr>|Teito|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>虚梁</notr>|<notr>Xūliáng</notr>|Templo|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天钱</notr>|<notr>Tiānqián</notr>|Diñeiro Celestial|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>室宿</notr>|<notr>Shìxiù</notr>|Mansión| do Campamento   |   |
    |<notr>室宿</notr>|<notr>Shìxiù</notr>|Campamento|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>离宫(附室宿)</notr>|<notr>Lígōng</notr>|Palacio de Descanso (Vasalo do Campamento)|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>雷电</notr>|<notr>Léidiàn</notr>|Tronos e Lóstregos|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>垒壁阵</notr>|<notr>Lěibìzhèn</notr>|Liña de Murallas|<notr>12</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>羽林军</notr>|<notr>Yǔlínjūn</notr>|Garda do Palacio|<notr>45</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>𫓧钺</notr>|<notr>Fūyuè</notr>|Machado|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>北落师门</notr>|<notr>Běiluòshīmén</notr>|Porta Norte do Campo Militar|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>八魁</notr>|<notr>Bākuí</notr>|Rede para coller Paxaros|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天纲</notr>|<notr>Tiāngāng</notr>|Materiais para facer Tendas de Campaña|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>土公吏</notr>|<notr>Tǔgōnglì</notr>|Oficial de Subministración de Materiais|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>螣蛇</notr>|<notr>Téngshé</notr>|Serpe Voadora|<notr>22</notr>|<notr>19</notr>|
    |<notr>壁宿</notr>|<notr>Bìxiù</notr>|Mansión do Muro|   |   |
    |<notr>壁宿</notr>|<notr>Bìxiù</notr>|Muro|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>23</notr>|
    |<notr>霹雳</notr>|<notr>Pīlì</notr>|Lóstrego|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>云雨</notr>|<notr>Yúnyǔ</notr>|Nube e Choiva|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|
    |<notr>天厩</notr>|<notr>Tiānjiù</notr>|Cortello Celestial|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>𫓧锧</notr>|<notr>Fūzhì</notr>|Fouce|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>土公</notr>|<notr>Tǔgōng</notr>|Oficial de Movementos de Terras e Edificios|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>奎宿</notr>|<notr>Kuíxiù</notr>|Mansión das Pernas|   |   |
    |<notr>奎宿</notr>|<notr>Kuíxiù</notr>|Pernas|<notr>16</notr>|<notr>23</notr>|
    |<notr>外屏</notr>|<notr>Wàipíng</notr>|Valado exterior|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>15</notr>|
    |<notr>天溷</notr>|<notr>Tiānhùn</notr>|Porquiña Celestial|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>土司空</notr>|<notr>Tǔsīkōng</notr>|Mestre de Construcións|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>军南门</notr>|<notr>Jūnnánmén</notr>|Porta Militar do Sur|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>阁道</notr>|<notr>Gédào</notr>|Corredor Voador|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>附路</notr>|<notr>Fùlù</notr>|Estrada Auxiliar|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>王良</notr>|<notr>Wángliáng</notr>|Wang Liang|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>14</notr>|
    |<notr>策</notr>|<notr>Cè</notr>|Tralla|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>娄宿</notr>|<notr>Loúxiù</notr>|Mansión do Vínculo|   |   |
    |<notr>娄宿</notr>|<notr>Loúxiù</notr>|Vínculo|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>15</notr>|
    |<notr>左更</notr>|<notr>Zuǒgēng</notr>|Oficial a cargo dos Bosques|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>右更</notr>|<notr>Yòugēng</notr>|Oficial a cargo do Pasto|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>天仓 </notr>|<notr>Tiāncāng</notr>|Celeiro Celestial Cadrado|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>21</notr>|
    |<notr>天庾</notr>|<notr>Tiānyǔ</notr>|Morea de Gran|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>天大将军</notr>|<notr>Tiāndàjiāngjūn</notr>|Gran Xeneral do Ceo|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>17</notr>|
    |<notr>胃宿</notr>|<notr>Wèixiù</notr>|Mansión do Estómago|   |   |
    |<notr>胃宿</notr>|<notr>Wèixiù</notr>|Estómago|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>天廪</notr>|<notr>Tiānlǐn</notr>|Alimentos Celestiais|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>天囷</notr>|<notr>Tiānqūn</notr>|Celeiro Celestial Circular|<notr>13</notr>|<notr>21</notr>|
    |<notr>大陵</notr>|<notr>Dàlíng</notr>|Mausoleo|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>21</notr>|
    |<notr>天船</notr>|<notr>Tiānchuán</notr>|Barco Celestial|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|
    |<notr>积尸</notr>|<notr>JīShī</notr>|Morea de cadáveres|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>积水</notr>|<notr>Jīshuǐ</notr>|Auga Almacenada|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>昴宿</notr>|<notr>Mǎoxiù</notr>|Mansión da Cabeza Peluda|   |   |
    |<notr>昴宿</notr>|<notr>Mǎoxiù</notr>|Cabeza Peluda|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>13</notr>|
    |<notr>天阿</notr>|<notr>Tiān'ē</notr>|Cóncavo Celestial|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>月</notr>|<notr>Yuè</notr>|Estrela Lunar|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>天阴</notr>|<notr>Tiānyīn</notr>|Forza Yin Celestial|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>刍藁</notr>|<notr>Chúgǎo</notr>|Feo|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>天苑</notr>|<notr>Tiānyuàn</notr>|Prado Celestial|<notr>16</notr>|<notr>18</notr>|
    |<notr>卷舌</notr>|<notr>Juǎnshé</notr>|Lingua enrolada|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>天谗</notr>|<notr>Tiānchán</notr>|Calumnias Celestiais|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>砺石</notr>|<notr>Lìshí</notr>|Pedra de Afiar|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>毕宿</notr>|<notr>Bìxiù</notr>|Mansión da Rede|   |   |
    |<notr>毕宿</notr>|<notr>Bìxiù</notr>|Rede|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>18</notr>|
    |<notr>附耳(附毕宿)</notr>|<notr>Fù'ěr</notr>|Murmurador (Vasalo da Rede)|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>天街</notr>|<notr>Tiānjiē</notr>|Rúa Celestial|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>天节</notr>|<notr>Tiānjié</notr>|Conta Celestial|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>诸王</notr>|<notr>Zhūwáng</notr>|Reis Feudais|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>天高</notr>|<notr>Tiāngāo</notr>|Alta Terraza Celestial|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>九州殊口</notr>|<notr>Jiǔzhōushūkǒu</notr>|Intérpretes de Nove Dialectos|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>五车</notr>|<notr>Wǔchē</notr>|Cinco Carros|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>19</notr>|
    |<notr>柱</notr>|<notr>Zhù</notr>|Piares|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天潢</notr>|<notr>Tiānhuáng</notr>|Piar Celestial|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>咸池</notr>|<notr>Xiánchí</notr>|Piscina de Harmonía|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天关</notr>|<notr>Tiānguān</notr>|Paso Celestial|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>参旗</notr>|<notr>Shēnqí</notr>|Estandarte de Tres Estrelas|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>12</notr>|
    |<notr>九斿</notr>|<notr>Jiǔyóu</notr>|Bandeira Militar Imperial|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>天园</notr>|<notr>Tiānyuán</notr>|Horta Celestial|<notr>13</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>觜宿</notr>|<notr>Zīxiù</notr>|Mansión da Mandíbula de Tartaruga|   |   |
    |<notr>觜宿</notr>|<notr>Zīxiù</notr>|Mandibula de Tartaruga|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>司怪</notr>|<notr>Sīguài</notr>|Deidade a cargo dos Monstros|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>座旗</notr>|<notr>Zuòqí</notr>|Bandeiras de asento|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>参宿</notr>|<notr>Shēnxiù</notr>|Mansión das Tres Estrelas|   |   |
    |<notr>参宿</notr>|<notr>Shēnxiù</notr>|Tres Estrelas|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>39</notr>|
    |<notr>伐(附参宿)</notr>|<notr>Fá</notr>|Envío de Forzas Armadas para Reprimir (Vasalo das Tres Estrelas))|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>玉井</notr>|<notr>Yùjǐng</notr>|Pozo de Xade|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>屏</notr>|<notr>Píng</notr>|Pantalla|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>军井</notr>|<notr>Jūnjǐng</notr>|Pozo Militar|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>厕</notr>|<notr>Cè</notr>|Baños|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>屎</notr>|<notr>Shǐ</notr>|Excremento|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>井宿</notr>|<notr>Jǐngxiù</notr>|Mansión do Pozo|   |   |
    |<notr>井宿</notr>|<notr>Jǐngxiù</notr>|Pozo|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>19</notr>|
    |<notr>钺(附井宿)</notr>|<notr>Yuè</notr>|Machado de Batalla (Vasalo de Pozo)|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>南河</notr>|<notr>Nánhé</notr>|Río do Sur|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>北河</notr>|<notr>Běihé</notr>|Río do Norte|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>天樽</notr>|<notr>Tiānzūn</notr>|Copa de Viño Celestial|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>五诸侯</notr>|<notr>Wǔzhūhóu</notr>|Cinco Reis Feudais|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>积水</notr>|<notr>Jīshuǐ</notr>|Auga Acumulada|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>积薪</notr>|<notr>Jīxīn</notr>|Morea de achas|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>水府</notr>|<notr>Shuǐfǔ</notr>|Oficial de Irrigación|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>水位</notr>|<notr>Shuǐwèi</notr>|Nivel de Auga|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>12</notr>|
    |<notr>四渎</notr>|<notr>Sìdú</notr>|Catro Canles|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>军市</notr>|<notr>Jūnshì</notr>|Mercado de Soldados|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>野鸡</notr>|<notr>Yějī</notr>|Galo salvaxe|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>丈人</notr>|<notr>Zhàngrén</notr>|Avó|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>子</notr>|<notr>Zǐ</notr>|Fillo|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>孙</notr>|<notr>Sūn</notr>|Neto|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>阙丘</notr>|<notr>Quèqiū</notr>|Porta do Palacio|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>天狼</notr>|<notr>Tiānláng</notr>|Lobo Celestial|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>弧矢</notr>|<notr>Húshǐ</notr>|Arco e Frechas|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>32</notr>|
    |<notr>老人</notr>|<notr>Lǎorén</notr>|Home Vello|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>鬼宿</notr>|<notr>Guǐxiù</notr>|Mansión das Pantasmas|   |   |
    |<notr>鬼宿</notr>|<notr>Guǐxiù</notr>|Pantasmas|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>19</notr>|
    |<notr>积尸</notr>|<notr>Jīshī</notr>|Cadáveres amoreados|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>爟</notr>|<notr>Guàn</notr>|Lume do Faro|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>天狗</notr>|<notr>Tiāngǒu</notr>|Can Celestial|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>外厨</notr>|<notr>Wàichú</notr>|Cociña Exterior|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>17</notr>|
    |<notr>天社</notr>|<notr>Tiānshè</notr>|Templo do Deus Celestial da Terra|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>天记</notr>|<notr>Tiānjì</notr>|Xuíz para a Estimación da Idade dos Animais|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>柳宿</notr>|<notr>Liǔxiù</notr>|Mansión do Vimbieiro|   |   |
    |<notr>柳宿</notr>|<notr>Liǔxiù</notr>|Vimbieiro|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>13</notr>|
    |<notr>酒旗</notr>|<notr>Jiǔqí</notr>|Estrandarte da tenda de viños|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>星宿</notr>|<notr>Xīngxiù</notr>|Mansión da Estrela|   |   |
    |<notr>星宿</notr>|<notr>Xīngxiù</notr>|Mansión da Estrelas|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>15</notr>|
    |<notr>天相</notr>|<notr>Tiānxiàng</notr>|Primeiro Ministro Celestial|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>天稷*</notr>|<notr>Tiānjì</notr>|Cereais Celestiais|<notr>/</notr>|<notr>/</notr>|
    |<notr>轩辕</notr>|<notr>Xuānyuán</notr>|Xuanyuan|<notr>17</notr>|<notr>59</notr>|
    |<notr>内平</notr>|<notr>Nèipíng</notr>|Alto Xuíz|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>张宿</notr>|<notr>Zhāngxiù</notr>|Mansión da Rede Estendida|   |   |
    |<notr>张宿</notr>|<notr>Zhāngxiù</notr>|Rede Estendida|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>天庙*</notr>|<notr>Tiānmiào</notr>|Templo Celestial|<notr>/</notr>|<notr>/</notr>|
    |<notr>翼宿</notr>|<notr>Yìxiù</notr>|Mansión dos Ventos|   |   |
    |<notr>翼宿</notr>|<notr>Yìxiù</notr>|Ventos|<notr>22</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>东瓯*</notr>|<notr>Dōngōu</notr>|Dongou|<notr>/</notr>|<notr>/</notr>|
    |<notr>轸宿</notr>|<notr>Zhěnxiù</notr>|Mansión do Carro|   |   |
    |<notr>轸宿</notr>|<notr>Zhěnxiù</notr>|Carro|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>长沙(附轸宿)</notr>|<notr>Chángshā</notr>|Changsha (Vasalo de Carro)|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>左辖(附轸宿)</notr>|<notr>Zuǒxiá</notr>|Eixo Esquerdo (Vasalo da Carro)|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>右辖(附轸宿)</notr>|<notr>Yoùxiá</notr>|Eixo Dereito (Vasalo da Carro)|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>青丘</notr>|<notr>Qīngqiū</notr>|Outeiro Verde|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>军门*</notr>|<notr>Jūnmén</notr>|Porta Militar|<notr>/</notr>|<notr>/</notr>|
    |<notr>土司空*</notr>|<notr>Tǔsīkōng</notr>|Mestre de Construcións|<notr>/</notr>|<notr>/</notr>|
    |<notr>器府*</notr>|<notr>Qìfǔ</notr>|Casa dos Instrumentos Musicais|<notr>/</notr>|<notr>/</notr>|
    |<notr>近南极星区</notr>|JìnnánJí Xīngqū|Ceo do Sur|   |   |
    |<notr>海山</notr>|<notr>Hǎishān</notr>|Mar e Montaña|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>十字架</notr>|<notr>Shízìjià</notr>Cruz||<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>马尾</notr>|<notr>Mǎwěi</notr>|Cola de Cabalo|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>马腹</notr>|<notr>Mǎfù</notr>|Abdome de Cabalo|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>蜜蜂</notr>|<notr>Mìfēng</notr>|Abella|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>三角形</notr>|<notr>Sānjiǎoxíng</notr>|Triángulo|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>异雀</notr>|<notr>Yìquè</notr>|Paxaro Exótico|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>孔雀</notr>|<notr>Kǒngquè</notr>|Pavo real|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>波斯</notr>|<notr>Bōsī</notr>|Persia|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>蛇尾</notr>|<notr>Shéwěi</notr>|Cola de Serpe|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>蛇腹</notr>|<notr>Shéfù</notr>|Abdome de Serpe|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>蛇首</notr>|<notr>Shéshǒu</notr>|Cabeza de Serpe|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>鸟喙</notr>|<notr>Niǎohuì</notr>|Peteiro de Paxaro|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>鹤 </notr>|<notr>Hè</notr>|Cranio|<notr>12</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>火鸟</notr>|<notr>Huǒniǎo</notr>|Paxaro de Lume|<notr>10</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>水委</notr>|<notr>Shuǐweǐ</notr>|Auga Corrente Torta|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>附白</notr>|<notr>Fùbái</notr>|Manchas brancas nas proximidades|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>夹白</notr>|<notr>Jiābái</notr>|Parches Brancos Engadidos|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>金鱼</notr>|<notr>Jīnyú</notr>|Peixe Dourado|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>海石</notr>|<notr>Hǎishí</notr>|Rocha Mariña|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>飞鱼</notr>|<notr>Fēiyú</notr>|Peixe Voador|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>南船</notr>|<notr>Nánchuán</notr>|Barco do Sur|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>小斗</notr>|<notr>Xiǎodǒu</notr>|Pequena Culler|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    
    nota 1: Os Xingguans con "*", foron eliminados oficialmente en  1752.
    
    nota 2: O Xingguan vasalo non está separado do Xingguan, senón que é un vasalo do Xingguan principal.
    
    ### Obxectos do Ceo Profundo
    
    Algúns obxectos do espazo profundo tamén foron descubertos na antiga China, e foron incluídos nos Xingguans.
    
    Inclúe os seguintes:
    
    |Nome Xeral|Nome Chinés|Pinyin|Tradución|Alcume|
    |------------|------------|------|-----------|---------|
    |<notr>NGC 6231</notr>|<notr>神宫</notr>|<notr>shéngōng</notr>|Palacio dos Deuses|Cúmulo da Caixa de Xoias do Norte|
    |<notr>NGC 6475/M 7</notr>|<notr>鱼</notr>|<notr>Yú</notr>|Peixe|Cúmulo Tolemaico|
    |<notr>NGC 2632/M 44</notr>|<notr>积尸</notr>|<notr>JīShī</notr>|Morea de Cadáveres|Cúmulo das  colmeas|
    |<notr>NGC 5139</notr>|<notr>库楼增一</notr>|<notr>Kùlóu Zēng I</notr>|Arsenal Engadido I|Omega Centauri|
    |<notr>NGC 224/M 31</notr>|<notr>奎宿增廿一</notr>|<notr>Kuíxiù Zēng XXI</notr>|Mansión das Pernas XXI|Galaxia de Andrómeda|
    
    ### Notas
    
    Esta cultura do ceo baséase na información que se atopa dentro da *Carta estelar de contraste chinesa e occidental e do catálogo 1950.0 (Catálogo de estrelas)* (Chinés: 中西对照恒星图表1950.0(星表分册)) e *Estudos Completos de Astronomía* (Chinés: 仪象考成).
    
    Grazas a Liu Chunbin pola recompilación da *Carta e catálogo estelar de contraste chinés e occidental de 1950.0 (Catálogo de estrelas)*. El elaborou o *Catálogo de estrelas chinés para o Stellarium*. (Chinés: Stellarium 中国星官体系下中文星名扩展包) que é unha referencia moi importante
    Algunhas estrelas engadíronse de acordo con  *A Historia da Observación Estelar en China* (Chinés: 中国恒星观测史).
    
    Para a tradución de constelacións, empregamos o *Glosario inglés-chinés de rexións estelares, asterismos e nomes de estrelas chineses*(Chinés: 中国星区、星官及星名英译表) do Musaeo do Espazo de Hong Kong. Só se modifica unha pequena parte da tradución, por exemplo, cando as traducións dos dous Xingguan diferentes son as mesmas.
    
    As connotacións culturais do nome non se poden explicar perfectamente, porque pasaron miles de anos e as connotacións detrás dalgúns nomes son controvertidas. Estas son só traducións posibles. Os caracteres chineses son caracteres ideográficos, o que leva a que algúns nomes completamente diferentes teñan a mesma pronuncia. Polo tanto, a transliteración en pinyin ofrécese só para que os nomes das estrelas sexan lexibles.

note: Chinese sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was initially contributed by *Karrie Berglund* of Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. based on Hong Kong Space Museum star maps (no longer available online).
    
    Sun Shuwei [sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com](mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com) replenishes more than 200 Xingguans and more than 3,000 stars, based primarily on the book*Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0* by Yi Shitong, and add the description.
gl:  Esta cultura do ceo foi contribuída inicialmente por Karrie Berglund de Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. baseada en mapas estrela do Museo do Espazo de Hong Kong (xa non está dispoñible en liña).
    
    Sun Shuwei [sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com](mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com) repón máis de 200 Xinguans e máis de 3,000 estrelas, baseándose principalmente no libro *Gráfico de estrelas de contraste chinés e occidental e catálogo de estrelas 1950.0* de Yi Shitong, e engade a descrición.

note: Chinese Chenzhuo Sky (3rd Century) sky culture name
en: Chinese Chenzhuo Sky (3rd Century)
gl: Ceo Chinés Chenzhuo (século III)

note: Chinese Chenzhuo Sky (3rd Century) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: This sky culture, based on the Chen Zhuo Star Catalog, the *Three Schools’ Star Canons*, the *Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido* and other star maps, strives to faithfully reconstruct the celestial landscape of the 3rd century CE. It represents the earliest state of the constellations (or star officials, xingguan星官) compiled by Chen Zhuo.
gl: Esta cultura do ceo, baseada no Catálogo Estelar de Chen Zhuo, os *Canóns Estelares das Tres Escolas*, o *Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido* e outros mapas estelares, esfórzase por reconstruír fielmente a paisaxe celeste do século III d.C. Representa o estado máis antigo das constelacións (ou oficiais de estrelas, xingguan星官) compilados por Chen Zhuo.

note: Chinese Chenzhuo Sky (3rd Century) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### The Evolution of Chen Zhuo Constellations
    
    The integration of the Three Schools constellations by Chen Zhuo (230s-320s CE) is a milestone in the history of Chinese astronomy. The "Three Schools constellations" refer to those created by Shi school, Gan school, and Wu Xian school, named after Shishen (石申) and Gande (甘德) from the Warring States period and Wuxian (巫咸), a legendary astronomer from the Shang dynasty (1600 BCE - 1046 BCE). Research suggests the formation of these constellation systems occurred during the Han Dynasty (202 BCE - 220 CE). Later, during the Three Kingdoms (220 CE - 280 CE) or Western Jin (265 CE - 316 CE) period, the Grand Historian Chen Zhuo synthesized these traditions into a new system, encompassing 283 constellations and 1,464 stars.
    
    However, over this long transmission period, the positions and shapes of Chen Zhuo constellations underwent noticeable changes due to transcription errors on star maps. The Northern Song constellations, as reflected in the Huangyou Star Catalog, the *Xin yixiang fayao* star map, and the Suzhou Star Map already show clear differences from those of Chen Zhuo and the original Three Schools in Han dynasty.
    
    ### Reconstruction of the Earliest Chen Zhuo Constellations
    
    The primary works of Chen Zhuo and the Three Schools have been lost, and much of the early documentation of their constellations is no longer extant. While some data from the Shi school survived in Tang dynasty texts like the *Kaiyuan zhanjing* (开元占经, Divination Canon of Kaiyuan Reign) and the *Tiandi ruixiangzhi* (天地瑞祥志, Treatise on Celestial and Terrestrial Omens), early positional descriptions for the Gande and Wuxian constellations exist only in fragments. This scarcity of materials has long hindered scholars' efforts to reconstruct and understand early Chinese sky.
    
    Recently, Boshun YANG discovered new records of stellar coordinates that differ from previously known star catalogs like Jingyou and Huangyou. These records encompass the 28 lodges (xiu) as well as constellations from the three schools. After research, he found it is a star catalog formed by Chen Zhuo based on the integration of the coordinate data of the three schools in the Han Dynasty. The Shi School data not only correct Tang Dynasty records but also include previously unrecorded information. More significantly, the Gande and Wuxian data are entirely novel and originate from Han dynasty observations. Further research indicates that these data were primarily observed during the Han Dynasty, aligning well with descriptions in the *Three Schools’ Star Canons* and early star maps like the *Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido*, the Dunhuang Star Map, and the *Gezi yuejin tu*. This discovery has proven crucial for reconstructing the early Chinese sky.
    
    The majority of the early celestial officials can be reliably restored by combining the Chen Zhuo catalogue, the *Three Schools’ Star Canons*, and the early star maps. Due to the errors in the star tables and maps, as well as the ambiguity in the early text descriptions, a small number of constellations may require further improvement.
    
    ### Scientific Value and Cultural Significance of Early Constellations
    
    The Chinese constellation system offers unique contributions to modern astronomical research. Ancient Chinese astronomers conducted detailed and prolonged observations, leaving extensive records of phenomena like meteors, comets, guest stars, and auroras, all referenced against constellations. Restoring early constellations aids in accurately locating these events, enhancing the application of ancient records in contemporary astronomy. For instance, the early Purple Palace in this sky culture has been instrumental in identifying the ancient counterpart of the nova remnant Z Cam.
    
    This sky culture preserves the original appearances and positions of numerous star groupings, with some examples highlighted below.
    
     - **Shape**: The *Huagai* (华盖, Canopy of the Emperor) constellation initially resembled some ceremonial parasols used by Han emperors, while later depictions evolved into circular or irregular shapes, losing their cultural connotation. The *Neijie* (内阶, Inner Steps) was modeled after the *Santai* (三台, Three Steps; also known as *Tianjie* (天阶, the Heavenly Steps); they serve as paths that connected the *Zigong* (紫宫, Purple Palace), *Taiwei* (太微, Supreme Palace), and *Wenchang* (文昌, Administrative Centre), symbolizing imperial pathways. Thus, it has a shape of staircase.
     - **Position**: The *Tianfu* (天桴, Celestial Drumstick) was originally located near the *Hegu* (河鼓, Drum at the River) and this position is in line with its astrological meaning. Over time, it was gradually moved downward, and its connection with *Hegu* gradually weakened. Similarly, the *Lishi* (砺石, Whetstone) was initially placed near the *Wuche* (五车, Five Chariots), whose northwest star, *Tianku* (天库, Celestial Arsenal), represented generals and military affairs. Since *Lishi* can sharpen blades, it was located below *Tianku* to assist it, aiming to make weapons sharp and achieve victory. After the Song dynasty, the Whetstone moved near the *Juanshe* (卷舌, Rolled Tongue), diverging from its original intent.
    
    The initial shapes and arrangements of the Three Schools constellations were meticulously designed by their creators, with some configurations mirroring the forms of real-world objects, and spatial relationships encoding astrological meanings. These original meanings were often lost as the constellations evolved over time.
    
    This sky culture is thus invaluable for uncovering the original scientific and cultural meanings embedded in early Chinese constellations.
gl: ### A evolución das constelacións de Chen Zhuo
    
    A integración das constelacións das Tres Escolas por Chen Zhuo (230s-320s CE) é un fito na historia da astronomía chinesa. As "constelacións das Tres Escolas" refírense ás creadas pola escola Shi, a escola Gan e a escola Wu Xian, que reciben o nome de Shishen (石申) e Gande (甘德) do período dos Reinos Combatentes e Wuxian (巫咸), un astrónomo lendario da dinastía Shang (1600 a. C. - 1046 a. C.). A investigación suxire que a formación destes sistemas de constelacións ocorreu durante a dinastía Han (202 a. C. - 220 d.C.). Máis tarde, durante o período dos Tres Reinos (220 CE - 280 CE) ou Jin Occidental (265 CE - 316 CE), o Gran Historiador Chen Zhuo sintetizou estas tradicións nun novo sistema, que abarca 283 constelacións e 1.464 estrelas.
    
    Non obstante, durante este longo período de transmisión, as posicións e formas das constelacións de Chen Zhuo sufriron cambios notables debido a erros de transcrición nos mapas estelares. As constelacións Northern Song, como se reflicte no Catálogo de estrelas de Huangyou, o mapa estelar *Xin yixiang fayao* e o Mapa estelar de Suzhou xa mostran claras diferenzas coas de Chen Zhuo e as Tres Escolas orixinais da dinastía Han.
    
    ### Reconstrución das primeiras constelacións de Chen Zhuo
    
    As obras primarias de Chen Zhuo e as Tres Escolas perdéronse, e gran parte da primeira documentación das súas constelacións xa non existe. Aínda que algúns datos da escola Shi sobreviviron nos textos da dinastía Tang como o *Kaiyuan zhanjing* (开元占经, Canon de adiviñación do reinado de Kaiyuan) e o *Tiandi ruixiangzhi* (天地瑞祥志, Tratado sobre os celestes e terrestres), a única posición e descrición de Gandelas existen nas primeiras descricións de Wusxian. fragmentos. Esta escaseza de materiais dificultou durante moito tempo os esforzos dos estudosos para reconstruír e comprender o ceo chinés primitivo.
    
    Recentemente, Boshun YANG descubriu novos rexistros de coordenadas estelares que difieren dos catálogos de estrelas anteriormente coñecidos como Jingyou e Huangyou. Estes rexistros abarcan as 28 loxas (xiu) así como as constelacións das tres escolas. Despois da investigación, descubriu que se trata dun catálogo de estrelas formado por Chen Zhuo baseado na integración dos datos de coordenadas das tres escolas da dinastía Han. Os datos da Escola Shi non só corrixen os rexistros da dinastía Tang senón que tamén inclúen información non rexistrada anteriormente. O máis significativo é que os datos de Gande e Wuxian son totalmente novos e proceden de observacións da dinastía Han. Investigacións posteriores indican que estes datos foron observados principalmente durante a dinastía Han, aliñando ben coas descricións dos *Canons de estrelas das Tres Escolas* e nos primeiros mapas estelares como o *Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido*, o mapa estelar de Dunhuang e o *Gezi yuejin tu*. Este descubrimento resultou crucial para reconstruír o ceo chinés primitivo.
    
    A maioría dos primeiros oficiais celestes pódense restaurar de forma fiable combinando o catálogo de Chen Zhuo, os *Canons de estrelas das Tres Escolas* e os primeiros mapas estelares. Debido ós erros nas táboas e mapas de estrelas, así como á ambigüidade nas primeiras descricións do texto, un pequeno número de constelacións pode requirir melloras.
    
    ### Valor científico e significado cultural das primeiras constelacións
    
    O sistema de constelacións chinés ofrece contribucións únicas á investigación astronómica moderna. Os antigos astrónomos chineses realizaron observacións detalladas e prolongadas, deixando amplos rexistros de fenómenos como meteoros, cometas, chuvias de estrelas e auroras, todos referidos a constelacións. Restaurar as primeiras constelacións axuda a localizar con precisión estes eventos, mellorando a aplicación dos rexistros antigos na astronomía contemporánea. Por exemplo, o primeiro palacio vermello desta cultura do ceo foi fundamental para identificar a antiga contraparte do remanente de nova Z Cam.
    
    Esta cultura do ceo conserva as aparencias e posicións orixinais de numerosas agrupacións estelares, destacando algúns exemplos a continuación.
    
    - **Forma**: a constelación *Huagai* (华盖, Dosel do Emperador) representaba inicialmente a algúns parasoles cerimoniais usados ​​polos emperadores Han, mentres que as representacións posteriores evolucionaron cara a formas circulares ou irregulares, perdendo a súa connotación cultural. O *Neijie* (内阶, Pasos Interiores) foi modelado despois do *Santai* (三台, Tres Pasos; tamén coñecido como *Tianjie* (天阶, os Pasos Celestiais); serven como camiños que conectaban o *Zigong* (紫宫, Palacio Vermello), *宫, *Palacio Vermello), *宾, *Palacio Taiwei) (文昌, Centro Administrativo), que simboliza os camiños imperiais Así, ten forma de escaleira.
    - **Posición**: o *Tianfu* (天桴, Baqueta celeste) estaba orixinalmente situado preto do *Hegu* (河鼓, Tambor no río) e esta posición está en consonancia co seu significado astrolóxico. Co paso do tempo, foi movido gradualmente cara abaixo, e a súa conexión con *Hegu* debilitouse gradualmente. Do mesmo xeito, o *Lishi* (砺石, Pedra de afilar) foi inicialmente colocado preto do *Wuche* (五车, Cinco carros), cuxa estrela noroeste, *Tianku* (天库, Arsenal Celestial), representaba os xenerais e os asuntos militares. Dado que *Lishi* pode afiar as armas, estaba situado debaixo de *Tianku* para axudalo, co obxectivo de facer as armas afiadas e lograr a vitoria. Despois da dinastía Song, a pedra de afilar trasladouse preto de *Juanshe* (卷舌, Lingua enrolada), diverxendo da súa intención orixinal.
    
    As formas e disposicións iniciais das constelacións das Tres Escolas foron deseñadas meticulosamente polos seus creadores, con algunhas configuracións que reflicten as formas de obxectos do mundo real e as relacións espaciais que codifican significados astrolóxicos. Estes significados orixinais perdéronse moitas veces a medida que as constelacións evolucionaron co paso do tempo.
    
    Esta cultura do ceo é, polo tanto, inestimable para descubrir os significados científicos e culturais orixinais incorporados nas primeiras constelacións chinesas.

note: Chinese Chenzhuo Sky (3rd Century) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by Dr. YANG Boshun (杨伯顺). [bsyang@ustc.edu.cn](mailto:bsyang@ustc.edu.cn)
gl: Esta cultura do ceo foi achegada polo doutor YANG Boshun (杨伯顺). [bsyang@ustc.edu.cn](mailto:bsyang@ustc.edu.cn)

note: Chinese Song Dynasty Sky sky culture name
en: Chinese Song Dynasty Sky
gl: Ceo Chinés da Dinastía Song

note: Chinese Song Dynasty Sky sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: This sky culture is based on the observation data from the 4th year of the Huangyou era (1052 AD), and aims to faithfully reconstruct the star map of China during the Song Dynasty. This sky culture comprises 283 Xingguans (星官, Chinese Constellations) and 1464 stars (including clusters M7, M44) from the *Xinyixiangfayao Star Map*.
gl: Esta cultura do ceo baséase nos datos de observación do cuarto ano da era Huangyou (1052 d.C.) e ten como obxectivo reconstruír fielmente o mapa estelar da China da dinastía Song. Esta cultura do ceo comprende 283 Xingguan (星官, constelacións chinesas) e 1464 estrelas (incluíndo os cúmulos M7 e M44) do *Mapa estelar de Xinyixiangfayao*.

note: Chinese Song Dynasty Sky sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ###  Xingguan System
    
    The Chinese system of Xingguans originated in antiquity. During the Warring States period (475–221 BC), astronomers Gan De (甘德) and Shi Shen (石申) established independent systems. Another system was attributed to the legendary figure Wuxian (巫咸) of the Shang Dynasty  (16th century BC–1046 BC), though modern scholarship suggests it was likely compiled by later generations in his name. In the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD), astronomer Chen Zhuo (陈卓) synthesized these three systems into a unified one, defining 283 Xingguans and 1464 stars. This framework became the standard and was later immortalized in the *Song of the Sky Pacers (步天歌)*, a Tang Dynasty astronomical text written in verse. It remained largely stable until the introduction of Western astronomy in the 17th century.
    
    An important concept within this system is the *determinative star*. Before the 17th century, Chinese astronomers generally did not assign names to individual stars; instead, they designated a primary star—though not necessarily the brightest—within each Xingguan as its determinative star. Astronomical observations primarily documented the coordinates of these determinative stars, though in particularly important or special Xingguans, additional stars could also be selected for observation and recording, or even assigned names. For each Xingguan from which a determinative star can be identified, we have marked its determinative star.
    
    **The determinative stars of the Twenty-eight Lunar Mansions were of particular importance, forming—together with the North Celestial Pole—the fundamental reference framework for the ancient Chinese equatorial coordinate system.** 
    
    Due to precession, the determinative stars of the Twenty-Eight Lunar Mansions have varied across different historical periods. A notable example involves the mansions of Turtle Beak and Three Stars. During the Song Dynasty and earlier periods, the determinative star for Turtle Beak was φ¹ Ori, while for Three Stars it was δ Ori. By the 13th century, however, precession had caused φ¹ Ori to shift to a position east of δ Ori, resulting in the phenomenon known as "Turtle Beak lying within Three Stars," which contradicted the traditional sequence of the Twenty-Eight Mansions. This discrepancy became increasingly pronounced by the Qing Dynasty, leading the Imperial Observatory to redefine the determinative stars: for Three Stars, it was changed from δ Ori to ζ Ori, and for Turtle Beak, from φ¹ Ori to λ Ori.
    
    
    In ancient China, the *Du* (度, Chinese degree) served as the fundamental angular unit for measuring celestial coordinates. It was defined as the mean daily distance traveled by the Sun along the ecliptic. Accordingly, the full celestial circumference was divided into 365.25 *Du*. Historical records note that the radius of the celestial equator measured “slightly more than 91 *Du*” from the North Celestial Pole. Evidently, the *Du* is slightly smaller than the modern degree, equivalent to approximately 0.9856°. Unlike modern angular units, there were no precise subdivisions below the Du (such as arcminutes or arcseconds). Instead, a set of descriptive terms was used to roughly approximate divisions of one Du, either into quarters or tenths.
    
    Another angular unit used in traditional Chinese astronomy was the *Chen* (辰). One *Chen* corresponds to a 30-degree segment, and the celestial circle was divided into twelve such units. Thus, one *Chen* equals 30 modern degrees—or slightly more than 30 *Du*, though *Chen* was generally not converted into *Du* in practice. Due to its relatively large scale, the *Chen* was seldom used for precise angular measurement. In later periods, it became more common as a unit of time, dividing one full day into twelve *Chen*, each equivalent to two modern hours.
    
    Below is *Xinyixiangfayao Star Map* from Su Song (苏颂, 1020-1101 AD).
    
    ![](illustrations/xyxfy.png)
    Xinyixiangfayao Star Map (1088 AD)
    {: .img_and_caption }
    
    ### Reconstruction of the Sky Map
    
    The Imperial Observatory of the Song Dynasty conducted several large-scale stellar observations with remarkable accuracy, surpassing all previous eras in precision. The data from the 4th year of the Huangyou era (1052 AD) is the most complete set that survives today. Based on these records, two significant star charts were produced: the *Xinyixiangfayao Star Map* (based on observational data from 1052 AD, created in 1088 AD) and the *Suzhou Star Map* (based on observational data from 1078 to 1085 AD, carved in 1247 AD).
    
    The historian of astronomy Pan Nai (潘鼐) systematically compiled the observational data from the Huangyou era into the *Huangyou Star Catalog*. By cross-referencing it with the *Xinyixiangfayao Star Map* in his work *The History of Stellar Observation in China*[#1], he reconstructed most of the Song Dynasty Xingguans, serving as the primary reference for this project.
    
    In their work *Roving China Heavens*[#2], Qi Rui (齐锐) and Wan Haoyi (万昊宜) also reconstructed the Song Dynasty Xingguans. Their research primarily referenced the *Suzhou Star Map* . Since the observational data used for this star map dates from slightly later than 1052 AD, *Roving China Heavens* serves as supplementary reference material for this study.
    
    Due to the limitations of observational technology and potential errors in transmission, different scholarly reconstructions may vary slightly. Based on the aforementioned works, Stellarium faithfully reconstructs the Chinese night sky of 1052 AD.
    
    ### The Milky Way
    
    The Chinese imagine the Milky Way as a river. During the Song Dynasty in China, the official name for the Milky Way was "天汉" (pinyin: Tiānhàn), meaning "river in the heavens." It was also referred to as "银河" (pinyin: Yínhé)—which remains the modern Chinese official name for the Milky Way—meaning "silver river." In traditional Chinese culture, the Milky Way has also been referred to as "天河" (pinyin: Tiānhé), similarly meaning "river in the heavens"; "银汉" (pinyin: Yínhàn), also meaning "silvery river"; "河汉" (pinyin: Héhàn), meaning "river in the sky"; "星河" (pinyin: Xīnghé) or "星汉" (pinyin: Xīnghàn), meaning "river of stars"; and "云汉" (pinyin: Yúnhàn), meaning "cloud-like river."
    
    ### Seven Luminaries
    
    The Sun, the Moon, and the five major planets are collectively referred to as the *Seven Luminaries*. The sun and moon are named after *yin and yang*, while the pictographic characters "日" (the Sun, pinyin: Rì) and "月" (the Moon, pinyin: Yuè) are also used. The five major planets represent the *five elements*, but the following names were the most orthodox designations at the time. Similar to other civilizations around the world, Venus also had additional names depending on whether it appeared in the morning or the evening.
    
    Great Yang (太阳, pinyin: Tàiyáng): The Sun. In Chinese philosophy, it represents the pinnacle of Yang energy.
    
    Great Yin (太阴, pinyin: Tàiyīn): The Moon. It represents the pinnacle of Yin energy.
    
    Division Star (辰星, pinyin: Chénxīng): Mercury. From Earth, Mercury's angular distance from the Sun never exceeds 28 degrees, remaining within one *Chen* (a 30-degree unit, see discussion of *Chen* above), and thus it is historically known as *Division Star*.
    
    Grand White (太白, pinyin: Tàibái): Venus. It is named for its extremely high brightness and pure white color.
    
    Spark-Weaver (荧惑, pinyin: Yínghuò): Mars. It is named for its fiery red color and its erratic, unpredictable orbit.
    
    Year Star (岁星, pinyin: Suìxīng): Jupiter. Jupiter's orbital period of approximately 12 years was used by the ancients to mark the cycle of years, hence its name.
    
    Stabilizer Star (填星, pinyin: Zhènxīng): Saturn. In traditional theory, Saturn was believed to take about 28 years to orbit the heavens, *guarding* or *filling* one lunar mansion each year.
gl: ### Sistema XingguanO sistema chinés de Xingguans orixinouse na antigüidade. Durante o período dos Reinos Combatentes (475–221 a. C.), os astrónomos Gan De (甘德) e Shi Shen (石申) estableceron sistemas independentes. Outro sistema atribuíuse á figura lendaria Wuxian (巫咸) da dinastía Shang (século XVI a. C.–1046 a. C.), aínda que os estudos modernos suxiren que probablemente foi compilado por xeracións posteriores no seu nome. No período dos Tres Reinos (220–280 d. C.), o astrónomo Chen Zhuo (陈卓) sintetizou estes tres sistemas nun só, definindo 283 Xingguans e 1464 estrelas. Este marco converteuse no estándar e posteriormente foi inmortalizado na *Canción dos Paisaxeiros do Ceo (步天歌)*, un texto astronómico da dinastía Tang escrito en verso. Permaneceu en gran medida estable ata a introdución da astronomía occidental no século XVII.Un concepto importante dentro deste sistema é a *estrela determinativa*. Antes do século XVII, os astrónomos chineses xeralmente non asignaban nomes a estrelas individuais; en vez diso, designaban unha estrela primaria (aínda que non necesariamente a máis brillante) dentro de cada Xingguan como a súa estrela determinativa. As observacións astronómicas documentaban principalmente as coordenadas destas estrelas determinativas, aínda que en Xingguans particularmente importantes ou especiais, tamén se podían seleccionar estrelas adicionais para a súa observación e rexistro, ou mesmo asignarlles nomes. Para cada Xingguan a partir do cal se pode identificar unha estrela determinativa, marcamos a súa estrela determinativa.**As estrelas determinativas das Vinte e oito Mansións Lunares foron de particular importancia, formando, xunto co Polo Norte Celeste, o marco de referencia fundamental para o antigo sistema de coordenadas ecuatoriais chinés.**Debido á precesión, as estrelas determinativas das Vinte e oito Mansións Lunares variaron ó longo de diferentes períodos históricos. Un exemplo notable son as mansións de Peteiro de Tartaruga e Tres Estrelas. Durante a dinastía Song e períodos anteriores, a estrela determinante para o Peteiro de Tartaruga era φ¹ Ori, mentres que para as Tres Estrelas era δ Ori. Non obstante, no século XIII, a precesión provocara que φ¹ Ori se desprazase a unha posición ó leste de δ Ori, o que resultou no fenómeno coñecido como "Peteiro de Tartaruga dentro de Tres Estrelas", que contradecía a secuencia tradicional das Vinte e Oito Mansións. Esta discrepancia fíxose cada vez máis pronunciada durante a dinastía Qing, o que levou ó Observatorio Imperial a redefinir as estrelas determinantes: para as Tres Estrelas, cambiouse de δ Ori a ζ Ori, e para o Peteiro de Tartaruga, de φ¹ Ori a λ Ori.Na antiga China, o *Du* (度, grao chinés) servía como a unidade angular fundamental para medir as coordenadas celestes. Definíase como a distancia media diaria percorrida polo Sol ó longo da eclíptica. En consecuencia, a circunferencia celeste completa dividíase en 365,25 *Du*. Os rexistros históricos sinalan que o radio do ecuador celeste medía "lixeiramente máis de 91 *Du*" dende o Polo Norte Celeste. Evidentemente, o *Du* é lixeiramente menor có grao moderno, equivalente a aproximadamente 0,9856°. A diferenza das unidades angulares modernas, non había subdivisións precisas debaixo do Du (como minutos de arco ou segundos de arco). En cambio, utilizábase un conxunto de termos descritivos para aproximar as divisións dun Du, xa fose en cuartos ou décimas.Outra unidade angular utilizada na astronomía chinesa tradicional era o *Chen* (辰). Un *Chen* corresponde a un segmento de 30 graos, e o círculo celeste dividíase en doce unidades deste tipo. Así, un *Chen* equivale a 30 graos modernos, ou algo máis de 30 *Du*, aínda que *Chen* xeralmente non se convertía en *Du* na práctica. Debido á súa escala relativamente grande, o *Chen* raramente se usaba para medicións angulares precisas. En períodos posteriores, volveuse máis común como unidade de tempo, dividindo un día completo en doce *Chen*, cada un equivalente a dúas horas modernas.A continuación móstrase o *Mapa estelar de Xinyixiangfayao* de Su Song (苏颂, 1020-1101 d.C.).![](illustrations/xyxfy.png)Mapa estelar de Xinyixiangfayao (1088 d.C.){: .img_and_caption }### Reconstrución do mapa do ceoO Observatorio Imperial da Dinastía Song realizou varias observacións estelares a grande escala cunha precisión notable, superando todas as épocas anteriores en precisión. Os datos do cuarto ano da era Huangyou (1052 d.C.) constitúen o conxunto máis completo que se conserva na actualidade. Baseándose nestes rexistros, elaboráronse dúas cartas estelares significativas: o *Mapa estelar de Xinyixiangfayao* (baseado en datos de observación do ano 1052 d.C., creado no ano 1088 d.C.) e o *Mapa estelar de Suzhou* (baseado en datos de observación do ano 1078 ó 1085 d.C., esculpido no ano 1247 d.C.).O historiador da astronomía Pan Nai (潘鼐) recompilou sistematicamente os datos de observación da era Huangyou no *Catálogo de estrelas de Huangyou*. Ó comparalos co *Mapa estelar de Xinyixiangfayao* na súa obra *Historia da observación estelar na China*[#1], reconstruíu a maior parte dos Xingguan da dinastía Song, servindo como referencia principal para este proxecto.Na súa obra *Ceos itinerantes da China*[#2], Qi Rui (齐锐) e Wan Haoyi (万昊宜) tamén reconstruíron os Xingguan da dinastía Song. A súa investigación fixo referencia principalmente ó *Mapa estelar de Suzhou*. Dado que os datos de observación utilizados para este mapa estelar datan de pouco máis tarde do ano 1052 d.C., *Ceos itinerantes da China* serve como material de referencia complementario para este estudo.Debido ás limitacións da tecnoloxía de observación e ós posibles erros na transmisión, as diferentes reconstrucións académicas poden variar lixeiramente. Baseándose nos traballos mencionados anteriormente, Stellarium reconstrúe fielmente o ceo nocturno chinés do ano 1052 d.C.### A Vía LácteaOs chineses imaxinan a Vía Láctea comoa un río. Durante a dinastía Song na China, o nome oficial da Vía Láctea era "天汉" (pinyin: Tiānhàn), que significa "río nos ceos". Tamén se lle chamaba "银河" (pinyin: Yínhé), que segue sendo o nome oficial chinés moderno para a Vía Láctea, que significa "río de prata". Na cultura tradicional chinesa, a Vía Láctea tamén se coñece como "天河" (pinyin: Tiānhé), que significa de xeito similar "río nos ceos"; "银汉" (pinyin: Yínhàn), que tamén significa "río prateado"; "河汉" (pinyin: Héhàn), que significa "río no ceo"; "星河" (pinyin: Xīnghé) ou "星汉" (pinyin: Xīnghàn), que significa "río de estrelas"; e "云汉" (pinyin: Yúnhàn), que significa "río con forma de nube".### Sete LuminariasO Sol, a Lúa e os cinco planetas principais denomínanse conxuntamente as *Sete Luminarias*. O sol e a lúa reciben os nomes do *yin e do yang*, mentres que tamén se usan os caracteres pictográficos "日" (o Sol, pinyin: Rì) e "月" (a Lúa, pinyin: Yuè). Os cinco planetas principais representan os *cinco elementos*, pero os seguintes nomes eran as designacións máis ortodoxas da época. Do mesmo xeito que outras civilizacións do mundo, Venus tamén tiña nomes adicionais dependendo de se aparecía pola mañá ou pola noite.Gran Yang (太阳, pinyin: Tàiyáng): O Sol. Na filosofía chinesa, representa o cume da enerxía Yang.Gran Yin (太阴, pinyin: Tàiyīn): A Lúa. Representa o cume da enerxía Yin.Estrela Divisional (辰星, pinyin: Chénxīng): Mercurio. Dende a Terra, a distancia angular de Mercurio ó Sol nunca supera os 28 graos, manténdose dentro dun *Chen* (unha unidade de 30 graos, véxase a discusión de *Chen* anterior), e polo tanto coñécese historicamente como *Estrela de División*.Gran Branca (太白, pinyin: Tàibái): Venus. Recibe o seu nome polo seu brillo extremadamente alto e a súa cor branca pura.Tecedora de Faíscas (荧惑, pinyin: Yínghuò): Marte. Recibe o seu nome pola súa cor vermella fogosa e a súa órbita errática e imprevisible.Estrela do Ano (岁星, pinyin: Suìxīng): Xúpiter. O período orbital de Xúpiter de aproximadamente 12 anos era usado polos antigos para marcar o ciclo dos anos, de aí o seu nome.Estrela Estabilizadora (填星, pinyin: Zhènxīng): Saturno. Na teoría tradicional, críase que Saturno tardaba uns 28 anos en orbitar os ceos, *gardando* ou *enchendo* unha mansión lunar cada ano.

note: Chinese Song Dynasty Sky sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: Pan Nai. *Zhongguo Hengxing Guance Shi [The History of Stellar Observation in China]*. Shanghai: Xuelin Publishing House, 2009.
     - [#2]: Qi Rui, Wan Haoyi. *Manbu Zhongguo Xingkong [Roving China Heavens]*. Beijing: Science Popularization Press, 2014.
     - [#3]: Su Song (Song Dynasty). *Xinyixiangfayao Yizhu [Annotated Translation of Xinyixiangfayao]*. Translated and annotated by Lu Jingyan and Qian Xueying. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2008.
     - [#4]: Sima Qian (Han Dynasty). *Shiji [Records of the Grand Historian]*. Compiled with commentary by Pei Yin (Liu Song Dynasty), indexed by Sima Zhen (Tang  Dynasty), and annotated by Zhang Shoujie (Tang  Dynasty). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 2014.
     - [#5]: Wei Zheng, et al. (Tang Dynasty). *Suishu [Book of Sui]* Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1997.
     - [#6]: Tuotuo, et al. (Yuan Dynasty). *Songshi [History of Song]*. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1985.
    
    ### External links
    
     - [wikipedia - Su Song](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Song)
     - [History of Song](http://chinesenotes.com/songshi.html)
     - [Records of the Grand Historian](http://chinesenotes.com/shiji.html)
     - [(Chinese) Song of the Sky Pacers](https://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/archive/Research/Literature/c_research_literature_9.htm)
     - [wikipedia - Song of the Sky Pacers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_the_Sky_Pacers)
     - [(Chinese) Chinese Heaven in WWT Community Beijing](http://wwt.china-vo.org/why/chineseheaven.htm)
gl: - [#1]: Pan Nai. *Zhongguo Hengxing Guance Shi [The History of Stellar Observation in China]*. Shanghai: Xuelin Publishing House, 2009.- [#2]: Qi Rui, Wan Haoyi. *Manbu Zhongguo Xingkong [Roving China Heavens]*. Beijing: Science Popularization Press, 2014.- [#3]: Su Song (Song Dynasty). *Xinyixiangfayao Yizhu [Annotated Translation of Xinyixiangfayao]*. Translated and annotated by Lu Jingyan and Qian Xueying. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2008.- [#4]: Sima Qian (Han Dynasty). *Shiji [Records of the Grand Historian]*. Compiled with commentary by Pei Yin (Liu Song Dynasty), indexed by Sima Zhen (Tang Dynasty), and annotated by Zhang Shoujie (Tang Dynasty). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 2014.- [#5]: Wei Zheng, et al. (Tang Dynasty). *Suishu [Book of Sui]* Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1997.- [#6]: Tuotuo, et al. (Yuan Dynasty). *Songshi [History of Song]*. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1985.### Ligazóns Externas- [wikipedia - Su Song](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Song)- [History of Song](http://chinesenotes.com/songshi.html)- [Records of the Grand Historian](http://chinesenotes.com/shiji.html)- [(Chinese) Song of the Sky Pacers](https://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/archive/Research/Literature/c_research_literature_9.htm)- [wikipedia - Song of the Sky Pacers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_the_Sky_Pacers)- [(Chinese) Chinese Heaven in WWT Community Beijing](http://wwt.china-vo.org/why/chineseheaven.htm)

note: Chinese Song Dynasty Sky sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user *Sun Shuwei* (孙殳玮) . [sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com](mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com)
gl: A esta cultura do ceo para Stellarium contribuíu *Sun Shuwei* (孙殳玮) . [sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com](mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com)

note: Egyptian sky culture name
en: Egyptian
gl: Exipcio

note: Egyptian sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Late Egyptian astronomy/astrology follows that of Greco/Roman culture. The belief that the stars could influence human destiny does not appear to have reached Egypt until the Ptolemaic period. The temple of Hathor at Denderah dates from Ptolemaic times, probably the first century BCE, and has a wonderful illustration of the sky that illustrates this point.
gl: A astronomía / astroloxía exipcia tardía segue a da cultura grecorromana. A crenza de que as as estrelas puidesen influír no destino humano non chegou a Exipto ata o período ptolemaico. O templo de Hathor en Denderah data da época ptolemaica, probablemente do século I a.C., e ten unha marabillosa ilustración do ceo que mostra este punto.

note: Egyptian sky culture description section in markdown format
en: However there were differences in names. For example, Cancer the Crab is represented by the Scarab Beetle. The figure of the Lion near the Scales (which is not the zodiacal Lion) is the constellation Centaurus [#1].
    
    Earlier constellations are more problematic, but some indications exist that some modern zodiac signs are very ancient indeed [#2], although the constellations did change significantly over time [#3].
    
    The Egyptians recognized five planets and called them the "stars that knew no rest". Their movement across the heavens reminded the Egyptians of the five gods sailing across the sky in their solar barque (boat). The planet now known as Jupiter was called "Horus Who Limits the Two Lands"; Mars was "Horus of the Horizon"; Mercury was "Sebegu", associated with Set; Saturn was "Horus the Bull of the Sky"; and Venus was "the God of the Morning" [#7].
gl: Non obstante houbo diferenzas nos nomes. Por exemplo, Cancer o Cangrexo está representado polo Escaravello Scarab. A figura do león preto das escamas (que non é o león zodiacal) é a constelación de Centauro [#1].
    
    As constelacións anteriores son máis problemáticas, pero hai algúns indicios de que algúns signos do zodiaco modernos son moi antigos [#2], aínda que as constelacións mudaron significativamente co paso do tempo [#3].
    
    Os exipcios recoñeceron cinco planetas e chamáronlles as "estrelas que non teñen descanso". O seu movemento polos ceos recordoulles os cinco deuses que navegaban polo ceo na súa barca solar. O planeta agora coñecido como Xúpiter foi chamado "Horus que limita con dúas terras"; Marte era "Horus do Horizonte"; Mercurio era "Sebegu", asociado a Set; Saturno era "Horus o touro do ceo"; e Venus era "o deus da mañá" [#7].

note: Egyptian sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: Gary D. Thompson. *Ancient Zodiacs, Star Names, and Constellations: Essays and Annotated Bibliographies*. Section 11: *Episodic survey of the history of the Occidental/Oriental constellations, and significant investigators.* [Illustration 17: *Mithraic uranography*](http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-Thompson/page11-17.html).
     - [#2]: [Three archaic Egyptian constellations used as seasonal markers?](http://www.catchpenny.org/thoth/3arch.htm)
     - [#3]: Gary D. Thompson. *Ancient Zodiacs, Star Names, and Constellations: Essays and Annotated Bibliographies*. Section 11: *Episodic survey of the history of the Occidental/Oriental constellations, and significant investigators.* [Illustration 15: *Farnese celestial globe*](http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-Thompson/page11-15.html).
     - [#4]: [http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html](http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html)
     - [#5]: [http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm](http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm)
     - [#6]: [http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html](http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html)
     - [#7]: <notr>Pat Remler: Egyptian mythology A to Z / 3rd ed., 2010, Chelsea House, ISBN 978-1-60413-926-6</notr>
gl:  - [#1]: Gary D. Thompson. *Ancient Zodiacs, Star Names, and Constellations: Essays and Annotated Bibliographies*. Section 11: *Episodic survey of the history of the Occidental/Oriental constellations, and significant investigators.* [Illustration 17: *Mithraic uranography*](http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-Thompson/page11-17.html).
     - [#2]: [Three archaic Egyptian constellations used as seasonal markers?](http://www.catchpenny.org/thoth/3arch.htm)
     - [#3]: Gary D. Thompson. *Ancient Zodiacs, Star Names, and Constellations: Essays and Annotated Bibliographies*. Section 11: *Episodic survey of the history of the Occidental/Oriental constellations, and significant investigators.* [Illustration 15: *Farnese celestial globe*](http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-Thompson/page11-15.html).
     - [#4]: [http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html](http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html)
     - [#5]: [http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm](http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm)
     - [#6]: [http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html](http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html)
     - [#7]: Pat Remler: Egyptian mythology A to Z / 3rd ed., 2010, Chelsea House, ISBN 978-1-60413-926-6

note: Egyptian sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by *Karrie Berglund* of Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. based on the paper "A Map of the Ancient Egyptian Firmament” by Juan Antonio Belmonte.
    
    This sky culture was updated by misibacsi (names of planets)
gl: A esta cultura do ceo contribuíu *Karrie Berglund* of Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. a partir de "Un mapa do antigo firmamento exipcio” de Juan Antonio Belmonte.
    
    Esta cultura do ceo foi adaptada por misibacsi (nomes de planetas)

note: Egyptian (Dendera) sky culture name
en: Egyptian (Dendera)
gl: Exipcio (Dendera)

note: Egyptian (Dendera) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The sculptured Dendera zodiac (or Denderah zodiac) is a widely known Egyptian bas-relief from the ceiling of the pronaos (or portico) of a chapel dedicated to Osiris in the Hathor temple at Dendera. This chapel was begun in the late Ptolemaic period when Egypt was ruled by (Greek) successors of Alexander the Great (hellenistic Egypt: 305-30 BCE). Its _pronaos_ (a hall in front of the holy chamber) was added by the Roman emperor Tiberius (14-37 CE). This led Jean-François Champollion (18th century) to date the relief to the Greco-Roman period (while most of his contemporaries believed it to be of a millennium earlier because of the Egyptian style of the figures - this is not believed anymore). Today, French archaeologists date it to exactly 54 BCE [#1].  The relief is now on display at the Musée du Louvre, Paris (France).
gl: O zodíaco esculpido de Dendera (ou zodíaco de Dendera) é un baixorrelevo exipcio amplamente coñecido do teito do pronaos (ou pórtico) dunha capela dedicada a Osiris no templo de Hathor en Dendera. Esta capela comezouse a finais do período tolemaico, cando Exipto estaba gobernado por sucesores (gregos) de Alexandre o Grande (Exipto helenístico: 305-30 a. C.). O seu _pronaos_ (unha sala diante da cámara sagrada) foi engadido polo emperador romano Tiberio (14-37 d. C.). Isto levou a Jean-François Champollion (século XVIII) a datar o relevo no período grecorromano (mentres que a maioría dos seus contemporáneos crían que era dun milenio anterior debido ó estilo exipcio das figuras; isto xa non se cre). Hoxe en día, os arqueólogos franceses datárono exactamente no ano 54 a. C. [#1]. O relevo está agora exposto no Museo do Louvre, París (Francia).

note: Egyptian (Dendera) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: The temple in (today's) Egypt probably dates to the Roman (or Late Greek) time of Egypt and, thus, does not show the original Egyptian sky but a mixture of Greco-Roman, Egyptian and Babylonian figures, all drawn in an Egyptian style.
    
    <img width="600" src="illustrations/Dendera_zodiac_Louvre.jpg"/>
    
    Photograph for the display in Musée du Louvre (Paris), Public Domain/ CC0. The plate is 255 x 253 cm in size.
    
    ### List of constellation figure
    
    
    
    <p><table>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td> <img width="255" src="illustrations/ari.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodiac</td>
    	<td><b>Aries</b><br />a ram (not the Babylonian Hired Man, not the Roman ram that jumps through a ring)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/tau.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodiac</td>
    	<td><b>Taurus</b><br />a bull (not the Babylonian halfed bull)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/gem.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodiac</td>
    	<td><b>Gemini</b><br />a couple (Shu & Tefnut), i.e. a woman and a man (neither the Babylonian warriors nor the Greek heroes)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cnc.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodiac</td>
    	<td><b>Cancer</b><br />a crab (as usual)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/leo+erua.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodiac</td>
    	<td><b>Leo</b><br />a lion (as usual)<br />with a woman whose head is at Coma Berenices</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/vir.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodiac</td>
    	<td><b>Virgo</b><br />a maiden, depicted like the Babylonian goddess Shala (clay tablet AO 6448 from Uruk)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/lib.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodiac</td>
    	<td><b>Libra</b><br />a balance (as usual)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/sco.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodiac</td>
    	<td><b>Scorpius</b><br />a scorpion (as usual)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/sgr.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodiac</td>
    	<td><b>Sagittarius</b><br />this figure is an Egyptised version of the Babylonian god Pabilsang; the double-head indicates a mythical context</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cap.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodiac</td>
    	<td><b>Capricornus</b><br />a goat-fish (Babylonian)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/aqr+psa.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodiac</td>
    	<td><b>Aquarius</b><br />Egyptian god of the Nile, Hapi</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/psc.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodiac</td>
    	<td><b>Pisces</b><br />two fish (not the Babylonian "tails of the Giant Swallow" and not "Swallow-Fish")</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/uma_wagon+fox+ewe+yoke.png" /></td>
    	<td>north</td>
    	<td><b>Ursa Major</b><br />the Bull's Thigh is Egyptian (also depicted on diagonal star clocks, two millennia earlier),
      the Jackal and the Sheep are at the places of the Babylonian asterisms "Fox" and "Ewe"</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/lup+cen.png" /></td>
    	<td>south</td>
    	<td><b>Lupus</b><br />the beast is at the place of the Babylonian "Mad Dog" (rabid dog) and the Greco-Roman Lupus</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/nilpferd.png" /></td>
    	<td>north</td>
    	<td><b>Bootes, Corona Borealis and others</b><br />the hippo goddess is an old Egyptian goddess who guards the celestial pole and the Bull's Thigh (constellation)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/hya+crv.png" /></td>
    	<td>north</td>
    	<td><b>Hydra and Corvus</b><br />the huge snake with the bird on its tail is the new interpretation of the Babylonian constellations Snake (Mush-Dragon) and Raven</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/ori.png" /></td>
    	<td>south</td>
    	<td><b>Orion</b><br />Osiris is a deified Egyptian king</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/horusfalke_canopus.png" /></td>
    	<td>south</td>
    	<td><b>southwesternmost part of Argo plus Columba</b><br />a falcon sitting on a canopy - obviously an Egyptian constellation that remains today as a star name</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/sirius_bow+arrow.png" /></td>
    	<td>south</td>
    	<td><b>Canis Major</b><br />Sothis is the Egyptian name of a constellation around Sirius; in Babylon, there is a goddess with Bow and Arrow at this place</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/himmelskuh_sirius.png" /></td>
    	<td>south</td>
    	<td><b>Canis Minor</b><br />as all other bright stars in the area are already decorated, this heavenly cow apparently needs to be placed on Procyon</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/lep.png" /></td>
    	<td>south</td>
    	<td><b>Lepus</b><br />in Babylonian uranology, a rooster is placed below the Orion-constellation in the modern Lepus; this bird is apparently the Egyptian version of it</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/peg.png" /></td>
    	<td>north</td>
    	<td><b>Pegasus area</b><br />the Babylonian constellation of The Field is a quadrilateral of bright stars. It looks like the Egyptian hieroglyph for "water" which makes sense in the neighbourhood of fish.</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/aql_gegend.png" /></td>
    	<td>north</td>
    	<td><b>Aquila area</b><br />this small dark bird (a duck?) apparently is located in the area of Aquila. For the time being, I put it on the bright star (Altair).</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/corpse.png" /></td>
    	<td>north</td>
    	<td><b>Delphinus area</b><br />next to this bird, there is a cadaver of an animal - interestingly at the place of the Babylonian constellation of "the Corpse"</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cyg_gegend.png" /></td>
    	<td>north</td>
    	<td><b>Cygnus / Cepheus area</b><br />?</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/lyr_gula.png" /></td>
    	<td>north</td>
    	<td><b>Lyra / Ophiuchus area</b><br />there is a huge Egyptian figure in the area of Lyra and Ophiuchus. In Lyra was the Babylonian constellation of the goddess of medicine, while Ophiuchus is the Greek equivalent. Thus, this might possibly be the Egyptian mythological founder of medicine, Imhotep.</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cet_unterAri.png" /></td>
    	<td>south</td>
    	<td><b>Cetus area</b><br />?</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/Leo_below_3.png" /></td>
    	<td>south</td>
    	<td><b>Centaurus area</b><br />the Egyptian figure shows a landworker and at this place, there is the Babylonian god of agriculture and war (Ningirsu), so this might be a very strange depiction of the Egyptian god Min who was merged with Greek Pan in late epochs</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/Leo_below_2.png" /></td>
    	<td>south</td><td>
    	<b>eastern and southern Argo area</b><br />the image shows a mother goddess, in Egyptian this is Isis and in Babylonian this would be Ninmakh (who is indeed positioned at this place)</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/Leo_below.png" /></td>
    	<td>south</td>
    	<td><b>northwestern Argo area</b><br />the hat of this woman resembles the Egyptian goddess Anuket, the goddess of the Nile flood. In Babylonian uranology of the middle first millennium, there is the goddess Nunki at this area: due to the sound of the names, an exchange or transfer is likely.</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/goat.png" /></td>
    	<td>north</td>
    	<td><b>Auriga</b><br />goat is at the position of the constellation Auriga (neither in Babylonian nor in Greek tradition, there is a goat at this place. Highly likely, the Roman star name Capella (the Goat) resembles this Egyptian constellation.</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/alfCen_512.jpg" /></td>
    	<td>south</td>
    	<td><b>alpha Centauri area</b><br />the ceiling clearly depicts an Egyptian Chenti Irti figure: this little creature should be positioned in the area around/ above the bright star alpha Centauri, and there is no Greek or Babylonian equivalent. The meaning of Chenti Irti is unclear but a suggestion is "the sharp sighted one" which could make sense for a bright star that is only roughly 5° above the horizon (2nd c. BCE in Egypt)</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/udjat.jpg" /></td>
    	<td>north</td>
    	<td><b>"above" Aries</b><br />the udjat eye in this context probably refers to the spring equinox</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/affe.jpg" /></td>
    	<td>north</td>
    	<td><b>Perseus area</b><br />the baboon is an attribute or representation of the Egyptian god Thoth and therefore worshipped. However, it is uncertain whether this particular baboon is connected to Thoth.</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/vogel.jpg" /></td>
    	<td>north</td>
    	<td><b>Ursa Minor area</b><br />a falcon (one of the many falcon deities)</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cas_grp.png" /></td>
    	<td>north</td>
    	<td><b>Cassiopeia area (or Cas/And)</b><br />?</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    </p>
    
    ### Planets
    
    In this sky culture, some Egyptian names are attached to the planets. Honestly, each planet had many names, sometimes depending on the context (e.g. Venus as morning star and evening star). We cannot include all names in the Stellarium name but they are stored in other database. On the Dendera ceiling, the planets are represented at fixed positions and as deities.
    
    The planets are depicted as deities in their "standard position". As planets move, they can only be presented in the sky by defining fixed positions where the figurative representation is found in every celestial map, every star list and catalogue.
    
    <p>These standard positions:
     <table class="layout">
      <tr><td>Sun</td> <td>Aries</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Moon</td> <td>Taurus</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Venus</td> <td>Pisces</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Jupiter</td> <td>Cancer (or betw. Cnc and Leo)</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Mercury</td> <td>Virgo</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Mars</td> <td>Capricornus</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Saturn</td> <td>Libra</td></tr>
     </table>
    These positions are equal to the "secret places" in Babylonian astrology and the "hypsomata" (exaltation points) in Greek astrology.</p>
    
    Additionally, the equinoxes are marked with great disks: One in Libra and one Aries.
    
    ### Constellations
    
    #### Zodiac
    
    The zodiac came to Greece from Babylonian sources. It is unknown whether or not the Egyptians had similar figures: The origin of the zodiac is the path of the Moon and was, thus, important for the Egyptian calendar, too. However, the zodiac depicted in Dendera is definitely the Greek (partially misunderstood) interpretation of the Babylonian one.
    
    The Zodiac is the Babylonian one with the semi-exception of Pisces: Pisces are depicted as two fish which is never found in Babylon and only an analogon is known in Late Babylonian epoch in the city of Uruk. In Uruk, the constellation  was changed to the constellation of the Swallow-Fish connecting a swallow and a fish. In contrast, in Babylon it has always been "The Tails of the Giant Swallow" (Steele 2018).
    
     The other constellations of the zodiac are the Babylonian versions, partially egyptized. Virgo is depicted as the Babylonian Goddess Shala with the Ear of Grain, Capricornus as a Goat-Fish accompanying the Babylonian god of witchcraft (Aquarius), Sagittarius as the Babylonian god Pabilsang. Scorpion, Aries and Cancer leave rather no room for interpretation. Leo is depicted as a usual lion but carries the Egyptian queen Berenice (whose name was given to the constellation Coma Berenices) at his tail. Gemini are not depicted as Twins but as a couple, the Bull is not halved.
    
    #### Outside the Zodiac
    
    The rest of the sky  also shows a mixture of several cultures: The hippo goddess who guards the Ox Thigh is a clearly Egyptian constellation. Interestingly, there is a desert fox and a sheep next to the ox thigh which refers to same positions in the sky as the Babylonian constellations of the Fox and the Ewe.
    
    In contrast to these native Egyptian constellations, there are also native Sumerian ones that are depicted in an Egyptized way: This is marked in the "Translation" of the Stellarium labels.
    
    Interestingly, this depiction explains several Greek names of single stars: e.g. at the position of Capella, there is a whitish Goat in the Dendera ceiling, and at the position of the star Canopus whose name is already attested in Ptolemy's Almagest, there is a Horus-falcon on a canopy jar. It suggests that these were originally Egyptian images that have been transformed to star names in a later epoch in order to commemorate the outdated constellations.
    
    ### Source(s)
    
    This <em>sky culture</em> is a mapping of historical figures onto the stars. The figures are directly copied by hand from the digital photographs that are provided by the Louvre and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zodiaque_de_Denderah_aux_couleurs_d'origine.jpg">colours follow roughly the reconstruction by Alexandre N.Isis  (wikicommons, 2013)</a>.
gl: O templo no Exipto (actual) probablemente data da época romana (ou grega tardía) de Exipto e, polo tanto, non mostra o ceo exipcio orixinal, senón unha mestura de figuras grecorromanas, exipcias e babilónicas, todas debuxadas nun estilo exipcio.
    
    <img width="600" src="illustrations/Dendera_zodiac_Louvre.jpg"/>
    
    Fotografía para a exposición no Museo do Louvre (París), dominio público/CC0. A placa ten un tamaño de 255 x 253 cm.
    
    ### Lista de figuras das constelacións
    
    
    
    <p><table>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td> <img width="255" src="illustrations/ari.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodíaco</td>
    	<td><b>Aries</b><br />un carneiro (non o home asasinado babilonio, nin o carneiro romano que salta a través dun aro)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/tau.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodíaco</td>
    	<td><b>Taurus</b><br />un touro (non o medio touro babilonio)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/gem.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodíaco</td>
    	<td><b>Gemini</b><br />unha parella (Shu e Tefnut), é dicir, unha muller e un home (nin os guerreiros babilonios nin os heroes gregos)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cnc.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodíaco</td>
    	<td><b>Cancer</b><br />un cangrexo (como é usual)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/leo+erua.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodíaco</td>
    	<td><b>Leo</b><br />un león (como é usual)<br />cunha muller coa cabeza en Coma Berenices</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/vir.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodíaco</td>
    	<td><b>Virgo</b><br />unha doncela, representada como a deusa babilónica Shala (táboa de arxila AO 6448 de Uruk)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/lib.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodíaco</td>
    	<td><b>Libra</b><br />unha balanza (como é usual)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/sco.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodíaco</td>
    	<td><b>Scorpius</b><br />un escorpión (como é usual)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/sgr.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodíaco</td>
    	<td><b>Sagittarius</b><br />Esta figura é unha versión exipcia do deus babilonio Pabilsang; a dobre cabeza indica un contexto mítico</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cap.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodíaco</td>
    	<td><b>Capricornus</b><br />un peixe-cabra (Babilonio)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/aqr+psa.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodíaco</td>
    	<td><b>Aquarius</b><br />deus exipcio do Nilo, Hapi</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/psc.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodíaco</td>
    	<td><b>Pisces</b><br />dous peixes (non as "colas da andoriña xigante" babilónicas nin o "peixe andoriña")</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/uma_wagon+fox+ewe+yoke.png" /></td>
    	<td>norte</td>
    	<td><b>Ursa Major</b><br />A coxa do touro é exipcia (tamén representada en reloxos de estrelas diagonais, dous milenios antes),  o Chacal e a Ovella están nos lugares dos asterismos babilonios "Raposa" e "Ovella"</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/lup+cen.png" /></td>
    	<td>sur</td>
    	<td><b>Lupus</b><br />a besta está no lugar do "Can Tolo" babilonio (can rabioso) e do Lupus grecorromano</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/nilpferd.png" /></td>
    	<td>norte</td>
    	<td><b>Bootes, Corona Borealis e outras </b><br />a deusa hipopótamo é unha antiga deusa exipcia que garda o polo celeste e a coxa do touro (constelación)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/hya+crv.png" /></td>
    	<td>norte</td>
    	<td><b>Hydra e Corvus</b><br />a enorme serpe co paxaro na cola é a nova interpretación das constelacións babilónicas Serpe (Dragón-Cogomelo) e Corvo</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/ori.png" /></td>
    	<td>sur</td>
    	<td><b>Orion</b><br />Osiris é un rei exipcio deificado</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/horusfalke_canopus.png" /></td>
    	<td>sur</td>
    	<td><b>parte máis ó suroeste de Argo e máis Columba</b><br />un falcón sentado nun dosel - obviamente unha constelación exipcia que permanece hoxe como nome de estrela</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/sirius_bow+arrow.png" /></td>
    	<td>sur</td>
    	<td><b>Canis Major</b><br />Sothis é o nome exipcio dunha constelación arredor de Sirio; para os babilonios hai unha deusa con arco e frecha neste lugar.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/himmelskuh_sirius.png" /></td>
    	<td>sur</td>
    	<td><b>Canis Minor</b><br />como todas as outras estrelas brillantes da zona xa están debuxadas, esta vaca celestial aparentemente necesita ser colocada en Proción</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/lep.png" /></td>
    	<td>sur</td>
    	<td><b>Lepus</b><br />na uranoloxía babilónica, un galo colócase debaixo da constelación de Orión no Lepus moderno; esta ave é aparentemente a versión exipcia del.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/peg.png" /></td>
    	<td>norte</td>
    	<td>Área de Pegasus </b><br />a constelación babilónica do Campo é un cadrado de estrelas brillantes. Parécese ó xeroglífico exipcio para "auga", o que ten sentido na veciñanza dos peixes.</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/aql_gegend.png" /></td>
    	<td>norte</td>
    	<td><b>Área de Aquila </b><br />Este pequeno paxaro escuro (un pato?) aparentemente está situado na zona de Aquila. Polo momento, coloqueino na estrela brillante (Altair).</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/corpse.png" /></td>
    	<td>norte</td>
    	<td><b>Área de Delphinus </b><br />onda esta ave, hai o cadáver dun animal; curiosamente, no lugar da constelación babilónica do "Cadáver".</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cyg_gegend.png" /></td>
    	<td>norte</td>
    	<td><b>Área de Cygnus / Cepheus </b><br />?</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/lyr_gula.png" /></td>
    	<td>norte</td>
    	<td><b>Área de Lyra / Ophiuchus </b><br />hai unha enorme figura exipcia na zona de Lira e Ofiuco. En Lira estaba a constelación babilónica da deusa da medicina, mentres que Ofiuco é o equivalente grego. Polo tanto, este posiblemente podería ser o fundador mitolóxico exipcio da medicina, Imhotep.</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cet_unterAri.png" /></td>
    	<td>sur</td>
    	<td><b>Área de Cetus </b><br />?</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/Leo_below_3.png" /></td>
    	<td>sur</td>
    	<td><b>Área de Centaurus </b><br />a figura exipcia mostra un traballador da terra e, neste lugar, está o deus babilonio da agricultura e da guerra (Ningirsu), polo que esta podería ser unha representación moi estraña do deus exipcio Min, que se fusionou co grego Pan en épocas tardías.</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/Leo_below_2.png" /></td>
    	<td>sur</td><td>
    	<b>Área leste e sur de Argo </b><br />a imaxe mostra unha deusa nai, en exipcio é Isis e en babilonio sería Ninmakh (que de feito está situada neste lugar)</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/Leo_below.png" /></td>
    	<td>sur</td>
    	<td><b>Área noroeste de Argo </b><br />o sombreiro desta muller parécese ó da deusa exipcia Anuket, a deusa das inundacións do Nilo. Na uranoloxía babilónica de mediados do primeiro milenio, a deusa Nunki aparece nesta zona: debido á sonoridade dos nomes, é probable que se producise un intercambio ou unha transferencia.</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/goat.png" /></td>
    	<td>norte</td>
    	<td><b>Auriga</b><br />a cabra está na posición da constelación de Auriga (nin na tradición babilónica nin na grega hai unha cabra neste lugar). É moi probable que o nome da estrela romana Capella (a Cabra) se asemelle a esta constelación exipcia).</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/alfCen_512.jpg" /></td>
    	<td>sur</td>
    	<td><b>Área de alpha Centauri </b><br />o teito representa claramente unha figura exipcia de Chenti Irti: esta pequena criatura debería estar situada na zona arredor/superior da brillante estrela Alfa Centauri, e non existe un equivalente grego ou babilonio. O significado de Chenti Irti non está claro, pero suxírese que é "o de visión aguda", o que podería ter sentido para unha estrela brillante que está a só uns 5° por riba do horizonte (século II a. C. en Exipto).</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/udjat.jpg" /></td>
    	<td>norte</td>
    	<td><b>"sobre" Aries</b><br />o ollo udjat neste contexto probablemente se refire ó equinoccio de primavera</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/affe.jpg" /></td>
    	<td>norte</td>
    	<td><b>Área de Perseus </b><br />o babuíno é un atributo ou representación do deus exipcio Thoth e, polo tanto, é adorado. Non obstante, non está claro se este babuíno en particular estea conectado con Thoth.</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/vogel.jpg" /></td>
    	<td>norte</td>
    	<td><b>Área de Ursa Minor </b><br />un falcón (unha das moitas deidades falcón)</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cas_grp.png" /></td>
    	<td>norte</td>
    	<td><b>Área de Cassiopeia (ou Cas/And)</b><br />?</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    </p>
    
    ### Planetas
    
    Nesta cultura do ceo, algúns nomes exipcios están asociados ós planetas. Sinceramente, cada planeta tiña moitos nomes, ás veces dependendo do contexto (por exemplo, Venus como estrela da mañá e estrela da tarde). Non podemos incluír todos os nomes en Stellarium, pero están almacenados noutras bases de datos. No teito de Dendera, os planetas represéntanse en posicións fixas e como deidades.
    
    Os planetas represéntanse como deidades na súa "posición estándar". A medida que os planetas se moven, só se poden presentar no ceo definindo posicións fixas onde a representación figurativa se atopa en cada mapa celeste, cada lista e catálogo de estrelas.
    
    <p>Velaquí as posicións estándar:
     <table class="layout">
      <tr><td>Sol</td> <td>Aries</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Lúa</td> <td>Taurus</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Venus</td> <td>Pisces</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Xúpiter</td> <td>Cancer (or betw. Cnc and Leo)</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Mercurio</td> <td>Virgo</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Marte</td> <td>Capricornus</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Saturno</td> <td>Libra</td></tr>
     </table>
    Estas posicións equivalen ós "lugares secretos" da astroloxía babilónica e ós "hipsomata" (puntos de exaltación) da astroloxía grega.</p>
    
    Ademais, os equinoccios están marcados con grandes discos: un en Libra e outro en Aries.
    
    ### Constelacións
    
    #### Zodíaco
    
    O zodíaco chegou a Grecia a partir de fontes babilónicas. Descoñécese se os exipcios tiñan ou non figuras semellantes: a orixe do zodíaco é o camiño da Lúa e, polo tanto, tamén era importante para o calendario exipcio. Non obstante, o zodíaco representado en Dendera é definitivamente a interpretación grega (parcialmente malinterpretada) do babilonio.
    
    O zodíaco é o babilonio coa semi-excepción de Piscis: Piscis represéntanse como dous peixes que nunca se atopan en Babilonia e só se coñece un analóxico na época babilónica tardía na cidade de Uruk. En Uruk, a constelación cambiouse á constelación do Peixe Andoriña que conecta unha andoriña e un peixe. En contraste, en Babilonia sempre foi "As Colas da Andoriña Xigante" (Steele 2018).
    
    As outras constelacións do zodíaco son as versións babilónicas, parcialmente convertidas en exipcias. Virxe represéntase como a Deusa Babilónica Shala coa Espiga de Gran, Capricornio como un Peixe Cabra que acompaña ó deus babilonio da bruxería (Acuario), Saxitario como o deus babilonio Pabilsang. Escorpión, Aries e Cancro non deixan lugar a interpretacións. Leo represéntase como un león normal, pero leva á raíña exipcia Berenice (cuxo nome foi dado á constelación de Coma Berenices) na súa cola. Os Xemelgos non se representan como xemelgos, senón coma unha parella, o Touro non está dividido pola metade.
    
    #### Fóra do zodíaco
    
    O resto do ceo tamén mostra unha mestura de varias culturas: a deusa hipopótamo que garda a coxa do boi é unha constelación claramente exipcia. Curiosamente, hai un raposo do deserto e unha ovella xunto á coxa do boi, o que fai referencia ás mesmas posicións no ceo cás constelacións babilónicas do raposo e da ovella.
    
    En contraste con estas constelacións exipcias nativas, tamén hai sumerias nativas que se representan de forma exipcia: isto está marcado na "Tradución" das etiquetas do Stellarium.
    
    Curiosamente, esta representación explica varios nomes gregos de estrelas individuais: por exemplo, na posición de Capella, hai unha cabra esbrancuxada no teito de Dendera, e na posición da estrela Canopus, cuxo nome xa figura no Almaxesto de Tolomeo, hai un falcón Horus nun vaso de dosel. Isto suxire que estas eran orixinalmente imaxes exipcias que se transformaron en nomes de estrelas nunha época posterior para conmemorar as constelacións obsoletas.
    
    ### Fonte(s)
    
    Esta <em>cultura do ceo</em> é un mapeo de figuras históricas sobre as estrelas. As figuras están copiadas directamente a man das fotografías dixitais proporcionadas polo Louvre e <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zodiaque_de_Denderah_aux_couleurs_d'origine.jpg">as cores seguen aproximadamente a reconstrución de Alexandre N.Isis (wikicommons, 2013)</a>.

note: Egyptian (Dendera) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This Greco-Egyptian sky culture was painted and added to Stellarium by:
    
    _Susanne M. Hoffmann:   service@uhura-uraniae.com _
    
    Written in English: _SMH_
    
    ### Fair Use
    
    This sky culture originates from research. We provide this for free but the authors of contributions certainly deserve to be cited according to the common rules. Thank you!
gl: Esta cultura do ceo grecoexipcia foi debuxada e engadida a Stellarium por:
    
    _Susanne M. Hoffmann: service@uhura-uraniae.com _
    
    Escrito en inglés: _SMH_
    
    ### Uso lexítimo
    
    Esta cultura do ceo provén da investigación. Ofrecémola de balde, pero os autores das contribucións merecen ser citados segundo as regras comúns. Grazas!

note: Greek (Almagest) sky culture name
en: Greek (Almagest)
gl: Grego (Almagest)

note: Greek (Almagest) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: <p>This ancient Greek sky culture is compiled in a book that is today known by its Arabic title "Almagest".
    This book was written in Roman time (under the reign of Roman emperor Hadrian) at Alexandria (Africa) in
    Greek language, with dates given in Egyptian month names and years counted after a Babylonian king,
    so it is clearly a multi-cultural compendium of knowledge. It is a compilation of
    astronomical knowledge of former astronomers including results from
    observations and mathematical astronomy. Pieced together by Claudius
    Ptolemy, using older, as well as his own, observations, it was written
    in Greek, published in the Second Century and remained the main
    astronomical work for the following 1500 years. It was originally written
    with the title <i>Mathematike Syntaxis</i>, in Ancient Greek.
    The name <i>Almagest</i>, meaning &ldquo;The Largest [Book]&rdquo;, was
    developed from Arabian translations. To create this sky culture we used
    the English translation by Toomer (1984), reworked it in some details
    (e.g. using more literal translations from Greek instead of Latin terms that
    are common today) and we made use of computer readable tables prepared
    by Ernie Wright.</p>
gl: <p>Esta cultura do ceo da Grecia antiga está recompilada nun libro que hoxe se
    coñece polo seu título árabe "Almagest". Este libro foi escrito na época
    romana (baixo o reinado do emperador romano Adriano) en Alexandría (África)
    en lingua grega, con datas indicadas en nomes de meses exipcios e anos
    contados despois dun rei babilónico, polo que é claramente un compendio
    multicultural de coñecemento. É unha compilación de coñecementos
    astronómicos de antigos astrónomos, incluíndo resultados de observacións e
    astronomía matemática. Reunido por Claudio Ptolomeo, utilizando observacións
    máis antigas e propias, escribiuse en grego, publicouse no século II e
    mantívose coma a principal obra astronómica durante os seguintes 1500
    anos. Foi escrito orixinalmente co título <i>Mathematike Syntaxis</i>, en
    grego antigo.  O nome <i>Almagest</i>, que significa &ldquo;O [Libro] máis
    grande&rdquor;, foi desenvolvido a partir de traducións ó árabe. Para crear
    esta cultura do ceo empregamos a tradución ó inglés de Toomer (1984),
    reelaborámola nalgúns detalles (por exemplo, utilizando traducións máis
    literais do grego en lugar de termos latinos que son comúns hoxe en día) e
    fixemos uso de táboas lexibles por ordenador preparadas por Ernie Wright.</p>

note: Greek (Almagest) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: The Almagest consists of 13 sections, called books. In the seventh
    and eighth book, Ptolemy listed a total of 1022 stars in 48 constellations
    (among which are about 5 star-like objects like globular star clusters).
    It is a table of coordinates of the stars with a description of their
    position in the constellation (such as "star at the elbow of X, longitude,
    latitude, magnitude"). With regard to precession, Ptolemy used ecliptic
    coordinates. As one of the first of his time, Ptolemy included the
    magnitude, a quantitative scale of stellar brightness, probably adopted
    from Hipparchus (which is not certain because Hipparchus&rsquo; catalog
    is not preserved). The scale starts with the brightest star with the
    magnitude of 1, going down to magnitude of 6, for the faintest stars
    visible.
    
    <p>For the computation of planet positions Ptolemy used a geocentric model
    (which is allowed because the observer always stands on Earth) and, thus,
    contributed to the scientific belief that the heliocentric model by
    Aristarch was not needed. However, for the star catalogue of the
    <i>Almagest</i> this does not matter at all because a star catalogue
    always represents a sort of inventory of the fixed dots in the sky and
    Ptolemy's proclaimed aim of the catalogue is to provide a list for making
    a celestial globe (see Alm., VIII, 3). Being aware of precession he wants
    to ease the business of future globemakers by using ecliptical coordinates:
    Precession as known to Ptolemy shifts all stars parallel to the ecliptic,
    therefore updates to the epoch of the respective globemaker could be
    applied by a simple subtraction of the value for ecliptic longitude.</p>
    
    ### How this sky culture was made
    
    ### Star names
    
    Out of more than 1,000 stars, Ptolemy mentions a proper name for only 15.
    The rest are identified by fairly long descriptions such as "The star on
    the end of the tail" for the Polaris. In order to avoid displaying such long
    strings across the screen in Stellarium, we invented short labels for all
    Almagest stars based on the constellation and the order in which they appear in
    the catalogue.  For example, Polaris is given a designation "UMi 1" because
    it is the first star in the constellation of Small Bear (UMi).  See the table
    below for the correspondence between Ptolemy constellations and IAU abbreviations.
    In addition, where Ptolemy describes a star as lying outside of the figure,
    we use lowercase letters in the corresponding label. To see the long description
    for a given star, users should enable "Use additional names of stars" in the
    "View [F4]/Sky" settings and click on the star. The long description will then
    be displayed at the top of the screen.
    
    ### Constellation lines
    
    The process can be described as sketched here with the example of
    Corvus:
    
    In the constellation of Corvus (Raven), &alpha; Crv is the star in
    the &quot;head of the raven&quot;. It is connected with the &quot;star
    in the neck&quot;, &epsilon; Crv.  This one is connected with &quot;the
    star in the breast&quot; &zeta; Crv.  From there two lines go to the
    tips of the wings. &gamma; Crv is the star in the advanced wing and
    &delta; Crv the star in the rear wing. From the star in the breast
    another line goes to the &quot;foot of the raven&quot;, the star &beta;
    Crv.
    
    <p><img width="800" src="illustrations/corvus_s.png" /></p>
    <p>After identifying the stars based on their coordinates and names, we
    reconnected the stars according to the descriptions in the table
    presented in the <i>Almagest</i>.</p>
    <p>The names of stars and names of deep sky objects rely on the Almagest
    only, e.g. Ptolemy uses the name &quot;&lambda;&alpha;&mu;&pi;&alpha;&delta;&#943;&alpha;&sigmaf;
    (The Torch-like)&quot; for Aldebaran in his other work, the
    <i>Tetrabiblos</i>, but this is not implemented in this sky culture because
    it doesn't show up in the Almagest.</p>
    
    The following table displays the original constellation name in Greek and its
    English translation (column 2 and 3) and denotes our uncertainties in
    the reconstruction (column 6).
    
    <table>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><b>Abbreviation</b></td>
    	<td><b>Original name</b></td>
    	<td><b>Translation</b> (direct)</td>
    	<td><b>IAU (Latin) name</b></td>
    	<td><b>hints to constellation</b></td>
    	<td><b>freedom of art</b></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>UMi</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Mu;&iota;&kappa;&rho;&#942; &#702;&#714;&Alpha;&rho;&kappa;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Small She-Bear</td>
    	<td><notr>Ursa Minor</notr></td>
    	<td>like IAU constellation</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>UMa</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Mu;&epsilon;&gamma;&alpha;&lambda;&#942; &#702;&#714;&Alpha;&rho;&kappa;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Great She-Bear</td>
    	<td><notr>Ursa Major</notr></td>
    	<td>like IAU constellation</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Dra</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Delta;&rho;&#940;&kappa;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    	<td>Dragon</td>
    	<td><notr>Draco</notr></td>
    	<td>all triangles or squares are vertebra or parts of the body; line at the head is the tongue</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Cep</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Kappa;&eta;&phi;&epsilon;&#973;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Kepheus</td>
    	<td><notr>Cepheus</notr></td>
    	<td>king, upside down </td>
    	<td>three head stars are tiara; &beta; seen as part of the belt, although Almagest says beneath belt</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Boo</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Beta;&omicron;&#974;&tau;&eta;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Ploughman</td>
    	<td><notr>Bo&ouml;tes</notr></td>
    	<td>has a shepherd's staff in his hand (&omega;)</td>
    	<td>star HIP 72582 added as neck star</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>CrB</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Sigma;&tau;&#941;&phi;&alpha;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Crown</td>
    	<td><notr>Corona Borealis</notr></td>
    	<td>like IAU constellation; no details for lines in the text</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Her</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#703;&Epsilon;&nu;&gamma;&#972;&nu;&alpha;&sigma;&iota;&nu;</notr></td>
    	<td>Kneeler</td>
    	<td><notr>Hercules</notr></td>
    	<td>one of the foot stars is top of staff of Bootes</td>
    	<td>star HIP 82764 added as neck star</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Lyr</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Lambda;&#973;&rho;&alpha;</notr></td>
    	<td>Lyre</td>
    	<td><notr>Lyra</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Cyg</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#702;&#714;&Omicron;&rho;&nu;&iota;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Bird</td>
    	<td><notr>Cygnus</notr></td>
    	<td>swan with legs</td>
    	<td>Tips of wings connected with tail</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Cas</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Kappa;&alpha;&sigma;&sigma;&iota;&#941;&pi;&epsilon;&iota;&alpha;</notr></td>
    	<td>Kassiepeia</td>
    	<td><notr>Cassiopeia</notr></td>
    	<td>Queen sitting on a throne</td>
    	<td>to avoid confusion we did not draw the throne</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Per</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Pi;&epsilon;&rho;&sigma;&epsilon;&#973;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Perseus</td>
    	<td><notr>Perseus</notr></td>
    	<td>Double star cluster NGC 869 and NGC 884 as Deep Sky Object - &gt;one of the stars in the cluster was used for drawing</td>
    	<td>one of the stars in Gorgon-head is added to make the head look more spherical</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Aur</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#703;&Eta;&nu;&#943;&omicron;&chi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Charioteer</td>
    	<td><notr>Auriga</notr></td>
    	<td>wears long garment; garment limited through shoulders and hem</td>
    	<td>&omicron; Aur added as neck star; 1 Aur added as hem star</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Oph</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#702;&Omicron;&phi;&iota;&omicron;&#973;&chi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Serpent Bearer</td>
    	<td><notr>Ophiuchus</notr></td>
    	<td>has serpent in his hand</td>
    	<td>a star added as neck star</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Ser</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#702;&#714;&Omicron;&phi;&iota;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Snake</td>
    	<td><notr>Serpens</notr></td>
    	<td>two separate parts of the snake (head and tail); square is head</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Sge</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#702;&Omicron;&iota;&sigma;&tau;&#972;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Arrow</td>
    	<td><notr>Sagitta</notr></td>
    	<td>Like IAU constellation, &eta; Sge is missing </td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Aql</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#702;&Alpha;&epsilon;&tau;&#972;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Eagle</td>
    	<td><notr>Aquila</notr></td>
    	<td>&tau; Aql as head star, &beta; as neck, Altair is between shoulders, &gamma; and &mu; are shoulders</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Del</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Delta;&epsilon;&lambda;&phi;&#943;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Dolphin</td>
    	<td><notr>Delphinus</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>refined shape</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Equ</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Pi;&rho;&omicron;&tau;&omicron;&mu;&#942;</notr></td>
    	<td>Bust [of a horse]</td>
    	<td><notr>Equuleus</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Peg</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#703;&#714;&Iota;&pi;&pi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Horse</td>
    	<td><notr>Pegasus</notr></td>
    	<td>with mane and one wing</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>And</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#702;&Alpha;&nu;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&mu;&#941;&delta;&alpha;</notr></td>
    	<td>Andromeda</td>
    	<td class='latin'><notr>Andromeda</notr></td>
    	<td>dress and belt</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Tri</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Tau;&rho;&#943;&gamma;&omega;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Triangle</td>
    	<td><notr>Triangulum</notr></td>
    	<td>four given stars &#61664; middle star of one side</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Ari</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Kappa;&rho;&iota;&#972;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Ram</td>
    	<td><notr>Aries</notr></td>
    	<td>turned head; only one horn</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Tau</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&#771;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Bull</td>
    	<td><notr>Taurus</notr></td>
    	<td>half body, only two legs visible; direction of view to observer</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Gem</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Delta;&#943;&delta;&upsilon;&mu;&omicron;&iota;</notr></td>
    	<td>Twins</td>
    	<td><notr>Gemini</notr></td>
    	<td>one star in common; touching each other with hands</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Cnc</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Kappa;&alpha;&rho;&kappa;&#943;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Crab</td>
    	<td><notr>Cancer</notr></td>
    	<td>square body</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Leo</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Lambda;&#941;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    	<td>Lion</td>
    	<td><notr>Leo</notr></td>
    	<td>opens jaw</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Vir</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Pi;&alpha;&rho;&theta;&#941;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Maiden</td>
    	<td><notr>Virgo</notr></td>
    	<td>no separate head</td>
    	<td>fainter stars added to draw the wings</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Lib</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Chi;&eta;&lambda;&alpha;&#943;</notr></td>
    	<td>Claws [of the Scorpion]</td>
    	<td><notr>Libra</notr></td>
    	<td>Ptolemy always uses the term &quot;claws&quot;, never &quot;the balance&quot;.</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Sco</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&rho;&pi;&#943;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Scorpion</td>
    	<td><notr>Scorpius</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>arms added around the head: &nu; and &rho;</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Sgr</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Tau;&omicron;&xi;&#972;&tau;&eta;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Archer</td>
    	<td><notr>Sagittarius</notr></td>
    	<td>a centaur with  bow ahead; &bdquo;cloak&ldquo; behind</td>
    	<td>we included many faint stars in our stick figure in order to make the picture clear.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Cap</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Alpha;&#943;&gamma;&#972;&kappa;&epsilon;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>The One with the Goat's Horn</td>
    	<td><notr>Capricornus</notr></td>
    	<td>fish tail; two legs visible</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Aqr</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#703;&Upsilon;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&chi;&#972;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Water-Carrier</td>
    	<td><notr>Aquarius</notr></td>
    	<td>water out of jug</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Psc</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#702;&Iota;&chi;&theta;&#973;&epsilon;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>[2] Fish</td>
    	<td><notr>Pisces</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>northern fish: 68(h), 67(k), and 65(i) described as head in Almagest but we took them as fin because mouth should be at g and &tau; Psc. Additional change on tail fin: extended to &rho;</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Cet</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Kappa;&eta;&#771;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Sea Monster</td>
    	<td><notr>Cetus</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>Body does not go through star &tau;, but through star &upsilon;</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Ori</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#702;&Omega;&rho;&#943;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    	<td>Orion</td>
    	<td class='latin'><notr>Orion</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>The &quot;head&quot; is labeled as &quot;nebulous&quot; which means Ptolemy interpreted &phi;<sub>1</sub>, &phi;<sub>2</sub>, and  &lambda;, together with fainter stars between them as a &quot;cluster&quot; (or association which is more extended than the modern &quot;&lambda; Ori Assoc.&quot;). Head does not have direct connection to the shoulder stars anymore, but a connection to a star between the stars in the shoulders.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Eri</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Pi;&omicron;&tau;&alpha;&mu;&omicron;&#972;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>River [nameless]</td>
    	<td><notr>Eridanus</notr></td>
    	<td>Like IAU constellation, but shorter</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Lep</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Lambda;&alpha;&gamma;&omega;&#771;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Hare</td>
    	<td><notr>Lepus</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>took the "4 stars over the ear" as ear</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>CMa</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Kappa;&#973;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    	<td>Dog</td>
    	<td><notr>Canis Major</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>CMi</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Pi;&rho;&omicron;&kappa;&#973;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    	<td>The One before the Dog</td>
    	<td><notr>Canis Minor</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>In Almagest, the name of the constellation is &quot;The One before the Dog&quot; or &quot;Harbinger of Sirius&quot; as Toomer puts it. However, &beta; CMi is called &quot;the neck&quot; (of whom is unknown).</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Arg</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#702;&Alpha;&rho;&gamma;&omega;</notr></td>
    	<td>Ship &quot;Argo&quot;</td>
    	<td><notr>Argo</notr></td>
    	<td>smaller than the sum of the IAU-constellations Pup+Pyx+Car+Vel</td>
    	<td>Many stars not integrated in the constellation, to create a boat-like shape; in many depictions (including the ancient Farnese globe), only a half of a ship is painted.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Hya</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#703;&#714;&Upsilon;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Water Snake</td>
    	<td><notr>Hydra</notr></td>
    	<td>like IAU constellation</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Crt</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Kappa;&rho;&alpha;&tau;&#768;&eta;&rho;</notr></td>
    	<td>Krater (vessel)</td>
    	<td><notr>Crater</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>a Krater is special Greek wine mixing vessel which looks like an amphora or vase: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krater">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krater</a> Ptolemy describes only one star in the foot (&alpha; Crt) and two handles (&eta;, &theta; Crt)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Crv</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Kappa;&oacute;&rho;&alpha;&xi;</notr></td>
    	<td>Raven</td>
    	<td><notr>Corvus</notr></td>
    	<td>like IAU constellation</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Cen</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Kappa;&#941;&nu;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Kentauros</td>
    	<td><notr>Centaurus</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>deviation from description: HIP 65373 instead of &omega; Cen (cluster) taken as star on the back. &lsquo;Thyrsus&lsquo; not drawn (to avoid confusion), backward arm added.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Lup</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Theta;&eta;&rho;&#943;&omicron;&nu;</notr></td>
    	<td>Beast</td>
    	<td><notr>Lupus</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>&beta; described as &lsquo;End of hind leg&lsquo; -> taken as star in the belly; &tau;<sub>1</sub> as hindleg; &chi; in head, because otherwise shapelessness arises; HIP 73493 taken as foreleg</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Ara</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Theta;&upsilon;&mu;&iota;&alpha;&tau;&#942;&rho;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</notr></td>
    	<td>Altar</td>
    	<td><notr>Ara</notr></td>
    	<td>like IAU constellation</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>CrA</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Sigma;&tau;&#941;&phi;&alpha;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf; &Nu;&#972;&tau;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Southern Crown</td>
    	<td><notr>Corona Australis</notr></td>
    	<td>like IAU constellation; only uncertainty with stars that only got a BSC number in the Almagest, because these are not clearly to identify in Stellarium</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>PsA</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Nu;&#972;&tau;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf; &#702;&Iota;&chi;&theta;&#973;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Southern Fish</td>
    	<td><notr>Piscis Austrinus</notr></td>
    	<td>the fish is laying on his back</td>
    	<td>the fish is apparently dead: the belly up, or an eelwith twisted spine; we added a few stars to mark the tail fin whose tip is given as &beta; PsA.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ### Fair Use
    
    This sky culture originates from a student's year of research. We provide this for free but
    authors of contributions certainly deserve to be cited according to the common rules. Thank you!
    
    ### Thanks
    
    The authors thank Patrick Gleason and Georg Zotti for English proofreading and interesting discussions.
gl: O Almaxesto consta de 13 seccións, chamadas libros. No sétimo e oitavo libro, Ptolomeo enumerou un total de 1022 estrelas en 48 constelacións. (entre os cales hai uns 5 obxectos similares a estrelas como cúmulos de estrelas globulares). É unha táboa de coordenadas das estrelas cunha descrición das súas posicións na constelación (como "estrela no cóbado de X, lonxitude, latitude, magnitude"). Con respecto á precesión, Ptolomeo utilizou as coordenadas da eclíptica. Como un dos primeiros da súa época, Ptolomeo incluíu a magnitude, unha escala cuantitativa de brillo estelar, probablemente adoptada de Hiparco (o que non é seguro porque o catálogo de Hiparco non se conserva). A escala comeza coa estrela máis brillante coa magnitude 1, baixando a magnitude 6, para as estrelas visibles máis tenues.
    
    <p>Para o cálculo das posicións dos planetas Ptolomeo utilizou un modelo xeocéntrico (que está permitido porque o observador sempre está na Terra) e, polo tanto, contribuíu á crenza científica de que o modelo heliocéntrico de Aristarco non era necesario. Porén, para o catálogo de estrelas do <i>Almaxesto</i> isto non importa nada porque un catálogo de estrelas representa sempre unha especie de inventario dos puntos fixos no ceo e o obxectivo proclamado por Ptolomeo do catálogo é proporcionar unha listaxe para facer un globo celeste (véxase Alm., VIII, 3). Era consciente da precesión que quería para facilitar o negocio dos futuros fabricantes de globos mediante coordenadas eclípticas: A precesión coñecida por Ptolomeo move todas as estrelas paralelas á eclíptica, polo tanto, as actualizacións á época do respectivo fabricante de globos podería ser aplicada mediante unha simple resta do valor da lonxitude da eclíptica.</p>
    
    ### Como se fixo esta cultura do ceo
    
    ### Nomes de estrelas
    
    De máis de 1.000 estrelas, Ptolomeo menciona un nome propio para só 15. O resto identifícanse mediante descricións bastante longas como "A estrela encendida no extremo da cola" para Polaris. Para evitar mostrar etiquetas tan longas pola pantalla en Stellarium, inventamos etiquetas curtas para todas ass estrelas do Almaxesto en función da constelación e da orde na que aparecen no catálogo. Por exemplo, Polaris recibe a designación "UMi 1" porque é a primeira estrela da constelación da Osa Menor (UMi). Comproba a táboa a continuación para a correspondencia entre as constelacións de Ptolomeo e as abreviaturas IAU. Ademais, onde Ptolomeo describe unha estrela como situada fóra da figura, utilizamos letras minúsculas na etiqueta correspondente. Para ver a descrición longa para unha estrela determinada, os usuarios deberían activar "Usar nomes adicionais de estrelas" no ficheiro "Ver a configuración [F4]/Ceo" e facer clic na estrela. A descrición longa aparecerá entón na parte superior da pantalla. 
    
    ### Liñas de constelación O proceso pódese describir como se indica aquí co exemplo de Corvus:
    
    Na constelación de Corvus (Corvo), &alpha; Crv é a estrela na &quot;cabeza do corvo&quot;. Está conectada coa &quot;estrela do pescozo&quot;, &epsilon; Crv. Esta está conectada coa &quot;estrela do peito&quot; &zeta; Crv. Dende alí van dúas liñas ata as puntas das ás. &gamma; Crv é a estrela da á avanzada e &delta; Crv a estrela na á traseira. Da estrela no peito outra liña vai ó &quot;pé do corvo&quot;, a estrela &beta; Crv.
    
    <p><img width="800" src="illustrations/corvus_s.png" /></p>
    <p>Despois de identificar as estrelas en función das súas coordenadas e nomes, nós volveu conectar as estrelas segundo as descricións da táboa presentado no <i>Almaxesto</i>.</p>
    <p>
    Os nomes das estrelas e os nomes dos obxectos do ceo profundo dependen só do Almaxesto, p.e. Ptolomeo usa o nome &quot;&lambda;&alpha;&mu;&pi;&alpha;&delta;&#943;&alpha;&sigmaf; (O Facho)&quot; para Aldebarán na súa outra obra, o<i>Tetrabiblos</i>, pero isto non se aplica nesta cultura do ceo porque non aparece no Almaxesto.</p>
    
    A seguinte táboa mostra o nome orixinal da constelación en grego e a súa tradución ó galego (columnas 2 e 3) e indica as nosas incertezas na reconstrución (columna 6).
    
    <table>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><b>Abreviatura</b></td>
    	<td><b>Nomer orixinasl</b></td>
    	<td><b>Tradución</b> (directa)</td>
    	<td><b>Nome IAU (Latín)</b></td>
    	<td><b>Suxestións sobre a constelación</b></td>
    	<td><b>Liberdade artística</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>UMi</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Mu;&iota;&kappa;&rho;&#942; &#702;&#714;&Alpha;&rho;&kappa;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Osa Menor</td>
    	<td><notr>Ursa Minor</notr></td>
    	<td>como a constelación IAU</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>UMa</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Mu;&epsilon;&gamma;&alpha;&lambda;&#942; &#702;&#714;&Alpha;&rho;&kappa;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Osas maior</td>
    	<td><notr>Ursa Major</notr></td>
    	<td>como a constelación IAU</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Dra</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Delta;&rho;&#940;&kappa;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    	<td>Dragón</td>
    	<td><notr>Draco</notr></td>
    	<td>todos os triángulos ou cadrados son vértebras ou partes do corpo; a liña na cabeza é a lingua</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Cep</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Kappa;&eta;&phi;&epsilon;&#973;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Cefeo</td>
    	<td><notr>Cefeus</notr></td>
    	<td>rei, boca abaixo </td>
    	<td>tres estrelas de cabeza forman unha tiara; &beta; vista como parte do cinto, aínda que o Almaxesto di debaixo do cinto
    </td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Boo</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Beta;&omicron;&#974;&tau;&eta;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Labrego</td>
    	<td><notr>Bo&ouml;tes</notr></td>
    	<td>ten un caxato de pastor na man (&omega;)</td>
    	<td>a estrela HIP 72582 engadiuse como estrela do pescozo</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>CrB</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Sigma;&tau;&#941;&phi;&alpha;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Coroa</td>
    	<td><notr>Corona Borealis</notr></td>
    	<td>como a constelación IAU; non hai detalles para as liñas no texto</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Her</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#703;&Epsilon;&nu;&gamma;&#972;&nu;&alpha;&sigma;&iota;&nu;</notr></td>
    	<td>Axeonllado</td>
    	<td><notr>Hercules</notr></td>
    	<td>unha das estrelas do pé é a parte superior dos acompañantes de Bootes
    </td>
    	<td>a estrela HIP 82764 engadiuse como estrela do pescozo
    </td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Lyr</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Lambda;&#973;&rho;&alpha;</notr></td>
    	<td>Lira</td>
    	<td><notr>Lyra</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Cyg</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#702;&#714;&Omicron;&rho;&nu;&iota;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Paxaro</td>
    	<td><notr>Cygnus</notr></td>
    	<td>cisne con patas</td>
    	<td>Puntas das ás cvonectadas coa cola</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Cas</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Kappa;&alpha;&sigma;&sigma;&iota;&#941;&pi;&epsilon;&iota;&alpha;</notr></td>
    	<td>Casiopea</td>
    	<td><notr>Cassiopeia</notr></td>
    	<td>Raíña sentada nun trono</td>
    	<td>para evitar confusións non debuxamos o trono</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Per</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Pi;&epsilon;&rho;&sigma;&epsilon;&#973;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Perseo</td>
    	<td><notr>Perseus</notr></td>
    	<td>Cúmulo estelar dobre NGC 869 e NGC 884 como Obxectos do Ceo Profundo - &gt;unha das estrelas do cúmulo utilizouse para oi debuxo</td>
    	<td>Unha das estrelas na cabeza da gorgona engadiuse para que a cabeza pareza máis esférica</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Aur</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#703;&Eta;&nu;&#943;&omicron;&chi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Auriga</td>
    	<td><notr>Auriga</notr></td>
    	<td>leva roupa longa; prenda limitada nos ombreiros e no baixo</td>
    	<td>&omicron; Aur engadiuse como estrela do pescozo; 1 Aur engadiuse como estrela da basta</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Oph</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#702;&Omicron;&phi;&iota;&omicron;&#973;&chi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Portador da serpe</td>
    	<td><notr>Ophiuchus</notr></td>
    	<td>ten unha serope na man</td>
    	<td>engadiuse unha estrela como estrela do pescozo</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Ser</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#702;&#714;&Omicron;&phi;&iota;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Serpe</td>
    	<td><notr>Serpens</notr></td>
    	<td>dúas partes diferenciadas (cabeza e cola); o cadrado é cabeza
    </td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Sge</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#702;&Omicron;&iota;&sigma;&tau;&#972;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Frecha</td>
    	<td><notr>Sagitta</notr></td>
    	<td>Como a constelacióñn IAU, &eta; falta Sge</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Aql</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#702;&Alpha;&epsilon;&tau;&#972;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Aguia</td>
    	<td><notr>Aquila</notr></td>
    	<td>&tau; Aql como estrela principal, &beta; como pescozo, Altair está entre os ombreiros, &gamma; e &mu; son os ombreiros</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Del</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Delta;&epsilon;&lambda;&phi;&#943;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Golfiño</td>
    	<td><notr>Delphinus</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>forma refinada</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Equ</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Pi;&rho;&omicron;&tau;&omicron;&mu;&#942;</notr></td>
    	<td>Busto [de cabalo]</td>
    	<td><notr>Equuleus</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Peg</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#703;&#714;&Iota;&pi;&pi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Cabalo</td>
    	<td><notr>Pegasus</notr></td>
    	<td>con melena e unha á</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>And</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#702;&Alpha;&nu;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&mu;&#941;&delta;&alpha;</notr></td>
    	<td>Andrómeda</td>
    	<td class='latin'><notr>Andromeda</notr></td>
    	<td>dress and belt</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Tri</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Tau;&rho;&#943;&gamma;&omega;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Triángulo</td>
    	<td><notr>Triangulum</notr></td>
    	<td>hai catro estrelas &#61664; a estrela media está nun lado</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Ari</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Kappa;&rho;&iota;&#972;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Carneiro</td>
    	<td><notr>Aries</notr></td>
    	<td>cabeza virada; só un corno</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Tau</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&#771;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Touro</td>
    	<td><notr>Taurus</notr></td>
    	<td>medio corpo, só dúas patas visibles; dirección da vista cara ó observador</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Gem</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Delta;&#943;&delta;&upsilon;&mu;&omicron;&iota;</notr></td>
    	<td>Xemelgos</td>
    	<td><notr>Gemini</notr></td>
    	<td>unha estrela en común; tocándose coas mans</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Cnc</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Kappa;&alpha;&rho;&kappa;&#943;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Cangrexo</td>
    	<td><notr>Cancer</notr></td>
    	<td>corpo cadrado</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Leo</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Lambda;&#941;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    	<td>León</td>
    	<td><notr>Leo</notr></td>
    	<td>mandíbulas abertas</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Vir</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Pi;&alpha;&rho;&theta;&#941;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Doncela</td>
    	<td><notr>Virgo</notr></td>
    	<td>sen a cabeza separada</td>
    	<td>estrelas máis débiles engadidas para debuxar as ás</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Lib</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Chi;&eta;&lambda;&alpha;&#943;</notr></td>
    	<td>Poutas [do Escopión]</td>
    	<td><notr>Libra</notr></td>
    	<td>Ptolomeo sempre usa o termo &quot;poutas&quot;, nunca &quot;balanza&quot;.</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Sco</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&rho;&pi;&#943;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Escorpión</td>
    	<td><notr>Scorpius</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td> brazos engadidos arredor da cabeza: &nu; e &rho;</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Sgr</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Tau;&omicron;&xi;&#972;&tau;&eta;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Arqueiro</td>
    	<td><notr>Sagittarius</notr></td>
    	<td>un centauro con arco por diante; or detrás un &bdquo;manto&ldquo;</td>
    	<td>incluímos moitas estrelas tenues figura do pau para que a imaxe sexa clara.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Cap</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Alpha;&#943;&gamma;&#972;&kappa;&epsilon;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>O do corno de cabra</td>
    	<td><notr>Capricornus</notr></td>
    	<td>cola de peixe; dúas patas visibles</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Aqr</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#703;&Upsilon;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&chi;&#972;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Augador</td>
    	<td><notr>Aquarius</notr></td>
    	<td>auga fóra da xerra</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Psc</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#702;&Iota;&chi;&theta;&#973;&epsilon;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>[2] Peixe</td>
    	<td><notr>Pisces</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>peixe do norte: 68(h), 67(k) e 65(i) descrito como cabeza no Almaxesto pero tomámolos como aleta porque a boca debería estar en g e &tau; Psc. Cambio adicional na aleta caudal: estendido a &rho;</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Cet</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Kappa;&eta;&#771;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Monstro mariño</td>
    	<td><notr>Cetus</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>O corpo non pasa pola estrela &tau;, senón pola estrela &upsilon;</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Ori</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#702;&Omega;&rho;&#943;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    	<td>Orión</td>
    	<td class='latin'><notr>Orion</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>A &quot;cabeza&quot; está etiquetada como &quot;nebulosa&quot; o que significa que Ptolomeo interpretou &phi;<sub>1</sub>, &phi;<sub>2</sub>, e &lambda;, xunto con estrelas máis tenues ntre elas coma un &quot;cúmulo&quot; (ou asociación que está máis extendida cá moderna &quot;&lambda; Ori Assoc.&quot;). A cabeza xa non ten conexión directa coas estrelas dos ombreiros, senón unha conexión cunha estrela entre as estrelas dos ombreiros.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Eri</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Pi;&omicron;&tau;&alpha;&mu;&omicron;&#972;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Río [sen nome</td>
    	<td><notr>Eridanus</notr></td>
    	<td>Como a constelación IAU, pero máis curta</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Lep</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Lambda;&alpha;&gamma;&omega;&#771;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Lebre</td>
    	<td><notr>Lepus</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>tómanse as "4 estrelas sobre a orella" como orella</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>CMa</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Kappa;&#973;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    	<td>Can</td>
    	<td><notr>Canis Major</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>CMi</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Pi;&rho;&omicron;&kappa;&#973;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    	<td>A anterior ó can</td>
    	<td><notr>Canis Minor</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>No Almaxesto, o nome da constelación é &quot;A anterior ó can&quot; ou &quot;Presaxio de Sirio&quot; como di Toomer. Non obstante, &beta; CMi chámase &quot;o pescozo&quot; (descoñécese de quen).</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Arg</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#702;&Alpha;&rho;&gamma;&omega;</notr></td>
    	<td>O barco &quot;Argo&quot;</td>
    	<td><notr>Argo</notr></td>
    	<td>menor cá suma das constelacións IAU Pup+Pyx+Car+Vel</td>
    	<td>Moitas estrelas non integradas na constelación, para crear unha forma de barco; en moitas representacións (incluíndo o antigo globo farnese), só se pinta a metade dun barco.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Hya</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#703;&#714;&Upsilon;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Serpe de auga</td>
    	<td><notr>Hydra</notr></td>
    	<td>como as constelación IAU</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Crt</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Kappa;&rho;&alpha;&tau;&#768;&eta;&rho;</notr></td>
    	<td>Krater (vaso)</td>
    	<td><notr>Crater</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>un Krater é un recipiente grego para mesturar viño, semella unha ánfora ou vaso: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krater">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krater</a> Ptolomeo describe só unha estrela no pé (&alpha; Crt) e dúas asas (&eta;, &theta; Crt)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Crv</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Kappa;&oacute;&rho;&alpha;&xi;</notr></td>
    	<td>Corvo</td>
    	<td><notr>Corvus</notr></td>
    	<td>como a constelación IAU</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Cen</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Kappa;&#941;&nu;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Centauro</td>
    	<td><notr>Centaurus</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>desviación da descrición: HIP 65373 en lugar de &omega; Cen (cúmulo) tomouna como estrela na parte traseira. &lsquo;Thyrsus&lsquo; non se puxo (para evitar confusións); engadiuse un brazo cara atrás.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Lup</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Theta;&eta;&rho;&#943;&omicron;&nu;</notr></td>
    	<td>Besta</td>
    	<td><notr>Lupus</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>&beta; descrita como &lsquo;Final da patas traseira&lsquo; -> tomada como estrela na barriga; &tau;<sub>1</sub> como pata traseira; &chi; na cabeza, porque doutro xeito non teria forma; HIP 73493 considñérase a pata dianteira.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Ara</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Theta;&upsilon;&mu;&iota;&alpha;&tau;&#942;&rho;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</notr></td>
    	<td>Altar</td>
    	<td><notr>Ara</notr></td>
    	<td>como a constelación IAU</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>CrA</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Sigma;&tau;&#941;&phi;&alpha;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf; &Nu;&#972;&tau;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Coroa do sur</td>
    	<td><notr>Corona Australis</notr></td>
    	<td>como a constelación IAU; hai incerteza coas estrelas que só obtiveron un número BSC no Almaxest, porque non se identifican claramente no Stellarium</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>PsA</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Nu;&#972;&tau;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf; &#702;&Iota;&chi;&theta;&#973;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Peixe do sur</td>
    	<td><notr>Piscis Austrinus</notr></td>
    	<td>o peixe está deitado de costas</td>
    	<td>o peixe está aparentemente morto: a barriga cara arriba, ou pode ser unha anguía coa espiña retorcida; engadimos algunhas estrelas para marcar a aleta caudal cuxa punta se dá como &beta; PsA</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ### Uso correcto
    
    Esta cultura do ceo débese a un ano de investigación dun estudante. Ofrecemos isto de balde pero os autores das contribucións certamente merecen ser citados segundo as regras comúns. Grazas!
    
    ### Grazas
    
    Os autores agradecen a Patrick Gleason e Georg Zotti a corrección de probas en inglés e as interesantes discusións.

note: Greek (Almagest) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was compiled and added to Stellarium by Alina Schmidt, Lea Jabschinski, Marie von Seggern and Susanne M. Hoffmann: service@uhura-uraniae.com
    
    Written in English: the authors
gl: Esta cultura do ceo foi compilada e engadida a Stellarium por Alina Schmidt,
    Lea Jabschinski, Marie von Seggern e Susanne M. Hoffmann:
    service@uhura-uraniae.com
    
    Escrito en Inglés: os autores

note: Greek (Dante) sky culture name
en: Greek (Dante)
gl: Grego (Dante)

note: Greek (Dante) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Dante Alighieri mentions several stars and a few constellations: predominantly, the zodiacal constellation of Gemini. The Twins occurs in his texts (in the comedia as well as his poems). As Dante is not an astronomer but a person with broad knowledge, his view of the constellations is highly like not based upon observations of the sky but on manuscripts that he read. Therefore, we chose to take the zodiacal constellation images from Michael Scotus whose manuscript was very popular in Dante's time.
    
    Dante Alighieri was a citizen of Florence, Italy, who was later banned and lived at several places in Northern Italy. The comedia was written around 1300 but finished only short before his death in 1321. It is commonly assumed that the story plays in around the Christian festival of Easter in 1300 CE.
gl: Dante Alighieri menciona varias estrelas e algunhas constelacións: predominantemente, a constelación zodiacal de Géminis. Os xemelgos aparecen nos seus textos (na comedia así como nos seus poemas). Como Dante non é un astrónomo senón unha persoa con amplos coñecementos, a súa visión das constelacións non se basea en observacións do ceo senón en manuscritos que leu. Por iso, optamos por tomar as imaxes da constelación zodiacal de Michael Scotus, cuxo manuscrito era moi popular na época de Dante.
    
    Dante Alighieri era un cidadán de Florencia, Italia, que máis tarde foi prohibido e viviu en varios lugares do norte de Italia. A comedia foi escrita arredor do 1300 pero rematouna pouco antes da súa morte en 1321. Normalmente asúmese que a historia se desenvolve arredor da festa cristiá da Pascua en 1300 d.C.

note: Greek (Dante) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### How this Sky Culture was made
    
    The Dante experts of the German Dante Society selected some text passages with astronomical references in order to present them at Planetarium Jena in the dome. Professor Blume's suggestion that Dante likely had Michael Scotus's drawings of the constellations in mind was accepted. Therefore, we copied these drawings and mapped them onto the stars. The "16" bright stars that are mentioned by Dante are usually interpreted by romanists as the stars of first magnitude in the Almagest. Therefore, these stars where highlighted with the "star"-symbol in Stellarium. Additionally, we painted a chariot (wagon) and a horn.
    
    Dante calls the seven bright stars of Ursa Major "The Chariot", the constellation of Ursa Minor "The Horn", and possibly refers to Corona Borealis when he mentions a ring of stars. The latter interpretation is in our view unlikely but is discussed among researchers which is why we marked the stars of Corona Borealis as it is described in the Almagest.
gl: ### Como se fixo esta Cultura do Ceo
    
    Os expertos en Dante da Sociedade Alemá Dante seleccionaron algunhas pasaxes de texto con referencias astronómicas para presentalas no Planetario Jena na cúpula. A suxestión do profesor Blume de que Dante probablemente tiña en mente os debuxos das constelacións de Michael Scotus foi aceptada. Por iso, copiamos estes debuxos e mapeámolos nas estrelas. As "16" estrelas brillantes que menciona Dante adoitan ser interpretadas polos romanistas como as estrelas de primeira magnitude no Almaxesto. Polo tanto, estas estrelas foron destacadas co símbolo "estrela" en Stellarium. Ademais, pintamos un carro (vagón) e un corno.
    
    Dante chama ás sete estrelas brillantes da Osa Maior "O Carro", á constelación da Osa Menor "O Corno", e posiblemente se refire á Coroa Boreal cando menciona un anel de estrelas. Esta última interpretación é, ao noso xuízo, improbable, pero é discutida entre os investigadores, polo que marcamos as estrelas da Coroa Boreal tal e como se describe no Almaxesto.

note: Greek (Dante) sky culture references section in markdown format
en: - [#1]: The Italian Dante Society (Societá Dantesca Italiana) provides Dante's work online: [Dante_Online](https://danteonline.it/opere/index.php).
gl: - [#1]: A Sociedade Dante Italiana (Societá Dantesca Italiana) ofrece o traballo de Dante en liña: [Dante_Online](https://danteonline.it/opere/index.php).

note: Greek (Dante) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was added to Stellarium by Susanne M. Hoffmann (service@uhura-uraniae.com) as a byproduct of a collaboration with Prof. Dr. Dieter Blume (Art History, FSU Jena, Germany), The German Dante Society (Deutsche Dante Gesellschaft) and Planetarium Jena.
    
    Written in English: Susanne M. Hoffmann.
    
    ### Notes
    
    Region of origin: Florence, Italy; this single sky culture was made for use in research.
    
    ### Fair Use
    
    We provide this sky culture free of charge, but the authors deserve to be cited according to the usual rules. Thank you!
    
    Susanne M Hoffmann, Dieter Blume, Karl Ph. Ellerbrock, Eduardo Castadura, Bodo Zöll (2022)
gl: Esta cultura do ceo foi engadida a Stellarium por Susanne M. Hoffmann (service@uhura-uraniae.com) como subproduto dunha colaboración co profesor Dr. Dieter Blume (Historia da Arte, FSU Jena, Alemaña), a Sociedade Alemá de Dante (Deutsche Dante Gesellschaft) e o Planetarium Jena.
    
    Escrito en inglés: Susanne M. Hoffmann.
    
    ### Notas
    
    Rexión de orixe: Florencia, Italia; esta única cultura do ceo foi creada para o seu uso na investigación.
    
    ### Uso xusto
    
    Ofrecemos esta cultura do ceo de balde, pero os autores merecen ser citados segundo as regras habituais. Grazas!
    
    Susanne M Hoffmann, Dieter Blume, Karl Ph. Ellerbrock, Eduardo Castadura, Bodo Zöll (2022)

note: Greek (Farnese + Almagest) sky culture name
en: Greek (Farnese + Almagest)
gl: Grego (Farnese + Almagest)

note: Greek (Farnese + Almagest) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: This ancient Greek celestial culture is based on the marble globe of the Atlas statue in the Villa Farnese (Naples). The statue dates to the 2nd century AD, i.e. Roman times. However, it is a copy of an older Greek model, which itself has not survived.
gl: Esta antiga cultura celeste grega está baseada no globo de mármore da
    estatua do Atlas na Vila Farnese (Nápoles). A estatua data do século II
    d.C., é dicir, época romana. Non obstante, é unha copia dun modelo grego
    máis antigo que non sobreviviu.

note: Greek (Farnese + Almagest) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: The marble globe only depicts figures and no stars. The globe has a diameter of about 65 cm. The figures were not aligned according to exact point coordinates, but in a grid: the ecliptic, the celestial equator, the tropics and the polar circles provide orientation in terms of position in "latitude circles" on the celestial sphere, while the coluric circles provide a four-way division in "longitude circles". Ancient globe makers used this very coarse-meshed grid to adjust the figure drawings.
    
    The images of the globe therefore clearly show that the stonemason who created the globe had the popular doctrinal poem by Aratos of Soloi (~300 BCE) in mind. There is no reason for the claim - often inflated by popular science - that this marble globe was carved according to Hipparchus' star catalogue. This thesis has been repeatedly raised over the past ~200 years, but regularly dismissed: Both mathematical arguments and artistic representations speak against it.
    
    <p><img width="800" src="illustrations/Atlas_(Farnese_Globe).jpg"/></p>
    <p><i>Photograph of the reconstructed statue of the Atlas Farnese (Gabriel Seah, CC BY-SA-3.0, 9. Juli 2006, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples).</i></p>
    
    Only the torso of the man was preserved and with broken elbows: everything below the hip has been supplemented in a modern way. In this form, the sculpture is 2.10 m high. The sculpture of the globe with constellations, which is important for us, is original, but has a large hole at the north pole - presumably it was anchored there to other parts of the architecture. Therefore, the circumpolar constellations of the two she-bears and parts of the dragon are missing.
    
    ### How was this Sky Culture made?
    
    The illustrations of the individual figures were copied from the marble globe as pencil sketches. Stellarium works with point coordinates of the modern HIPPARCOS catalogue (produced by an astrometry satellite), so that the historical drawings have to be locked at three points (stars) each. Since this sometimes leads to distortions in historical figures (the marble globe is not a perfect sphere, the figures were not fitted according to point coordinates), this was done here "by eye" - just as by the historical stonemason.
    
    The names of the constellations and individual stars were taken from the Almagest star catalogue, which also dates from the 2nd century (i.e. the reign of the Roman Emperor Hadrian) and - as was customary at the time - was written in Greek as scientific literature.
    
    The marble globe was a decorative element in a building, probably a particularly elaborate capital. It has no scientific accuracy. Therefore, some drawings in relief deviate from the exact star positions of the star catalogue: e.g. the Twins (Gemini) are moved slightly to the side to show the figure completely, although the lower part of this celestial region would be covered by the hand of the Atlas statue. There are similar distortions in the Scorpion.
    
    The following table lists the original Greek names of the constellations in columns 2 and 3, and in column 4 the image on the globe.
    
    <p>
    <table>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><b>Abbreviation</b></td>
    		<td><b>Original Name</b></td>
    		<td><b>Translation</b> (literally)</td>
    		<td><b>Picture</b></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>UMi</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Mu;&iota;&kappa;&rho;&#942; &#702;&#714;&Alpha;&rho;&kappa;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Little She-Bear</td>
    		<td>missing</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>UMa</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Mu;&epsilon;&gamma;&alpha;&lambda;&#942; &#702;&#714;&Alpha;&rho;&kappa;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Great She-Bear</td>
    		<td>missing</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Dra</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Delta;&rho;&#940;&kappa;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>Dragon</td>
    		<td>only the head and one bend are depicted<br /><img width="255" src="illustrations/dra_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Cep</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Kappa;&eta;&phi;&epsilon;&#973;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>King Kepheus</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cep_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Boo</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Beta;&omicron;&#974;&tau;&eta;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Ploughing Man</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/boo_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>CrB</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Sigma;&tau;&#941;&phi;&alpha;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Wreath</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/crb_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Her</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Epsilon;&nu;&gamma;&#972;&nu;&alpha;&sigma;&iota;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>Kneeler</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/her_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Lyr</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Lambda;&#973;&rho;&alpha;</notr></td>
    		<td>Lyre (a Greek instrument)</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/lyr_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Cyg</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&#714;&Omicron;&rho;&nu;&iota;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Bird [not specified]</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cyg_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Cas</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Kappa;&alpha;&sigma;&sigma;&iota;&#941;&pi;&epsilon;&iota;&alpha;</notr></td>
    		<td>Queen Kassiepeia</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cas_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Per</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Pi;&epsilon;&rho;&sigma;&epsilon;&#973;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Perseus</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/per_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Aur</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#703;&Eta;&nu;&#943;&omicron;&chi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Charioteer</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/aur_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Oph + Ser</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Omicron;&phi;&iota;&omicron;&#973;&chi;&omicron;&sigmaf; + &#702;&#714;&Omicron;&phi;&iota;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Snake Carrier, Snake</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/oph_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Sge</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Omicron;&iota;&sigma;&tau;&#972;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Arrow</td>
    		<td>missing</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Aql</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Alpha;&epsilon;&tau;&#972;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Eagle</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/aql_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Del</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Delta;&epsilon;&lambda;&phi;&#943;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Dolphin</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/del_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Equ</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Pi;&rho;&omicron;&tau;&omicron;&mu;&#942;</notr></td>
    		<td>Bust [of a horse]</td>
    		<td>missing (stars belong to Dolphin)</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Peg</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#703;&#714;&Iota;&pi;&pi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Horse [unnamed]</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/peg_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>And</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Alpha;&nu;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&mu;&#941;&delta;&alpha;</notr></td>
    		<td>Princess Andromeda</td>
    		<td><img width="355" src="illustrations/and_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Tri</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Tau;&rho;&#943;&gamma;&omega;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Triangle</td>
    		<td>missing</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Ari</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Kappa;&rho;&iota;&#972;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Ram</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/ari_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Tau</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&#771;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Bull</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/tau_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Gem</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Delta;&#943;&delta;&upsilon;&mu;&omicron;&iota;</notr></td>
    		<td>Twins</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/gem_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Cnc</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Kappa;&alpha;&rho;&kappa;&#943;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Cancer</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cnc_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Leo</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Lambda;&#941;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>Lion</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/leo_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Vir</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Pi;&alpha;&rho;&theta;&#941;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Young Lady</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/vir_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Lib</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Chi;&eta;&lambda;&alpha;&#943;</notr></td>
    		<td>Claws [of the Scorpion carrying a Balance]</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/lib.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Sco</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&rho;&pi;&#943;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Scorpion</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/sco_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Sgr</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Tau;&omicron;&xi;&#972;&tau;&eta;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Archer (two legs: this is satyr Kroton, not the centaur Cheiron)</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/sgr_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Cap</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Alpha;&#943;&gamma;&#972;&kappa;&epsilon;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>the One with Horns of a Goat</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cap.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Aqr</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#703;&Upsilon;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&chi;&#972;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Water-Pourer</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/aqr_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Psc</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Iota;&chi;&theta;&#973;&epsilon;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Two Fishes</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/psc_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Cet</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Kappa;&eta;&#771;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Sea Monster</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cet_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Ori</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Omega;&rho;&#943;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>Orion</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/ori_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Eri</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Pi;&omicron;&tau;&alpha;&mu;&#972;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>River [unnamed]</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/eri.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr>
    		<td><notr>Lep</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Lambda;&alpha;&gamma;&omega;&#771;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Hare</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/lep_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>CMa</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Kappa;&#973;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>Dog</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cma_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>CMi</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Pi;&rho;&omicron;&kappa;&#973;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>The asterism before the Dog</td>
    		<td>missing [covered by the hand of Atlas]</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Arg</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Alpha;&rho;&gamma;&omega;</notr></td>
    		<td>Ship &quot;Argo&quot;</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/arg_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Hya + Crt + Crv</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#703;&#714;&Upsilon;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf; + &Kappa;&rho;&alpha;&tau;&#942;&rho; + &Kappa;&oacute;&rho;&alpha;&xi;</notr></td>
    		<td>Watersnake + Crater + Raven</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/hya_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Cen</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Kappa;&#941;&nu;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Kentauros</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cen_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Lup</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Theta;&eta;&rho;&#943;&omicron;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>Monster</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/lup_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Ara</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Theta;&upsilon;&mu;&iota;&alpha;&tau;&#942;&rho;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>Altar</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/ara_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>CrA</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Sigma;&tau;&#941;&phi;&alpha;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf; &Nu;&#972;&tau;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Southern Wreath</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cra_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>PsA</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Nu;&#972;&tau;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf; &#702;&Iota;&chi;&theta;&#973;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Southern Fish</td>
    		<td>missing [covered by the shoulder of Atlas]</td>
    	</tr>
    </table></p>
    
    ### Fair Use
    
    We provide this sky culture free of charge, but the authors deserve to be cited according to the usual rules. Thank you!
gl: O globo de mármore só representa figuras e non estrelas. O globo terráqueo
    ten un diámetro duns 65 cm. As figuras non estaban aliñadas segundo
    coordenadas puntuais exactas, senón nunha cuadrícula: a eclíptica, o ecuador
    celeste, os trópicos e os círculos polares proporcionan orientación en
    termos de posición nos "círculos de latitude" da esfera celeste, mentres que
    os círculos colúricos proporcionan unha división de catro vías en "círculos
    de lonxitude". Os fabricantes de globos antigos utilizaban esta cuadrícula
    de malla moi grosa para axustar os debuxos das figuras.
    
    As imaxes do globo mostran claramente que o canteiro que creou o globo
    terrestre tiña en mente o popular poema doutrinal de Aratos de Soloi (~ 300
    a.C.). Non hai ningunha razón - a miúdo inflada pola ciencia popular - para
    afirmar que este globo de mármore foi esculpido segundo o catálogo de
    estrelas de Hiparco. Esta tese foi plantexada repetidamente nos últimos ~
    200 anos, pero rexeitada regularmente: tanto os argumentos matemáticos coma
    as representacións artísticas falan en contra.
    
    <p><img width="800" src="illustrations/Atlas_(Farnese_Globe).jpg"/></p>
    <p><i>Photograph of the reconstructed statue of the Atlas Farnese (Gabriel
    Seah, CC BY-SA-3.0, 9. Juli 2006, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples).</i></p>
    
    Só se conservou o torso do home cos cóbados rotos: todo debaixo da cadeira
    complementouse de xeito moderno. A escultura ten unha altura de 2,10 m. A
    escultura do globo terráqueo con constelacións, que é importante para nós, é
    orixinal, pero ten un gran burato no polo norte, presuntamente estaba
    ancorada alí a outras partes da arquitectura. Polo tanto, faltan as
    constelacións circumpolares das dúas osas e partes do dragón.
    
    ### Como se fixo esta cultura do ceo?
    
    As ilustracións das figuras individuais copiáronse do globo de mármore como
    borradores a lapis. Stellarium funciona coas coordenadas puntuais do
    catálogo moderno HIPPARCOS (producido por un satélite de astrometría), de
    xeito que os debuxos históricos teñen que estar ancorados en tres puntos
    (estrelas) cada un. Dado que ás veces isto leva a distorsións en figuras
    históricas (o globo de mármore non é unha esfera perfecta, as figuras non se
    axustaban segundo as coordenadas dos puntos), isto fíxose aquí "a ollo",
    igual que o canteiro histórico.
    
    Os nomes das constelacións e das estrelas individuais tomáronse do catálogo
    de estrelas de Almagest, que tamén data do século II (é dicir, o reinado do
    emperador romano Adriano) e - como era costume na época - foi escrito en
    grego como literatura científica.
    
    O globo de mármore era un elemento decorativo nun edificio, probablemente un
    capitel especialmente elaborado. Non ten exactitude científica. Polo tanto,
    algúns debuxos en relevo desvíanse das posicións das estrelas exactas do
    catálogo de estrelas: por exemplo. os xemelgos (Gemini) móvense lixeiramente
    para un lado para amosar a figura completamente, aínda que a parte inferior
    desta rexión celeste estaría cuberta pola man da estatua do Atlas. Hai
    distorsións similares no Escorpión.
    
    A seguinte táboa enumera os nomes gregos orixinais das constelacións nas
    columnas 2 e 3 e na columna 4 a imaxe do globo.
    
    <p>
    <table>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><b>Abreviatura</b></td>
    		<td><b>Nome Orixinal</b></td>
    		<td><b>Tradución</b> (literalmente)</td>
    		<td><b>Imaxe</b></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>UMi</td>
    		<td>&Mu;&iota;&kappa;&rho;&#942; &#702;&#714;&Alpha;&rho;&kappa;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Pequena Osa</td>
    		<td>desaparecida</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>UMa</td>
    		<td>&Mu;&epsilon;&gamma;&alpha;&lambda;&#942; &#702;&#714;&Alpha;&rho;&kappa;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Gran Osa</td>
    		<td>desaparecida</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Dra</td>
    		<td>&Delta;&rho;&#940;&kappa;&omega;&nu;</td>
    		<td>Dragón</td>
    		<td>só se representa a cabeza e unha curva<br /><img width="255" src="illustrations/dra_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Cep</td>
    		<td>&Kappa;&eta;&phi;&epsilon;&#973;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Rei Kepheus</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cep_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Boo</td>
    		<td>&Beta;&omicron;&#974;&tau;&eta;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Home arando</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/boo_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>CrB</td>
    		<td>&Sigma;&tau;&#941;&phi;&alpha;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Coroa de flores</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/crb_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Her</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Epsilon;&nu;&gamma;&#972;&nu;&alpha;&sigma;&iota;&nu;</td>
    		<td>Axeonllado</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/her_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Lyr</td>
    		<td>&Lambda;&#973;&rho;&alpha;</td>
    		<td>Lira (un instrumento grego)</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/lyr_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Cyg</td>
    		<td>&#702;&#714;&Omicron;&rho;&nu;&iota;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Paxaro [non especificado]</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cyg_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Cas</td>
    		<td>&Kappa;&alpha;&sigma;&sigma;&iota;&#941;&pi;&epsilon;&iota;&alpha;</td>
    		<td>Raíña Kassiepeia</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cas_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Per</td>
    		<td>&Pi;&epsilon;&rho;&sigma;&epsilon;&#973;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Perseus</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/per_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Aur</td>
    		<td>&#703;&Eta;&nu;&#943;&omicron;&chi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Auriga</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/aur_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Oph + Ser</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Omicron;&phi;&iota;&omicron;&#973;&chi;&omicron;&sigmaf; + &#702;&#714;&Omicron;&phi;&iota;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Portador de serpes, Serpe</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/oph_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Sge</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Omicron;&iota;&sigma;&tau;&#972;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Frecha</td>
    		<td>desaparecida</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Aql</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Alpha;&epsilon;&tau;&#972;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Aguia</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/aql_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Del</td>
    		<td>&Delta;&epsilon;&lambda;&phi;&#943;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Golfiño</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/del_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Equ</td>
    		<td>&Pi;&rho;&omicron;&tau;&omicron;&mu;&#942;</td>
    		<td>Busto [dun cabalo]</td>
    		<td>faltan (estrelas pertencentes a Golfiño)</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Peg</td>
    		<td>&#703;&#714;&Iota;&pi;&pi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Cabalo [sen nome]</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/peg_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>And</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Alpha;&nu;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&mu;&#941;&delta;&alpha;</td>
    		<td>Princesa Andrómeda</td>
    		<td><img width="355" src="illustrations/and_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Tri</td>
    		<td>&Tau;&rho;&#943;&gamma;&omega;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Triángulo</td>
    		<td>desaparecida</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Ari</td>
    		<td>&Kappa;&rho;&iota;&#972;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Carneiro</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/ari_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Tau</td>
    		<td>&Tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&#771;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Touro</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/tau_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Gem</td>
    		<td>&Delta;&#943;&delta;&upsilon;&mu;&omicron;&iota;</td>
    		<td>Xemelgos</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/gem_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Cnc</td>
    		<td>&Kappa;&alpha;&rho;&kappa;&#943;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Cancer</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cnc_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Leo</td>
    		<td>&Lambda;&#941;&omega;&nu;</td>
    		<td>León</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/leo_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Vir</td>
    		<td>&Pi;&alpha;&rho;&theta;&#941;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Mociña</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/vir_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Lib</td>
    		<td>&Chi;&eta;&lambda;&alpha;&#943;</td>
    		<td>Poutas [do Escorpión que leva unha Balanza]</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/lib.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Sco</td>
    		<td>&Sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&rho;&pi;&#943;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Escorpión</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/sco_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Sgr</td>
    		<td>&Tau;&omicron;&xi;&#972;&tau;&eta;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Arqueiro (dúas patas: este é o sátiro Kroton, non o centauro Cheiron)</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/sgr_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Cap</td>
    		<td>&Alpha;&#943;&gamma;&#972;&kappa;&epsilon;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>O que ten cornos de cabra</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cap.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Aqr</td>
    		<td>&#703;&Upsilon;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&chi;&#972;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Vertedor de Auga</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/aqr_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Psc</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Iota;&chi;&theta;&#973;&epsilon;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Dous Peixes</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/psc_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Cet</td>
    		<td>&Kappa;&eta;&#771;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Monstro do mar</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cet_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Ori</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Omega;&rho;&#943;&omega;&nu;</td>
    		<td>Orion</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/ori_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Eri</td>
    		<td>&Pi;&omicron;&tau;&alpha;&mu;&#972;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Río [sen nome]</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/eri.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr>
    		<td>Lep</td>
    		<td>&Lambda;&alpha;&gamma;&omega;&#771;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Lebre</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/lep_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>CMa</td>
    		<td>&Kappa;&#973;&omega;&nu;</td>
    		<td>Can</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cma_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>CMi</td>
    		<td>&Pi;&rho;&omicron;&kappa;&#973;&omega;&nu;</td>
    		<td>O asterismo antes do Can</td>
    		<td>falta [cuberta pola man de Atlas]</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Arg</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Alpha;&rho;&gamma;&omega;</td>
    		<td>Barco &quot;Argo&quot;</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/arg_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Hya + Crt + Crv</td>
    		<td>&#703;&#714;&Upsilon;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf; + &Kappa;&rho;&alpha;&tau;&#942;&rho; + &Kappa;&oacute;&rho;&alpha;&xi;</td>
    		<td>Serpe de auga + Cráter + Corvo</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/hya_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Cen</td>
    		<td>&Kappa;&#941;&nu;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Centauro</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cen_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Lup</td>
    		<td>&Theta;&eta;&rho;&#943;&omicron;&nu;</td>
    		<td>Monstro</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/lup_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Ara</td>
    		<td>&Theta;&upsilon;&mu;&iota;&alpha;&tau;&#942;&rho;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</td>
    		<td>Altar</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/ara_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>CrA</td>
    		<td>&Sigma;&tau;&#941;&phi;&alpha;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf; &Nu;&#972;&tau;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Coroa do Sur</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cra_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>PsA</td>
    		<td>&Nu;&#972;&tau;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf; &#702;&Iota;&chi;&theta;&#973;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Peixe do Sur</td>
    		<td>falta [cuberta polo ombreiro de Atlas]</td>
    	</tr>
    </table></p>
    
    ### Uso correcto
    
    Ofrecemos esta cultura do ceo gratuitamente, pero os autores merecen ser
    citados segundo as normas habituais. Grazas!

note: Greek (Farnese + Almagest) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed to Stellarium by Susanne M. Hoffmann (service@uhura-uraniae.com).
    
    Written in English: the author.
gl: Esta cultura do ceo foi achegada a Stellarium por Susanne M. Hoffmann
    (service@uhura-uraniae.com).
    
    Escrito en inglés: o autor.

note: Greek (Leiden Aratea + Almagest) sky culture name
en: Greek (Leiden Aratea + Almagest)
gl: Grego (Leiden Aratea + Almagest)

note: Greek (Leiden Aratea + Almagest) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: This is a manuscript from the Carolingian period, two copies of which are known so far. One was found in Metz (France), the other in Leiden (Netherlands). It dates to the reign of the Carolingian king Louis the Pious (778-840), who may have been the patron himself (or his wife).
    
    The manuscript was probably created around 816 to 825 in Aachen or Metz (Lorraine) and was made with such expensive material that a royal patron is suspected. It comprises 99 parchment leaves, each of which measures 22.5 by 20.0 cm (i.e. approximately square with the width of DIN A4). In addition to graphic representations of planetary orbits and other didactic visualisations, this manuscript also contains 35 full-page miniatures depicting the ancient figures behind the constellations.
gl: Trátase dun manuscrito do período carolinxio, do que se coñecían ata agora
    dúas copias. Un atopouse en Metz (Francia), o outro en Leiden (Países
    Baixos). Data do reinado do rei carolinxio Luís o Piadoso (778-840), que
    puido ser o propio financiador (ou a súa muller).
    
    O manuscrito creouse probablemente arredor do 816 ou o 825 en Aquisgrán ou
    Metz (Lorena) e foi feito con material tan caro que se sospeita dun
    finaciamento real. Comprende 99 follas de pergamiño, cada unha das cales
    mide 22,5 por 20,0 cm (é dicir, aproximadamente cadrada co ancho de DIN
    A4). Ademais de representacións gráficas de órbitas planetarias e outras
    visualizacións didácticas, este manuscrito tamén contén 35 miniaturas de
    páxina completa que representan as figuras antigas detrás das constelacións.

note: Greek (Leiden Aratea + Almagest) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: The figures are drawn from a non-preserved Roman model, but not from a globe, so that there is no fit to the stars. The stars themselves are only symbolically distributed on the figures, i.e. the number of stars per figure is marked in the manuscript in the form of applied gold leaves. The gold leaves, however, are not located at the true places of the stars in view of the figure in the sky, but are only indicated summarily. Elly Decker's essay discusses her proposed identifications in detail.
    
    <p><img width="800" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Aratea fol. 3v und 4r.jpg"/></p>
    <p><i>A sample page from the medieval manuscript shows the three cushion images Draco, Ursa Maior and Ursa Minor with the text opposite.</i></p>
    
    ### How this Sky Culture was made
    
    The illustrations of the individual figures were taken directly from the manuscript (provided by Prof. D. Blume, Jena, for planetarium applications). Stellarium works with point coordinates for stars in the catalogue of the astrometry satellite HIPPARCOS, so that the historical drawings have to be locked at three points each. Some of the flat book illustrations had to be distorted slightly on the planetarium dome to fit the stars. Except for the illustration of Scorpius and Ophiuchus, an approximate adjustment was possible.
    
     In a planetarium dome, i.e. against a dark background, the dark blue and black parts of the manuscript are not recognisable. That is why these parts (e.g. the crab as a figure, the horns of the ibex, the goats of the carter...) were colour-inverted. The female bears, which are supposed to be dark, have only been shifted slightly into the red. How the image looks in the original (with its lapis lazuli blue background and the original dark colours) is shown in the table below.
    
    There are some constellations in the Leiden Aratea, in particular Cen + Lup, Vir, Lib are leaving a huge gap in the sky.
    Both, Virgo and Centaur are probably not painted because the painter thought it were variants of the images of Sgr (Cen) and And (Vir).
    The artist of the Leiden Aratea never mapped the images onto the stars.
    In order to make these depictions understandable for us, I mapped them in Stellarium and added the names and stickfigures of the constellations and the names of individual stars from the Almagest.
    The Almagest is a book of mathematical astronomy of the 2nd century (i.e. the reign of the Roman Emperor Hadrian) while Aratos's poem describes a much earlier (~300 BCE) Greek sky culture.
    Both, the Almagest and the poem, are written in Greek originally but the Leiden Aratea presumably refers to a Latin translation of Aratus' poem and Roman artwork.
    
    The following table lists the original names of the constellations in columns 2 and 3. constellations, in column 4 the illustration in the manuscript.
    
    <p>
    <table>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><b>Latin Name, Abbreviation</b></td>
    		<td><b>Original Greek Name</b></td>
    		<td><b>Translation</b> (literally)</td>
    		<td><b>Picture</b></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Ursa Minor, Ursa Maior, Draco<br />UMi, UMa, Dra</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Mu;&iota;&kappa;&rho;&#942; &#702;&#714;&Alpha;&rho;&kappa;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;, &Mu;&epsilon;&gamma;&alpha;&lambda;&#942; &#702;&#714;&Alpha;&rho;&kappa;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;, &Delta;&rho;&#940;&kappa;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>Little She-Bear, Great She-Bear, Dragon (Latin) / Snake (Greek)</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_dra.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>King Cepheus, Cep</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Kappa;&eta;&phi;&epsilon;&#973;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Kepheus</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cep.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Bootes, Boo</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Beta;&omicron;&#974;&tau;&eta;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Ox driver (Latin), Ploughing Man (Greek)</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_boo.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Northern Crown, CrB</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Sigma;&tau;&#941;&phi;&alpha;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Crown (Latin), Wreath (Greek)</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_crB.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Hercules, Her</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Epsilon;&nu;&gamma;&#972;&nu;&alpha;&sigma;&iota;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>Hercules (Latin), Kneeler (Greek)<br />The star between the legs is a well-known mistake in the picture: for this figure the draughtsman obviously took Bootes as a model; leg position, shepherd's crook (instead of club for Hercules) and star between the knees are the same.</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_her.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Lyra, Lyr</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Lambda;&#973;&rho;&alpha;</notr></td>
    		<td>Lyre</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_lyr.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Cygnus, Cyg</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&#714;&Omicron;&rho;&nu;&iota;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Bird [not specified]</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cyg.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Cassiopeia, Cas</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Kappa;&alpha;&sigma;&sigma;&iota;&#941;&pi;&epsilon;&iota;&alpha;</notr></td>
    		<td>Queen Kassiepeia </td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cas.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Perseus, Per</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Pi;&epsilon;&rho;&sigma;&epsilon;&#973;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Perseus<br />mirrored depiction</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_per.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Auriga, Aur</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#703;&Eta;&nu;&#943;&omicron;&chi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Charioteer</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_aur.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Aquila et Sagitta,<br />Aql </notr>and<notr> Sge</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Alpha;&epsilon;&tau;&#972;&sigmaf; </notr>and<notr> &#702;&Omicron;&iota;&sigma;&tau;&#972;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Eagle with Arrow</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_aql.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Delphinus, Del</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Delta;&epsilon;&lambda;&phi;&#943;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Dolphin <br /> In the Greek original (Aratos, ~300 BCE), there was no constellation Equuleus. The Farnese Globe (as well as the Mainz Globe and the Kugel Globe) depicts the Dolphin rather largely, covering the space of Equ. That is why I chose to follow this Aratean tradition also for the Leiden Aratea.</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_del.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Pegasus, Peg</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#703;&#714;&Iota;&pi;&pi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Pegasus (name of a winged horse; Latin), a Horse (Greek)</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_peg.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Andromeda, And</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Alpha;&nu;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&mu;&#941;&delta;&alpha;</notr></td>
    		<td>Princess Andromeda</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_and.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Triangulum, Tri</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Tau;&rho;&#943;&gamma;&omega;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Triangle</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_tri.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Aries, Ari</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Kappa;&rho;&iota;&#972;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Ram<br />(jumping through a ring which is a symbol for the year; Roman new year was in spring).</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_ari.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Taurus, Tau</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&#771;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Bull</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_tau.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>M45, </notr>Pleiades</td>
    		<td></td>
    		<td>The Pleiades<br />or Seven Sisters</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_plei.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Gemini, Gem</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Delta;&#943;&delta;&upsilon;&mu;&omicron;&iota;</notr></td>
    		<td>Twins</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_gem.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Cancer, Cnc</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Kappa;&alpha;&rho;&kappa;&#943;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Cancer<br /><i>The cancer was lightened.</i></td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cnc.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Leo, Leo</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Lambda;&#941;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>Lion<br />mirrored depiction</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_leo.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Virgo, Vir</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Pi;&alpha;&rho;&theta;&#941;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Young Lady<br />Apparently, the manuscript only contains one drawing for figures that are depicted twice: like Sagittarius is depicted as centaur and the constellation Centaur is missing, Andromeda is painted as young lady but the second young lady for the constellation of Virgo is missing.</td>
    		<td>missing</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Libra, Lib</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Chi;&eta;&lambda;&alpha;&#943;</notr></td>
    		<td>Balance (Latin, since 1st century CE in Geminos and Manilius; transferred in a style epoch of Babylonian revival),
    		<br />Claws [of the Scorpion] (Greek)<br />The claws of the Scorpion indeed to cover this area.</td>
    		<td>missing</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Ophiuchus et Serpens, Scorpius,<br />Oph + Ser </notr>and<notr> Sco</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Omicron;&phi;&iota;&omicron;&#973;&chi;&omicron;&sigmaf;, &#702;&#714;&Omicron;&phi;&iota;&sigmaf; </notr>and<notr> &Sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&rho;&pi;&#943;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Snake Carrier and Scorpion (both in the zodiac ever since)<br />mirrored depiction</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_oph.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Sagittarius, Sgr</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Tau;&omicron;&xi;&#972;&tau;&eta;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Archer</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_sgr.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Capricornus, Cap</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Alpha;&#943;&gamma;&#972;&kappa;&epsilon;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>The Goat-Horned One</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cap.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Aquarius, Aqr</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#703;&Upsilon;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&chi;&#972;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Water Pourer<br />mirrored depiction (although front view)</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_aqr.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Pisces, Psc</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Iota;&chi;&theta;&#973;&epsilon;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Fishes</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_psc.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Cetus, Cet</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Kappa;&eta;&#771;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>a Sea Monster named Cetus</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cet.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Orion, Ori</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Omega;&rho;&#943;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>Orion<br /><i>mirrored depiction</i><br />The Hare in this depiction had been deleted and replaced by the Hare from his own single-page painting.</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_ori.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Eridanus, Eri</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Pi;&omicron;&tau;&alpha;&mu;&#972;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>the river Eridanus (Latin), an unnamed River (Greek);<br />here a river god is depicted</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_eri.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr>
    		<td><notr>Lepus, Lep</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Lambda;&alpha;&gamma;&omega;&#771;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Hare<br /><i>shown twice: once between Orion's legs, once separately; for the visualisation we have removed the hare between Orion's legs. The separately illustrated hare runs in the direction of writing, but the hare between Orion's legs runs in the direction of the true course of the sun. The constellation figure should therefore be thought of as mirrored in relation to the illustration in the book: this can be seen in the sketch of the hare between Orion's legs.</i></td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_lep.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Canis Maior, CMa</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Kappa;&#973;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>Dog<br />mirrored depiction of a little dog</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cma.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Canis Minor (Procyon), CMi</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Pi;&rho;&omicron;&kappa;&#973;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>The star in front of the dog <br /> mirrored depiction<br />(an asterism of three stars forming a small dog is already mentioned by Eratosthenes, but the name of the figure was always "Prokyon"). Procyon is a Greek term (with "k") latinized.</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cmi.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Argo, Arg</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Alpha;&rho;&gamma;&omega;</notr></td>
    		<td>Ship &quot;Argo&quot;<br />mirrored depiction</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_arg.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Hydra, Crater, Corvus<br />Hya, Crt, Crv</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#703;&#714;&Upsilon;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;, &Kappa;&rho;&alpha;&tau;&#942;&rho;, &Kappa;&oacute;&rho;&alpha;&xi;</notr></td>
    		<td>Water Snake, a particular vessel (crater), Raven</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_hya.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Centaurus, Cen</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Kappa;&#941;&nu;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Kentauros<br />apparently the constellations that are double have been painted only once: Sagittarius is depicted as centaur in the manuscript, the constellation Centaurus (a centaur with a sacrificial animal) is not depicted<br />(likewise, Andromeda is depicted but not Virgo)</td>
    		<td>missing</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Lupus, Lup</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Theta;&eta;&rho;&#943;&omicron;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>monster<br />(in the Greek original (Aratos, ~300 BCE), Lupus is not a standalone constellation but a composite of the constellation of Centaurus that is missing here).</td>
    		<td>missing</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Ara, Ara</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Theta;&upsilon;&mu;&iota;&alpha;&tau;&#942;&rho;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>Altar</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_ara.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Corona Australis, CrA</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Sigma;&tau;&#941;&phi;&alpha;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf; &Nu;&#972;&tau;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Southern Crown (Latin), Southern Wreath (Greek)</td>
    		<td>missing</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Piscis Austrinus, PsA</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Nu;&#972;&tau;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf; &#702;&Iota;&chi;&theta;&#973;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Southern Fish<br />(had been "Great Fish" for Eratosthenes and Aratus in Greek)<br />It is so darkly drawn here that you would not recognise it in the stars. That is why the colours have been dipped into a blue-green scheme instead of the original red-purple one.</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_psA.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    </table>
    </p>
gl: As figuras están extraídas dun modelo romano non conservado, pero non dun
    globo terráqueo, de xeito que non hai axuste das estrelas. As estrelas en si
    só se distribúen simbolicamente nas figuras, é dicir, o número de estrelas
    por figura márcase no manuscrito en forma de follas de ouro aplicadas. Non
    obstante, as follas de ouro non se atopan nos verdadeiros lugares das
    estrelas á vista da figura do ceo, senón que só se indican de forma
    resumida. O ensaio de Elly Decker discute en detalle as identificacións que
    propón.
    
    <p><img width="800" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Aratea fol. 3v und 4r.jpg"/></p>
    <p><i>Unha páxina de mostra do manuscrito medieval mostra as tres imaxes do
    coxín Draco, Ursa Maior e Ursa Minor co texto oposto.</i></p>
    
    ### Como se fixo esta Cultura do Ceo
    
    As ilustracións das figuras individuais tomáronse directamente do manuscrito
    (proporcionadas polo profesor D. Blume, Jena, para aplicacións de
    planetario). Stellarium funciona con coordenadas puntuais para as estrelas
    no catálogo do satélite de astrometría HIPPARCOS, de xeito que os debuxos
    históricos teñen que estar ancorados en tres puntos cada un. Algunhas das
    ilustracións de libros planos tiveron que distorsionarse lixeiramente na
    cúpula do planetario para axustarse ás estrelas. Salvo a ilustración de
    Escorpio e Ofiúco, foi posible un axuste aproximado.
    
     Nunha cúpula de planetario, é dicir, contra un fondo escuro, as partes azul
    escuro e negras do manuscrito non se recoñecen. É por iso que estas partes
    (por exemplo, o cangrexo como figura, os cornos da cabra montesa, as cabras
    do carreteiro ...) foron invertidas na cor. As osas femia, que se supón que
    son escuras, só se cambiaron lixeiramente ó vermello. Na táboa seguinte
    móstrase o aspecto da imaxe no orixinal (co seu fondo azul lapislázuli e as
    cores escuras orixinais).
    
    Hai algunhas constelacións en Leiden Aratea, en particular Cen + Lup, Vir,
    Lib que deixan un enorme oco no ceo. Ambos, Virgo e Centauro, probablemente
    non estean pintados porque o pintor pensou que eran variantes das imaxes de
    Sgr (Cen) e And (Vir). O artista de Leiden Aratea nunca debuxou nas estrelas
    imaxes. Para que estas representacións fosen comprensibles para min,
    mapeinas en Stellarium e engadín os nomes e as figuras das constelacións e
    os nomes de estrelas individuais do Almagest. O Almagest é un libro de
    astronomía matemática do século II (é dicir, o reinado do emperador romano
    Adriano) mentres que o poema de Aratos describe unha cultura do ceo grega
    moi anterior (~ 300 a.C.). Ambos, o Almagest e o poema, están escritos en
    grego orixinalmente, pero o Leiden Aratea presuntamente refírese a unha
    tradución latina do poema de Aratus e das obras de arte romanas.
    
    A seguinte táboa lista os nomes orixinais das constelacións nas columnas 2 e
    3, constelacións, na columna 4 a ilustración do manuscrito.
    
    <p>
    <table>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><b>Nome latino, Abreviatura</b></td>
    		<td><b>Nome Orixinal Grego</b></td>
    		<td><b>Tradución</b> (literalmente)</td>
    		<td><b>Imaxe</b></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Ursa Minor, Ursa Maior, Draco<br />UMi, UMa, Dra</notr></td>
    		<td>&Mu;&iota;&kappa;&rho;&#942; &#702;&#714;&Alpha;&rho;&kappa;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;, &Mu;&epsilon;&gamma;&alpha;&lambda;&#942; &#702;&#714;&Alpha;&rho;&kappa;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;, &Delta;&rho;&#940;&kappa;&omega;&nu;</td>
    		<td>Osa pequena, gran osa, dragón (latín) / serpe (grego)</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_dra.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>King Cepheus, Cep</td>
    		<td>&Kappa;&eta;&phi;&epsilon;&#973;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Cefeo</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cep.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Bootes, Boo</td>
    		<td>&Beta;&omicron;&#974;&tau;&eta;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Condutor de boi (latín), Home fo arado (grego)</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_boo.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Northern Crown, CrB</td>
    		<td>&Sigma;&tau;&#941;&phi;&alpha;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Coroa (latín), coroa de flores (grego)</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_crB.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Hercules, Her</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Epsilon;&nu;&gamma;&#972;&nu;&alpha;&sigma;&iota;&nu;</td>
    		<td>Hércules (latín), Xeonllo (grego)<br />A estrela entre as pernas é un erro ben coñecido na imaxe: para esta figura,
    o debuxante obviamente tomou a Bootes como modelo; a posición das pernas, o
    caxato de pastor (en vez de porra para Hércules) e a estrela entre os
    xeonllos son iguais.</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_her.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Lyra, Lyr</td>
    		<td>&Lambda;&#973;&rho;&alpha;</td>
    		<td>Lira</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_lyr.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Cygnus, Cyg</td>
    		<td>&#702;&#714;&Omicron;&rho;&nu;&iota;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Paxaro [non especificado]</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cyg.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Cassiopeia, Cas</td>
    		<td>&Kappa;&alpha;&sigma;&sigma;&iota;&#941;&pi;&epsilon;&iota;&alpha;</td>
    		<td>Raíña Kassiepeia </td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cas.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Perseus, Per</td>
    		<td>&Pi;&epsilon;&rho;&sigma;&epsilon;&#973;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Perseus<br />representación especular</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_per.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Auriga, Aur</td>
    		<td>&#703;&Eta;&nu;&#943;&omicron;&chi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Auriga</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_aur.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Aquila et Sagitta,<br />Aql </notr>e Sge</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Alpha;&epsilon;&tau;&#972;&sigmaf; e &#702;&Omicron;&iota;&sigma;&tau;&#972;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Aguia con Frecha</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_aql.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Delphinus, Del</td>
    		<td>&Delta;&epsilon;&lambda;&phi;&#943;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Golfiño <br /> No orixinal grego (Aratos, ~ 300 a.C.), non había ningunha constelación
    Equuleus. O Globo Farnese (así como o Globo de Mainz e o Globo Kugel)
    representa o Golfiño en gran parte, cubrindo o espazo de Equ. Por iso
    escollín seguir esta tradición arateana tamén para o Leiden Aratea.</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_del.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Pegasus, Peg</td>
    		<td>&#703;&#714;&Iota;&pi;&pi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Pegaso (nome dun cabalo alado; latín), un Cabalo (grego)</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_peg.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Andromeda, And</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Alpha;&nu;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&mu;&#941;&delta;&alpha;</td>
    		<td>Princesa Andrómeda</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_and.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Triangulum, Tri</td>
    		<td>&Tau;&rho;&#943;&gamma;&omega;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Triángulo</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_tri.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Aries, Ari</td>
    		<td>&Kappa;&rho;&iota;&#972;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Carneiro<br />(saltando por un anel que é un símbolo do ano; o ano novo romano era en
    primavera).</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_ari.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Taurus, Tau</td>
    		<td>&Tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&#771;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Touro</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_tau.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>M45, Pleiades</td>
    		<td></td>
    		<td>As Pléiades<br />ou Sete Irmás</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_plei.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Gemini, Gem</td>
    		<td>&Delta;&#943;&delta;&upsilon;&mu;&omicron;&iota;</td>
    		<td>Xemelgos</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_gem.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Cancer, Cnc</td>
    		<td>&Kappa;&alpha;&rho;&kappa;&#943;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Cancer<br /><i>O cangrexo foi alixeirado.</i></td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cnc.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Leo, Leo</td>
    		<td>&Lambda;&#941;&omega;&nu;</td>
    		<td>León<br />representación especular</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_leo.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Virgo, Vir</td>
    		<td>&Pi;&alpha;&rho;&theta;&#941;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Mociña<br />Ó parecer, o manuscrito só contén un debuxo para figuras que se representan
    dúas veces: deste xeito Arqueiro é representado como centauro e falta a
    constelación Centauro, Andrómeda está pintada como unha moza pero falta a
    segunda moza da constelación de Virgo.</td>
    		<td>desaparecida</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Libra, Lib</td>
    		<td>&Chi;&eta;&lambda;&alpha;&#943;</td>
    		<td>Balanza (latín, dende o século I d.C. en Geminos e Manilius; transferido
    nunha época de estilo de renacemento babilónico),
    		<br />Poutas [do Escorpión] (grego)<br />As poutas do Escorpión cobren esta zona.</td>
    		<td>desaparecida</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Ophiuchus et Serpens, Scorpius,<br />Oph + Ser </notr>e Sco</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Omicron;&phi;&iota;&omicron;&#973;&chi;&omicron;&sigmaf;, &#702;&#714;&Omicron;&phi;&iota;&sigmaf; e &Sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&rho;&pi;&#943;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>O que leva a serpe e Escorpión (ambos no zodíaco dende entón)<br />representación especular</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_oph.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Sagittarius, Sgr</td>
    		<td>&Tau;&omicron;&xi;&#972;&tau;&eta;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Arqueiro</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_sgr.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Capricornus, Cap</td>
    		<td>&Alpha;&#943;&gamma;&#972;&kappa;&epsilon;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>A dos cornos de cabra</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cap.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Aquarius, Aqr</td>
    		<td>&#703;&Upsilon;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&chi;&#972;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>O que verte a auga<br />representación especular (aínda que vista de fronte)</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_aqr.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Pisces, Psc</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Iota;&chi;&theta;&#973;&epsilon;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Peixes</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_psc.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Cetus, Cet</td>
    		<td>&Kappa;&eta;&#771;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Un monstro mariño chamado Cetus</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cet.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Orion, Ori</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Omega;&rho;&#943;&omega;&nu;</td>
    		<td>Orion<br /><i>representación especular</i><br />A lebre desta representación fora eliminada e substituída pola lebre da súa
    propia pintura dunha soa páxina.</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_ori.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Eridanus, Eri</td>
    		<td>&Pi;&omicron;&tau;&alpha;&mu;&#972;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>o río Eridanus (Latín), un Río sen nome (Grego);<br />aquí represéntase o deus río</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_eri.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr>
    		<td>Lepus, Lep</td>
    		<td>&Lambda;&alpha;&gamma;&omega;&#771;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Lebre<br /><i>amosado dúas veces: unha entre as pernas de Orión e outra por separado;
    para a visualización eliminamos a lebre entre as pernas de Orión. A lebre
    ilustrada por separado corre na dirección da escritura, pero a lebre entre
    as pernas de Orión corre na dirección do verdadeiro curso do sol. Polo
    tanto, a figura da constelación debería considerarse como espello en
    relación coa ilustración do libro: pódese ver no esbozo da lebre entre as
    pernas de Orión.</i></td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_lep.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Canis Maior, CMa</td>
    		<td>&Kappa;&#973;&omega;&nu;</td>
    		<td>Can<br />representación especular dun can pequeno</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cma.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Canis Minor (Procyon), CMi</td>
    		<td>&Pi;&rho;&omicron;&kappa;&#973;&omega;&nu;</td>
    		<td>A estrela diante do can pequeno <br /> representación especular<br />(Eratóstenes xa menciona un asterismo de tres estrelas que forman un can
    pequeno, pero o nome da figura sempre foi "Prokyon"). Procyon é un termo
    grego (con "k") latinizado.</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cmi.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Argo, Arg</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Alpha;&rho;&gamma;&omega;</td>
    		<td>Barco &quot;Argo&quot;<br />representación especular</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_arg.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Hydra, Crater, Corvus<br />Hya, Crt, Crv</notr></td>
    		<td>&#703;&#714;&Upsilon;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;, &Kappa;&rho;&alpha;&tau;&#942;&rho;, &Kappa;&oacute;&rho;&alpha;&xi;</td>
    		<td>Serpe de auga, un recipiente particular (cráter), Corvo</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_hya.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Centaurus, Cen</td>
    		<td>&Kappa;&#941;&nu;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Centauro<br />ó parecer, as constelacións que son dobres só se pintaron unha vez: Arqueiro
    é representado como centauro no manuscrito, a constelación Centaurus (un
    centauro cun animal sacrificado) non se representa<br />(do mesmo xeito, Andromeda está representada pero non Virxe)</td>
    		<td>desaparecida</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Lupus, Lup</td>
    		<td>&Theta;&eta;&rho;&#943;&omicron;&nu;</td>
    		<td>monstro<br />(no orixinal grego (Aratos, ~ 300 a.C.), Lupus non é unha constelación
    autónoma senón unha parte da constelación de Centauro que falta aquí).</td>
    		<td>desaparecida</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Ara, Ara</td>
    		<td>&Theta;&upsilon;&mu;&iota;&alpha;&tau;&#942;&rho;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</td>
    		<td>Altar</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_ara.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Corona Australis, CrA</td>
    		<td>&Sigma;&tau;&#941;&phi;&alpha;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf; &Nu;&#972;&tau;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Coroa do Sur (Latín), Coroa de flores do Sur (Grego)</td>
    		<td>desaparecida</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Piscis Austrinus, PsA</td>
    		<td>&Nu;&#972;&tau;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf; &#702;&Iota;&chi;&theta;&#973;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Peixe do Sur<br />(fora "Gran Peixe" para Eratóstenes e Aratus en grego)<br />Está debuxado aquí tan escuro que non o recoñecerías entre as estrelas. É
    por iso que as cores se mesturaron nun esquema azul-verde en lugar do
    orixinal vermello-púrpura.</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_psA.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    </table>
    </p>

note: Greek (Leiden Aratea + Almagest) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was added to Stellarium by Susanne M. Hoffmann (service@uhura-uraniae.com) and originally created in collaboration with Prof. Dr. Dieter Blume (Art History, FSU Jena, Germany) for Planetarium Jena.
    
    Written in English: the authors
    
    ### Fair Use
    
    We provide this sky culture free of charge, but the authors deserve to be cited according to the usual rules. Thank you!
gl: Esta cultura do ceo foi engadida a Stellarium por Susanne M. Hoffmann (service@uhura-uraniae.com) e creada orixinalmente en colaboración co profesor Dr. Dieter Blume (Historia da Arte, FSU Jena, Alemaña) para o Planetarium Jena.
    
    Escrito en inglés: os autores
    
    ### Uso lexítimo
    
    Ofrecemos esta cultura do ceo de balde, pero os autores merecen ser citados segundo as regras habituais. Grazas!

note: Hawaiian Starlines sky culture name
en: Hawaiian Starlines
gl: Liñas de estrelas hawaianas

note: Hawaiian Starlines sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: These are the star lines developed by Nainoa Thompson and used by the Polynesian Voyaging Society to navigate Polynesian sailing canoes using traditional techniques of non instrument navigation across thousands of miles of open ocean. For years, Hawaiian navigators have memorized the position of stars as they rise and set in order to know oneʻs bearing.   Wayfinder Nainoa Thompson developed a system of organization to help memorize the position of stars throughout the celestial sphere by dividing the sky into four evenly sized star lines.
gl: Estas son as liñas de estrelas desenvolvidas por Nainoa Thompson e empregadas pola Polynesian Voyaging Society para navegar en canoas de vela pola polinesia utilizando técnicas tradicionais de navegación sen instrumentos a través de miles de quilómetros de océano aberto. Durante anos, os navegantes hawaianos memorizaron a posición das estrelas cando se elevan e estudaron o seu movemento. Wayfinder Nainoa Thompson desenvolveu un sistema de organización para axudar a memorizar a posición das estrelas en toda a esfera celeste dividindo o ceo en catro liñas de estrelas de tamaño uniforme.

note: Hawaiian Starlines sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### History
    
    The knowledge of Hawaiian star navigation has been passed down orally for many generations.   Much of the knowledge regarding stars and navigation were lost until the Hawaiian Renaissance in the early 1970s. Polynesian Voyage Society (PVS), founded in 1973, created Hokule’a in 1975. Hokule’a is a traditional Hawaiian voyaging canoe with the mission to revive the art of way finding. A man from Satawal, Micronesia named Mau Piailug was a master navigator/wayfinder. The knowledge of wayfinding and using the sky to navigate was passed down to Mau from his ancestors. Nainoa Thompson, current President of PVS, asked Mau to teach his knowledge of navigation to him with the intention of reviving the knowledge that was once lost to the Hawaiians. With the knowledge learned from Mau, the Hawaiian star compass and star lines were created.
    
    ### Star Lines
    
    Each star line is a group of main stars that will be remembered by the navigators. The stars connect making constellations. Navigators remember the rising/setting houses of these stars, the stars that connect in each line, and the lines that point directly to North and South. The star lines’ position in the night sky slowly change over time, each starline being more prevalent at night according to the season. The star lines with their according season are as follows:
    <p> <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><notr>1.</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>Ke Ka o Makali‘i</notr></td>
    	<td>November to April </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td><notr>2.</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>Ka Iwikuamo‘o</notr></td>
    	<td>April to July </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td><notr>3.</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>Manaiakalani</notr></td>
    	<td>May to October </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td><notr>4.</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>Ka Lupe o Kawelo</notr></td>
    	<td>September to February</td>
    </tr>
    </table> </p>
    
    ### <notr>Ke Ka o Makali’i</notr>
    
    The direct translation means the “Bailer of *Makali’i*”. The lines are shaped as a canoe bailer which scoops *Ka Hei-Hei o Na Keiki* (Orion) and *Makali’i* (Pleiades) up into the night sky. In voyaging a bailer is used to scoop up water out of the hulls.
    
    The main stars of *Ke Ka o Makali’i* from North to South are *Hokulei* (Capella), *Nanamua* (Castor), *Nanahope* (Pollux), *Puana* (Procyon), and *‘A’a* (Sirius). These stars connect together to create the bailer in the sky. Mintaka (&delta; Ori) is an important star in this line because it rises/sets directly east or west giving the navigator an easy pointer star for direction. Mirzam (&beta; CMa next to *‘A’a* (Sirius)) and *Ke Ali’i Kona i Ka Lewa* (Canopus) connect together to create a southern pointer. *‘Ekekeuehuehu* (&theta; Aur, Mahasim) and *‘Ekekeu’ena’ena* (&beta; Aur, Menkalinan) connect to create a northern pointer. Different north/south pointers are found in the star lines and used heavily by navigators.
    
    ### <notr>Ka Iwikuamo’o</notr>
    
    *Ka Iwikuamo’o* translates to the backbone (directly: Bone back-lizard). This star line is depicted as the backbone of a lizard or *mo’o* in this sky culture. It can also be representing a genealogical backbone, each star representing a generation.
    
    The star line itself starts with *Hokupa’a* (North Star), the ultimate northern pointer due to the star never moving in the sky, always above north. *Hokupa’a* connects down to *Na Hiku* (Big Dipper). *Na Hiku* translates to “The Seven” as there is seven stars in the Big Dipper. *Hokule’a* (Arcturus) and *Hikianalia* (Spica) are the two stars in the middle of the star line. The two PVS canoes are named after these two stars. *Hokule’a* is the “zenith” star of Hawai’i, meaning it will be directly overhead when you are at the latitude of the Hawaiian Islands. *Hokule’a* is very important to navigators on finding their way back to Hawai’i. The meaning of *Hokule’a* is “the star of gladness” because it is the star used to find home bringing joy. Next to *Hikianalia* is *Me’e*, a combination of four stars that create a box. *Me’e* connects down to *Hanaiakamalama* (Southern Cross) which is the southern pointer for *Ka Iwikuamo’o*.
    
    ### <notr>Manaiakalani</notr>
    
    *Manaiakalani* translates to “The Chief's Fishline”. This refers to the legend of the demi god Maui and his fish hook. Maui is credited for pulling up the islands with his magical fish hook.
    
    This star line consists of two constellations. The Navigator’s Triangle on the north and Maui’s fish hook on the south. The Navigator’s Triangle is made of three stars *Hawaiki* (Deneb), *Keoe* (Vega), and *Humu* (Altair). (It is the same figure as the Summer Triangle for modern amateur astronomers.) These stars also represent the Polynesian triangle: Hawai’i (*Hawaiki*), Rapanui (*Keoe*), and Aotearoa (*Humu*). These three islands are pulled by the fish hook of Maui (Scorpius).
    
    The northern pointer is found in the Navigator’s Triangle when you connect *Wainielela* (&epsilon; Cyg, Aljanah (Gienah)) and *Hawaiki* (Deneb). Southern pointers are in the fish hook when you connect *Mili’opu* (&delta; Sco, Dschubba) and *Kahe* (&pi; Sco, Fang), the stars on the top of the hook.
    
    ### <notr>Ka Lupe o Kawelo</notr>
    
    *Ka Lupe o Kawelo* translates to “The Kite of Kawelo”. Kawelo was a great chief of Kaua’i and O’ahu and this star line represents the kite which was lost as a child.
    
    The star line starts with *‘Iwakeli’i*, meaning Chief Frigate Bird (*Fregata Minor*). The shape of this constellation (which is Cassiopeia's W in the West) resembles the *‘iwa* bird that is known for leading voyagers to land. The center of the star line is the Kite of Kawelo (equal to the Great Square of Pegasus). The four stars that make the kite are named after Kawelo’s greatest ancestors: *Manokalanipo* (&delta; Peg, Alpheratz), *Kakuhihewa* (&beta; Peg, Scheat), *Pi’ilani* (&gamma; Peg, Algenib), and *Keawe* (&alpha; Peg, Markab). All four were famous chiefs of their time. The star line then connects south to two stars *Pi’ikea* (&beta; Cet, Deneb Kaitos) and *Kukaniloko* (&alpha; PsA, Fomalhaut).
    
    The northern pointer is found in *Manokalanipo* (&delta; Peg, Alpheratz) and *Kealohalani-po-keao* (&beta; Cas, Caph) of *‘Iwakeli’i*. The southern pointer is connected with *Keawe* (&alpha; Peg, Markab) and *Kukaniloko* (&alpha; PsA, Fomalhaut).
gl: ### Historia
    
    O coñecemento da navegación polas estrelas hawaiana foi transmitido oralmente durante moitas xeracións. Gran parte do coñecemento sobre as estrelas e a navegación perdeuse ata o Renacemento hawaiano a principios dos anos 70. Polynesian Voyage Society (PVS), fundada en 1973, creou Hokule'a en 1975. Hokule'a é unha canoa de viaxe tradicional hawaiana coa misión de revivir a arte de buscar o camiño. Un home de Satawal, Micronesia, chamado Mau Piailug, era un mestre navegante/orientador. O coñecemento de buscar camiños e usar o ceo para navegar foi transmitido a Mau dos seus antepasados. Nainoa Thompson, actual presidenta de PVS, pediulle a Mau que lle ensinara os seus coñecementos de navegación coa intención de revivir os antigos coñecementos dos hawaianos que se perderon. Co coñecemento aprendido de Mau, creáronse o compás e as liñas estelares hawaianas.
    
    ### Liñas de estrelas
    
    Cada liña de estrelas é un grupo de estrelas principais que serán lembradas polos navegantes. As estrelas conéctanse facendo constelacións. Os navegantes lembran as casas de ascenso/posición destas estrelas, as estrelas que se conectan en cada liña e as liñas que apuntan directamente ó norte e ó sur. A posición das liñas de estrelas no ceo nocturno cambia lentamente co paso do tempo, sendo cada liña de estrelas máis frecuente pola noite segundo a estación. As liñas de estrelas coa súa estación correspondente son as seguintes:
    <p> <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><notr>1.</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>Ke Ka o Makali‘i</notr></td>
    	<td>Novembro a Abril </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td><notr>2.</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>Ka Iwikuamo‘o</notr></td>
    	<td>Abril a Xullo </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td><notr>3.</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>Manaiakalani</notr></td>
    	<td>Maio a Outubro </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td><notr>4.</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>Ka Lupe o Kawelo</notr></td>
    	<td>Setembro a Febreiro</td>
    </tr>
    </table> </p>
    
    ### <notr>Ke Ka o Makali’i</notr>
    
    A tradución directa significa o "Bailarín de *Makali'i*". As liñas teñen a forma dunha canoa que recolle *Ka Hei-Hei o Na Keiki* (Orión) e *Makali'i* (Pléiades) no ceo nocturno. Na viaxe úsase unha cunca para sacar auga dos cascos.
    
    As estrelas principais de *Ke Ka o Makali'i* de norte a sur son *Hokulei* (Capella), *Nanamua* (Castor), *Nanahope* (Pollux), *Puana* (Procyon) e *'A'a* (Sirius). Estas estrelas conéctanse entre si para crear a cunca no ceo. Mintaka (&delta; Ori) é unha estrela importante nesta liña porque sobe/ponse directamente ó leste ou ó oeste, dándolle ó navegador unha estrela indicadora fácil para a dirección. Mirzam (&beta; CMa onda *‘A’a* (Sirius)) e *Ke Ali’i Kona i Ka Lewa* (Canopus) conéctanse para crear un punteiro sur. *‘Ekekeuehuehu* (&theta; Aur, Mahasim) e *‘Ekekeu’ena’ena* (&beta; Aur, Menkalinan) conéctanse para crear un punteiro norte. Nas liñas estelares atópanse diferentes punteiros norte/sur e son moi utilizados polos navegantes.
    
    ### <notr>Ka Iwikuamo’o</notr>
    
    *Ka Iwikuamo’o* tradúcese como espiñazo (directamente: espiñazo-lagarto). Esta liña estelar represéntase como a columna vertebral dun lagarto ou *mo'o* nesta cultura do ceo. Tamén pode estar representando unha columna vertebral xenealóxica, cada estrela representaría unha xeración.
    
    A liña estelar en si comeza con *Hokupa'a* (Estrela do Norte), o punteiro norte definitivo debido a que a estrela nunca se move no ceo, sempre por riba do norte. *Hokupa'a* conéctase a *Na Hiku* (Osa Maior). *Na Hiku* tradúcese como "Os sete", xa que hai sete estrelas na Osa Maior. *Hokule’a* (Arcturus) e *Hikianalia* (Spica) son as dúas estrelas no medio da liña de estrelas. As dúas canoas PVS levan o nome destas dúas estrelas. *Hokule'a* é a estrela "cénit" de Hawai'i, o que significa que estará directamente sobre a cabeza cando esteas na latitude das illas hawaianas. *Hokule'a* é moi importante para os navegantes para atopar o camiño de volta a Hawai. O significado de *Hokule'a* é "a estrela da alegría" porque é a estrela usada para atopar a casa traendo alegría. Xunto a *Hikianalia* está *Me'e*, unha combinación de catro estrelas que crean unha caixa. *Me'e* conéctase a *Hanaiakamalama* (Cruz do Sur), que é o punteiro sur para *Ka Iwikuamo'o*.
    
    ### <notr>Manaiakalani</notr>
    
    *Manaiakalani* tradúcese como "O peixe do xefe". Isto refírese á lenda do semi-deus Maui e o seu anzol. Maui é famoso por sacar as illas co seu anzol máxico.
    
    Esta liña de estrelas consta de dúas constelacións. O Triángulo do Navegador ó norte e o anzol de Maui ó sur. O Triángulo do Navegador está formado por tres estrelas *Hawaiki* (Deneb), *Keoe* (Vega) e *Humu* (Altair). (É a mesma figura có Triángulo de Verán para os astrónomos afeccionados modernos.) Estas estrelas tamén representan o triángulo polinesio: Hawai’i (*Hawaiki*), Rapanui (*Keoe*) e Aotearoa (*Humu*). Estas tres illas foron sacadas polo anzol de Maui (Scorpius).
    
    O punteiro norte atópase no Triángulo do Navegador cando se conecta *Wainielela* (&epsilon; Cyg, Aljanah (Gienah)) e *Hawaiki* (Deneb). Os punteiros do sur están no anzol cando se conecta *Mili'opu* (&delta; Sco, Dschubba) e *Kahe* (&pi; Sco, Fang), as estrelas na parte superior do anzol.
    
    ### <notr>Ka Lupe o Kawelo</notr>
    
    *Ka Lupe o Kawelo* tradúcese como "O papaventos de Kawelo". Kawelo foi un gran xefe de Kaua'i e O'ahu e esta liña de estrelas representa o papaventos que perdeu cando era neno.
    
    A liñade estrelas comeza con *'Iwakeli'i*, que significa Paxaro Fragata Xefe (*Fregata Minor*). A forma desta constelación (que é o W de Casiopea en Occidente) aseméllase ´´o paxaro *‘iwa* que é coñecido por levar os viaxeiros a terra. O centro da liña de estrelas é o Kite de Kawelo (igual ó gran cadrado de Pegaso). As catro estrelas que forman o papaventos levan o nome dos maiores antepasados ​​de Kawelo: *Manokalanipo* (&delta; Peg, Alpheratz), *Kakuhihewa* (&beta; Peg, Scheat), *Pi'ilani* (&gamma; Peg, Algenib) e *Keawe* (&alpha; Peg, Markab). Os catro eran xefes famosos da súa época. A liña estelar conecta entón ó sur con dúas estrelas *Pi'ikea* (&beta; Cet, Deneb Kaitos) e *Kukaniloko* (&alpha; PsA, Fomalhaut).
    
    O punteiro setentrional atópase en *Manokalanipo* (&delta; Peg, Alpheratz) e *Kealohalani-po-keao* (&beta; Cas, Caph) de *‘Iwakeli’i*. O punteiro sur está conectado con *Keawe* (&alpha; Peg, Markab) e *Kukaniloko* (&alpha; PsA, Fomalhaut).

note: Hawaiian Starlines sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Polynesian Voyaging Society](http://hokulea.com)
     - [#2]: [Hawaiian Voyaging Society](http://pvs.kcc.hawaii.edu/ike/hookele/hawaiian_star_lines.html)
     - [#3]: [Imiloa](http://www.imiloahawaii.org/71/star-paths)
     - [#4]: [Hawaiian Star Lines and Names for Stars](http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/hawaiian_star_lines.html)
    
     - [#5]: The Hawaiian Star Compass landscape which should be used with this skyculture is available at the [Stellarium Landscapes](https://stellarium.org/landscapes.html) collection.
gl:  - [#1]: [Polynesian Voyaging Society](http://hokulea.com) - [#2]: [Hawaiian Voyaging Society](http://pvs.kcc.hawaii.edu/ike/hookele/hawaiian_star_lines.html) - [#3]: [Imiloa](http://www.imiloahawaii.org/71/star-paths) - [#4]: [Hawaiian Star Lines and Names for Stars](http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/hawaiian_star_lines.html) - [#5]: The Hawaiian Star Compass landscape which should be used with this skyculture is available at the [Stellarium Landscapes](https://stellarium.org/landscapes.html) collection.

note: Hawaiian Starlines sky culture authors section in markdown format
en:  The *master navigator* behind this sky culture was Mau Piailug of Satawal, who taught the Polynesian art of celestial navigation to Nainoa Thompson, who developed this version of the sky culture that was used from 2013-17 by Hawaiians to sail around the world during the Malama Honua Voyage of Hokule’a, the Polynesian voyaging canoe. Stellarium has been used as a tool by the navigators of Hokule’a and this sky culture serves as a tool for practicing Polynesian navigation.
    
    The technical implementation of the sky culture included here was contributed in 2017 by teachers Darren Kamalu and Christopher Blake, Students Jonah Apo, Nicholas Koanui, Brenden Aila and the Celestial Navigation class at Kamehameha Schools Kapalama, Honolulu, Hawai’i. Artwork by Kealoha Kaneakua.
gl:  O *mestre navegante* desta cultura do ceo foi Mau Piailug, de Satawal, que ensinou a arte polinesia da navegación celeste a Nainoa Thompson, quen desenvolveu esta versión da cultura do ceo que foi utilizada polos hawaianos desde 2013-17 para navegar polo mundo durante a Malama Honua Voyage de Hokule'a, a canoa de viaxe polinesia. Stellarium foi usado como ferramenta polos navegantes de Hokule e esta cultura do ceo serve como ferramenta para practicar a navegación polinesia.
    
    A implementación técnica da cultura do ceo incluída aquí foi achegada polos profesores Darren Kamalu e Christopher Blake, os estudantes Jonah Apo, Nicholas Koanui, Brenden Aila e a clase de navegación celeste nas escolas Kamehameha Kapalama, Honolulu, Hawai. Obras artísticas de Kealoha Kaneakua.

note: Indian Vedic sky culture name
en: Indian Vedic
gl: Védico da India

note: Indian Vedic sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Vedic sky culture with some commonly known constellations related to Nakṣatra-s.
gl: Cultura do ceo vedico con algunhas constelacións comunmente relacionadas con Nakṣatra-s.

note: Indian Vedic sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### <notr>Rāśi (राशिः)</notr>
    
    The sidereal zodiac is an imaginary belt of 360 degrees (like the tropical zodiac), divided into 12 equal parts. Each twelfth part (of 30 degrees) is called a sign or rashi. Their names are shown in (brackets).
    
    In stellarium, we show Rāśi constellations attached to the corresponding asterisms, and not as divisions of the ecliptic offset away from their original locations to account for precession.
    
    In traditional astronomy there are two systems of measuring time - Lunar Calendar & Solar calendar. In both cases one year is divided into 12 months or "māsā". Name of the solar months originated from these constellation' names.
    
    ### <notr>Nakṣatra (नक्षत्रम्)</notr>
    
    In Hindu tradition the ecliptic is divided into 27 parts of approximately 13°20', which correspond with 27 asterisms known as the nakṣatra-s (full list, with western equivalents here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakshatra ). In the earliest extant layers of the tradition this number is 28. This division is critical for several purposes including timing rituals and determining the birth lunar mansions. Since these asterisms define an area in the sky, they are also technically constellations.
    
    sUrya-siddhAnta and vedAnga-jyotiSha specify start coordinates for the 13°20' divisions using some stars (Please see penultimate paragraph in [this page](https://archive.org/stream/HistoryOfCalendarPanchangaCommittee/History-of-Calendar-Panchanga-Committee#page/n42/mode/1up))
    
    The earliest complete nakṣatra lists are found in the Taittirīya-śruti and the Atharvaveda where they are recited as part of the nakṣatreṣṭi ritual which places the deities of pantheon in these celestial compartments. Some scholars opine that the tradition shows that by the early medieval period, the nakṣatra identification had changed to a small degree from the Vedic period.
    
    There are multiple rich mythologies and symbolisms associated with the same constellations and stars (Example: [Raj Vedam on Rohini](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jq__DXtfeXw)) - it wouldn't do to rely on one to the exclusion of others during translation or truncated description. Hence we stick to etymological translations; and rather than including long mythological accounts here, just suggest that interested readers delve into them separately. (See references below.)
    
    Name of the lunar months originated from those 12 divisions' names in which full moon or "Purnimā" occurs. Unlike a solar day which defined by a sunrise to next sunrise, a lunar day or moon's position in a nakshatra doesn't depends on sun rising or moon rising. Thus a lunar day may start in any time of a solar day. Like other ancient human cultures, vedic people innovated a number of systems of which intercalary lunar months became most used, that is adding another month every 32.5 months on average or 4 months in every 11 years to correct the mismatch between lunar and solar year.
    
    A few of the yogatārā-s or prominent asterisms in the nakṣatra-s (going by their mainstream identification) lie slightly outside their constellation boundaries - in which case, any resultant problem (with regards to ritual timing or astrology) should be solved by other means (some people propose alternate identifications for such yogatārā-s).
    
    ### Navagraha - Nine "planets"
    
    They observed that some celestial body moves independently relative to background stars and named them "planets" or "graha". As such The sun and moon are also treated as graha. They also named the lunar nodes as graha-s as these points are very important to calculate the eclipses. Name of vedic days originated from these planet's names.
    
    |Graha|Designation|Name of Solar days|
    |-----|-----------|------------------|
    |<notr>Sūrya </notr>(Sun)|Sun God|<notr>Ravivāsara </notr>(Sunday)|
    |<notr>Chandra/Soma </notr>(Moon)|Moon god|<notr>Somavāsara </notr>(Monday)|
    |<notr>Maṅgala </notr>(Mars)|God of war|<notr>Maṅgalavāsara </notr>(Tuesday)|
    |<notr>Budha </notr>(Mercury)|Son of Moon|<notr>Budhavāsara </notr>(Wednesday)|
    |<notr>Bṛihaspati/Guru </notr>(Jupiter)|Teacher of Gods|<notr>Guruvāsara </notr>(Thursday)|
    |<notr>Śukra </notr>(Venus)|Mentor of Demons|<notr>Śukravāsara </notr>(Friday)|
    |<notr>Śani </notr>(Saturn)|God of Misfortune|<notr>Śanivāsara </notr>(Saturday)|
    |<notr>Rahu</notr>|lunar node|-|
    |<notr>Ketú</notr>|lunar node|-|
gl: ### <notr>Rāśi (राशिः)</notr>
    
    O zodíaco sideral é un cinto imaxinario de 360 ​​graos (como o zodíaco tropical), dividido en 12 partes iguais. Cada duodécima parte (de 30 graos) chámase sinal ou rashi. Os seus nomes móstranse entre (parénteses).
    
    En stellarium, mostramos as constelacións Rāśi unidas ós asterismos correspondentes, e non como divisións da eclíptica afastadas das súas localizacións orixinais para explicar a precesión.
    
    Na astronomía tradicional hai dous sistemas de medición do tempo: o calendario lunar e o calendario solar. En ambos os casos un ano divídese en 12 meses ou "māsā". O nome dos meses solares orixinouse dos nomes destas constelacións.
    
    ### <notr>Nakṣatra (नक्षत्रम्)</notr>
    
    Na tradición hindú a eclíptica divídese en 27 partes de aproximadamente 13°20', que se corresponden con 27 asterismos coñecidos como nakṣatra-s (listaxe completa, con equivalentes occidentais aquí: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakshatra ). Nas primeiras versións existentes da tradición este número é 28. Esta división é fundamental para varios propósitos, incluíndo rituais de tempo e determinación das mansións lunares de nacemento. Dado que estes asterismos definen unha zona do ceo, tamén son tecnicamente constelacións.
    
    sUrya-siddhAnta e vedAnga-jyotiSha especifican as coordenadas de inicio para as divisións de 13°20' usando algunhas estrelas (consulta o penúltimo parágrafo [nesta páxina] (https://archive.org/stream/HistoryOfCalendarPanchangaCommittee/History-of-Calendar-Committee-Committe2/mode)
    
    As primeiras listaxes completas de nakṣatra atópanse no Taittirīya-śruti e no Atharvaveda onde se recitan como parte do ritual nakṣatreṣṭi que coloca as divindades do panteón nestes compartimentos celestes. Algúns estudosos opinan que a tradición amosa que no inicio do período medieval, a identificación nakṣatra cambiou un pouco con respecto ó período védico.
    
    Hai varias mitoloxías e ricos simbolismos asociados ás mesmas constelacións e estrelas (Exemplo: [Raj Vedam en Rohini](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jq__DXtfeXw)) - non sería conveniente confiar nunha das mesmas con exclusión doutras durante a tradución ou a descrición truncada. De aí que nos ateñamos ás traducións etimolóxicas; e en lugar de incluír aquí longos relatos mitolóxicos, suxerimos que os lectores interesados ​​afonden neles por separado. (Ver referencias a continuación).
    
    O nome dos meses lunares orixinouse a partir dos nomes das 12 divisións nas que aparece a lúa chea ou "Purnimā". A diferenza dun día solar, que se define dende un amencer ó seguinte amencer, un día lunar ou a posición da lúa nun nakshatra non depende da saída do sol ou da saída da lúa. Así, un día lunar pode comezar en calquera momento dun día solar. Do mesmo xeito que outras culturas humanas antigas, os pobos védicos innovaron unha serie de sistemas dos cales os meses lunares intercalares foron os máis utilizados, é dicir, engadindo outro mes cada 32,5 meses de media ou 4 meses cada 11 anos para corrixir o desaxuste entre o ano lunar e o solar.
    
    Algúns dos iogatārā-s ou asterismos destacados dos nakṣatra-s (segundo a súa identificación principal) atópanse lixeiramente fóra dos límites das súas constelacións; nese caso, calquera problema resultante (con respecto ó tempo ritual ou á astroloxía) debería resolverse por outros medios (algunhas persoas propoñen identificacións alternativas para tales yogatārā-).
    
    ### Navagraha - Nove "planetas"
    
    Observaron que algúns corpos celestes se moven independentemente con relación ás estrelas do fondo e chamáronlles "planetas" ou "graha". Como tal, o sol e a lúa tamén son tratados como graha. Tamén denominaron os nodos lunares como graha-s xa que estes puntos son moi importantes para calcular as eclipses. O nome dos días védicos orixinouse dos nomes destes planetas.
    
    |Graha|Denominación|Nome dos días solares|
    |-----|-----------|------------------|
    |<notr>Sūrya </notr>(Sol)|Deus Sol|<notr>Ravivāsara </notr>(Domingo)|
    |<notr>Chandra/Soma </notr>(Lúa)|Deus Lúa|<notr>Somavāsara </notr>(Luns)|
    |<notr>Maṅgala </notr>(Marte)|Deus da Guerra|<notr>Maṅgalavāsara </notr>(Martes)|
    |<notr>Budha </notr>(Mercurio)|Fillo da Lúa|<notr>Budhavāsara </notr>(Mércores)|
    |<notr>Bṛihaspati/Guru </notr>(Xúpiter)|Mestre dos Deuses|<notr>Guruvāsara </notr>(Xoves)|
    |<notr>Śukra </notr>(Venus)|Mentor de Demos|<notr>Śukravāsara </notr>(Venres)|
    |<notr>Śani </notr>(Saturno)|Deus do Infortunio|<notr>Śanivāsara </notr>(Sábado)|
    |<notr>Rahu</notr>|nodo lunar|-|
    |<notr>Ketú</notr>|nodo lunar|-|

note: Indian Vedic sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Nakshatra](https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/नक्षत्रम्) article at Sanskrit Wikipedia
     - [#2]: [Nakshatra](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakshatra) article at English Wikipedia
     - [#3]: [History Of Calendar-Panchanga Committee Report](https://archive.org/stream/HistoryOfCalendarPanchangaCommittee/History-of-Calendar-Panchanga-Committee#page/n77/mode/2up)
     - [#4]: ["Possible period of the design of Nakshatras and Abhijit"](http://www.tifr.res.in/~archaeo/papers/Others/Possible%20period%20of%20the%20design%20of%20Nakshatras.pdf)
    
       
    
     - [#5]: Secondary references such as: Purana Encyclopedia, Purana Index, Mahabharata Index, Vedic Indix
     - [#6]: Vedas, Agamas
     - [#7]: [Vedic Chronology And Vedanga Jyotisha by Bala Gangadhar Tilak](https://archive.org/details/vedicchronologya033083mbp/page/n5)
     - [#8]: [Orion The Antiquity Of The Vedas by Bala Gangadhar Tilak](https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.5110)
     - [#9]: [The Arctic Home in the Vedas by Bal Gangadhar Tilak](https://archive.org/details/arctichm/page/n21/mode/2up)
     - [#10]: [Hamlet's Mill: An Essay on Myth & the Frame of Time by Giorgio de Santillana, Hertha von Dechend](https://archive.org/details/HamletsMill)
gl:  - [#1]: [Nakshatra](https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/नक्षत्रम्) article at Sanskrit Wikipedia - [#2]: [Nakshatra](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakshatra) article at English Wikipedia - [#3]: [History Of Calendar-Panchanga Committee Report](https://archive.org/stream/HistoryOfCalendarPanchangaCommittee/History-of-Calendar-Panchanga-Committee#page/n77/mode/2up) - [#4]: ["Possible period of the design of Nakshatras and Abhijit"](http://www.tifr.res.in/~archaeo/papers/Others/Possible%20period%20of%20the%20design%20of%20Nakshatras.pdf)    - [#5]: Referencias secundarias como: s: Purana Encyclopedia, Purana Index, Mahabharata Index, Vedic Indix - [#6]: Vedas, Agamas - [#7]: [Vedic Chronology And Vedanga Jyotisha by Bala Gangadhar Tilak](https://archive.org/details/vedicchronologya033083mbp/page/n5) - [#8]: [Orion The Antiquity Of The Vedas by Bala Gangadhar Tilak](https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.5110) - [#9]: [The Arctic Home in the Vedas by Bal Gangadhar Tilak](https://archive.org/details/arctichm/page/n21/mode/2up) - [#10]: [Hamlet's Mill: An Essay on Myth & the Frame of Time by Giorgio de Santillana, Hertha von Dechend](https://archive.org/details/HamletsMill)

note: Indian Vedic sky culture authors section in markdown format
en:  - Tanmoy Saha
     - Contributors from the [sanskrit-coders community](https://github.com/sanskrit-coders) (esp [Vishvas Vasuki](https://github.com/vvasuki/)).
gl:  - Tanmoy Saha
     - Contribuidores da [comunidade de codificadores de sánscrito](https://github.com/sanskrit-coders) (esp [Vishvas Vasuki](https://github.com/vvasuki/)).

note: Indian (Nakshatras) sky culture name
en: Indian (Nakshatras)
gl: Indú (Nakshatras)

note: Indian (Nakshatras) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: First historical proofs of nakṣatra are given in the Vedic culture which is archaeologically attested in the Indus Valley before 1000 BCE [#1],[#2],[#5],[#6]. It is known from traditional religious texts and rituals that astronomy was used for timekeeping in that time. When the Indus culture started to spread to the Ganges Plateau which has a different climate, flora and fauna, Vedic cultural astronomy was reworked and a new religious text of that time, the Arthavaveda (900 to 600 BCE), preserves a complete set of constellations called ‘nakṣatra’ (नक्षत्र). The first complete non-religious description, the Vedāṅgajyotiṣa, dates to roughly 300 BCE, and the standardized origin (Ashvini as first) was set in the first century BCE or CE. Hinduism took over the nakshatras. In the first centuries CE, astrological ideas from the Graeco-Babylonian world, including the zodiac as a division of the ecliptic into twelve equal sections, was added to the older Vedic nakshatra-division. Since the middle of the first millennium CE, the system is used in its present form. 
    
    The number of stars per nakshatra-constellations may vary in different sources. In this sky culture, we present only one single historical source: the depictions in Tirupperunthurai (Athmanathaswamy temple) near Aranthangi, India, 10th century CE. There, they are drawn at two occasions in exactly the same way: engraved in a doorway of stone, and imprinted in a tiruvasi, a silver arch from the temple's main chamber.
gl: As primeiras probas históricas do nakṣatra danse na cultura védica, que está atestada arqueoloxicamente no val do Indo antes do ano 1000 a. C. [#1],[#2],[#5],[#6]. Sábese a partir de textos e rituais relixiosos tradicionais que a astronomía se empregaba para medir o tempo nesa época. Cando a cultura do Indo comezou a estenderse á meseta do Ganxes, que ten un clima, unha flora e unha fauna diferentes, a astronomía cultural védica foi reelaborada e un novo texto relixioso daquela época, o Arthavaveda (900 a 600 a. C.), conserva un conxunto completo de constelacións chamadas "nakṣatra" (नक्षत्र). A primeira descrición completa non relixiosa, o Vedāṅgajyotiṣa, data de aproximadamente o ano 300 a. C., e a orixe estandarizada (Ashvini como primeira) estableceuse no século I a. C. ou d. C. O hinduísmo fíxose cargo dos nakshatras. Nos primeiros séculos d.C., as ideas astrolóxicas do mundo grecobabilónico, incluíndo o zodíaco como unha división da eclíptica en doce seccións iguais, engadíronse á antiga división védica da nakshatra. Dende mediados do primeiro milenio d.C., o sistema utilízase na súa forma actual.O número de estrelas por constelación de nakshatra pode variar segundo as diferentes fontes. Nesta cultura do ceo, presentamos só unha fonte histórica: as representacións en Tirupperunthurai (templo Athmanathaswamy) preto de Aranthangi, India, século X d.C. Alí, debúxanse en dúas ocasións exactamente do mesmo xeito: gravadas nunha porta de pedra e impresas nun tiruvasi, un arco de prata da cámara principal do templo.

note: Indian (Nakshatras) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: In the second millennium BCE, the nakshatras were likely observed as rising constellations were the moon stands. The moon travels roughly 12° per day (360° in 30 days). However, historians proved that in later times, the nakshatras were observed in culmination [#4]. The moon then stands in the meridian together with some constellations. It is much easier to observe simultaneous culminations, as the air mass is much thinner there than at the horizon. Additionally, it simplifies the coordinate system and timekeeping, as simultaneously culminating asterisms share the same right ascension (hour) circle. 
    
    ### Sky
    
    
    ### Moon and Sun
    
    The nakshatras are defined as a circle of constellations to observe the motion of the moon. However, the Sun also travels the same path. The nakshatra of the sun is called the maLe nakshatra. 
    
    ### Planets
    
    The planets travel the same path but were not considered. 
    
    ### Zodiac
    
    The nakshatra are a lunar frame of reference, developed independent of the Babylonian zodiac but later merged with it due to exchange with the Greek culture which had adopted it already. The term "kṣatra" means "brilliance and "na" is a negation; so "nakṣatra" means "no brilliance"/ "not bright". In most cases, the stars used to define the asterisms that define the lunar stations (nakṣatra) are faint - with the exceptions of Spica, Betelgeuse, Arcturus. The fact that they are not bright and, thus, not easily visible, might have triggered the development of a coordinate system (which is, by definition, invisible), as the mental step from almost-invisible to invisible-by-definition is small. It is unknown when this step of mathematisation happened in the Vedic culture, but its existance in the first millennium BCE is highly likely while the zodiac schema (Rāśi, राशिः) was only adopted in India in the first millennium CE. 
    
    ### Milky Way
    
    The Milky Way is not incorporated in this set.
gl: No segundo milenio a.C., os nakshatras probablemente observáronse como constelacións ascendentes onde se atopaba a Lúa. A Lúa viaxa aproximadamente 12° por día (360° en 30 días). Non obstante, os historiadores demostraron que, posteriormente, os nakshatras observáronse na culminación [#4]. A Lúa entón sitúase no meridiano xunto con algunhas constelacións. É moito máis doado observar culminacións simultáneas, xa que a masa de aire é moito máis delgada alí que no horizonte. Ademais, simplifica o sistema de coordenadas e a medición do tempo, xa que os asterismos que culminan simultaneamente comparten o mesmo círculo de ascensión recta (hora).### Ceo### Lúa e SolOs nakshatras defínense como un círculo de constelacións para observar o movemento da Lúa. Non obstante, o Sol tamén percorre o mesmo camiño. O nakshatra do sol chámase nakshatra maLe.### PlanetasOs planetas percorren o mesmo camiño pero non foron considerados.### ZodíacoOs nakshatra son un marco de referencia lunar, desenvolvido independentemente do zodíaco babilonio, pero posteriormente fusionado con el debido ó intercambio coa cultura grega que xa o adoptara. O termo "kṣatra" significa "brillo" e "na" é unha negación; polo tanto, "nakṣatra" significa "sen brillo"/"non brillante". Na maioría dos casos, as estrelas empregadas para definir os asterismos que definen as estacións lunares (nakṣatra) son tenues, coas excepcións de Spica, Betelgeuse e Arcturus. O feito de que non sexan brillantes e, polo tanto, non sexan facilmente visibles, pode que desencadease o desenvolvemento dun sistema de coordenadas (que é, por definición, invisible), xa que o paso mental de case invisible a invisible por definición é pequeno. Descoñécese cando se produciu este paso de matematización na cultura védica, pero a súa existencia no primeiro milenio a. C. é moi probable, mentres que o esquema zodiacal (Rāśi, राशिः) só se adoptou na India no primeiro milenio d. C.### Vía LácteaA Vía Láctea non está incorporada neste conxunto.

note: Description of Indian (Nakshatras) constellation Ashvini
en: The meaning is "Horse Head", is the first nakshatra since the canonisation in the first millennium CE.
gl: O significado é "Cabeza de cabalo", é o primeiro nakshatra dende a canonización no primeiro milenio d.C.

note: Description of Indian (Nakshatras) constellation Bharani
en: The meaning is "Bearer".
gl: O significado é "Portador".

note: Description of Indian (Nakshatras) constellation Krittika
en: The meaning of the name is uncertain, but it's a name for the Pleiades, mythologically represented by seven damsels.
gl: O significado do nome é incerto, pero é un nome para as Pléiades, representadas mitoloxicamente por sete doncelas.

note: Description of Indian (Nakshatras) constellation Rohini
en: Literally, the meaning is "The Red One", a name for reddish Aldebaran and the Hyades.
gl: Literalmente, o significado é "O Vermello", un nome para o avermellado Aldebarán e as Híades.

note: Description of Indian (Nakshatras) constellation Mrigashira
en: The term's literal meaning is "Deer's Head". It is an asterism of three faint stars that seem to form a nebulous patch.
gl: O significado literal do termo é "Cabeza de cervo". É un asterismo de tres estrelas tenues que parecen formar unha mancha nebulosa.

note: Description of Indian (Nakshatras) constellation Ardra
en: The sixth nakshatra has the name "Wetness". It is identified with Betelgeuse as a single star-asterism.
gl: O sexto nakshatra chámase "Humidade". Identifícase con Betelgeuse como un único asterismo estelar.

note: Description of Indian (Nakshatras) constellation Punarvasu
en: The term means "Twin-Restorer" and refers to a deity.
gl: O termo significa "Restaurador de Xemelgos" e refírese a unha divindade.

note: Description of Indian (Nakshatras) constellation Pushya
en: Pushya means "Nourisher" and is a name for the open star cluster M44 which is surrounded by four stars forming a box-like quadrilateral.
gl: Pushya significa "Nutridor" e é o nome do cúmulo estelar aberto M44, que está rodeado por catro estrelas formando un cuadrilátero en forma de caixa.

note: Description of Indian (Nakshatras) constellation Ashlesha
en: Ashlesha means "Embrace".
gl: Ashlesha significa "Abrazo".

note: Description of Indian (Nakshatras) constellation Magha
en: This name sometimes refers to the single star-asterism Regulus and sometimes to a group of four stars in a zigzag pattern. The literal translation means "Bountiful".
gl: Este nome ás veces refírese á estrela-asterismo único Regulus e ás veces a un grupo de catro estrelas nun patrón en zigzag. A tradución literal significa "Abundante".

note: Description of Indian (Nakshatras) constellation Purva Phalguni
en: Likely, there used to be a constellation "Phalguni", the Reddish, in very old times that was later split into two sections to obtain a number of 27 units in the path of the moon; Purva Phalguni is the "First Reddish".
gl: Probablemente, en tempos moi antigos existiu unha constelación "Phalguni", a Vermella, que posteriormente se dividiu en dúas seccións para obter un número de 27 unidades na traxectoria da Lúa; Purva Phalguni é a "Primeira Vermella".

note: Description of Indian (Nakshatras) constellation Uttara Phalguni
en: Uttara Phalguni is the "Second Reddish", the second half of the Phalguni-asterism, in the direction of monthly lunar motion.
gl: Uttara Phalguni é a "Segunda Vermella", a segunda metade do asterismo Phalguni, na dirección do movemento lunar mensual.

note: Description of Indian (Nakshatras) constellation Hasta
en: Hasta means "Hand" and refers to a group of five stars.
gl: Hasta significa "Man" e fai referencia a un grupo de cinco estrelas.

note: Description of Indian (Nakshatras) constellation Chitra
en: Chitra, the "Bright One", used to be a star name for most of historical sources. However, in this specific engraving in the temple, interestingly, this single star-asterism is drawn as two stars and not only as one as it used to be the tradition. The companion is called "Apamvatsa" in later star catalogues and also bears this name in the IAU-Catalogue of Star Names.
gl: Chitra, a "Brillante", adoitaba ser o nome dunha estrela na maioría das fontes históricas. Non obstante, neste gravado específico no templo, curiosamente, este único asterismo de estrela debúxase como dúas estrelas e non só como unha como adoitaba ser a tradición. A compañeira chámase "Apamvatsa" nos catálogos de estrelas posteriores e tamén leva este nome no Catálogo de Nomes de Estrelas da IAU.

note: Description of Indian (Nakshatras) constellation Svati
en: Svati is the name of a goddess.
gl: Svati é o nome dunha deusa.

note: Description of Indian (Nakshatras) constellation Vishakha
en: The literal meaning is "Forked"; it is the name of an asterims in Libra, but only the identification of alpha and beta Librae is certain.
gl: O significado literal é "bifurcado"; é o nome dun asterisco en Libra, pero só a identificación das Librae alfa e beta é certa.

note: Description of Indian (Nakshatras) constellation Jyeshtha
en: The name means "Eldest" but it is unknown what it signifies.
gl: O nome significa "A máis vella", pero descoñécese o seu significado.

note: Description of Indian (Nakshatras) constellation Mula
en: Mula, the "Root", is located in the area of Sco which contains some of the brightest clouds of the Milky Way with a significant dark stripe in the middle, and also many bright stars. Hence, it is uncertain if the name refers to a group of (up to ten) stars or to a pattern of bright or dark clouds.
gl: Mula, a "Raíz", está situada na zona de Sco, que contén algunhas das nubes máis brillantes da Vía Láctea cunha franxa escura significativa no medio, e tamén moitas estrelas brillantes. Polo tanto, non se sabe con certeza se o nome se refire a un grupo de (ata dez) estrelas ou a un patrón de nubes brillantes ou escuras.

note: Description of Indian (Nakshatras) constellation Purva Ashadha
en: Ashadha, the Invincible, was the name of a larger constellation that was split into two parts, the first of which is the "First Invincible".
gl: Ashadha, a Invencible, era o nome dunha constelación máis grande que estaba dividida en dúas partes, a primeira das cales era a "Primeira Invencible".

note: Description of Indian (Nakshatras) constellation Uttara Ashadha
en: The "Second Invincible" is the second half of the formerly larger constellation of Ashadha, the Invincible, in the direction of the monthly motion of the moon.
gl: A "Segunda Invencible" é a segunda metade da constelación, anteriormente máis grande, de Ashadha, a Invencible, na dirección do movemento mensual da Lúa.

note: Description of Indian (Nakshatras) constellation Shravana
en: Shravana means "Listening".
gl: Shravana significa "Escoita".

note: Description of Indian (Nakshatras) constellation Dhanishta
en: Dhanishta, the "Most Famous", is the name of an easily recognisable pattern of stars; it appears as a group even to inexperienced observers.
gl: Dhanishta, a "Máis Famosa", é o nome dun patrón de estrelas facilmente recoñecible; aparece como un grupo mesmo para observadores inexpertos.

note: Description of Indian (Nakshatras) constellation Shatabhisha
en: Literally, the term Shatabhisha means "Hundred Physicians" and some historical depictions really display 100 stars. Here, it is just represented as a group of many.
gl: Literalmente, o termo Shatabhisha significa "Cen médicos" e algunhas representacións históricas mostran 100 estrelas. Aquí, simplemente se representa como un grupo de moitas.

note: Description of Indian (Nakshatras) constellation Purva Bhadrapada
en: From the Blessed Feet, here we see the "First Blessed Feet".
gl: Dos Benditos Pés, aquí vemos os "Primeiros Benditos Pés".

note: Description of Indian (Nakshatras) constellation Uttara Bhadrapada
en: As the Moon on its monthly path moves from west to east, the eastern part of the constellation of the Blessed Feet is called "Second Blessed Feet".
gl: A medida que a Lúa na súa traxectoria mensual se move de oeste a leste, a parte oriental da constelación dos Pés Benditos chámase "Segundos Pés Benditos".

note: Description of Indian (Nakshatras) constellation Revati
en: Revati means the "Prosperous". In the canonical counting the last nakshatra, harbinger of the new cycle.
gl: Revati significa "Próspera". Na conta canónica, o último nakshatra é o presaxio do novo ciclo.

note: Indian (Nakshatras) sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: Débarbat, S; Eddy, J. A.; Eichhorn, H. K. and Upgren, A.R. (ed.) 1988. Mapping the Sky. International Astronomical Union Symposia, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht (NL).
     - [#2]: Dikshit, S.B. 1981. Bhāratīya Jyotish Śāstra (History of Indian Astronomy), vol. 2, New Delhi (First published in Marathi in 1896.)
     - [#3]: Hoffmann and Shylaja (forthcoming), Nakshatras in the first millennium BCE
     - [#4]: Shylaja B S and Shubha B S (2024). A Unique Application Of The Observation Of Stars In Indian Astronomical Texts , 2024,  Journal for Astronomical History and Heritage, 27(3): 595-604 
     - [#5]: Weber, A. 1860-1862. Die Vedischen Nachrichten von der Naxatra. Königliche Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin. 2 Volumes.
     - [#6]: Yano, M. 2017. ‘The Nakṣatra System of the Atharvaveda-Pariśiṣṭa,’ Journal of Indian Studies 28/29: 65–74.
gl: - [#1]: Débarbat, S; Eddy, J. A.; Eichhorn, H. K. e Upgren, A.R. (ed.) 1988. Cartografía do ceo. Simposios da Unión Astronómica Internacional, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht (Países Baixos).- [#2]: Dikshit, S.B. 1981. Bhāratīya Jyotish Śāstra (Historia da astronomía india), vol. 2, Nova Delhi (Publicado por primeira vez en marathi en 1896).- [#3]: Hoffmann e Shylaja (de próxima publicación), Nakshatras no primeiro milenio a.C.- [#4]: Shylaja B S e Shubha B S (2024). Unha aplicación única da observación das estrelas nos textos astronómicos indios, 2024, Journal for Astronomical History and Heritage, 27 (3): 595-604 - [#5]: Weber, A. 1860-1862. Die Vedischen Nachrichten von der Naxatra. Königliche Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlín. 2 volumes. - [#6]: Yano, M. 2017. ‘The Nakṣatra System of the Atharvaveda-Pariśiṣṭa’, Journal of Indian Studies 28/29: 65–74.

note: Indian (Nakshatras) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: Susanne M Hoffmann
    
    ### About
    
    With B.S. Shylaja, I studied the early history of the nakshatras in our research. 
    
    ### Acknowledgements
    
    I thank B. S. Shylaja for consulting me in my studies of the history of Vedic astronomy. 
    
    Students of the University of Jena, Germany: Vincent Gerlach, Fabian Hofer, Luca-Philipp Grumbach, Mher Mnatsakanyan, Richard Hofmann and Moritz Rätz. These students developed the "Sky Culture Maker Plugin" for Stellarium which I am herewith testing.
gl: Susanne M Hoffmann
    
    ### Acerca de
    
    Con B.S. Shylaja, estudei a historia temperá dos nakshatras na nosa investigación.
    
    ### Agradecementos
    
    Agradezo a B. Shylaja por consultarme nos meus estudos sobre a historia da astronomía védica.
    
    Estudantes da Universidade de Jena, Alemaña: Vincent Gerlach, Fabian Hofer, Luca-Philipp Grumbach, Mher Mnatsakanyan, Richard Hofmann e Moritz Rätz. Estes estudantes desenvolveron o complemento "Sky Culture Maker" para Stellarium, que estou a probar aquí.

note: Inuit sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Inuit are the native population of the Arctic.
gl: Os inuit son a poboación nativa do Ártico.

note: Inuit sky culture description section in markdown format
en: The Inuit sky culture files available for Stellarium are an adaptation of John MacDonald's research in his book [#1]. While placements and specifics of Inuit constellations might differ from tribe to tribe, the information in Stellarium presents the constellations and general themes of the arctic universe.
    
    ### The Milky Way
    
    The Divider, Aviguti.
gl: Os ficheiros da cultura celeste inuit dispoñibles para Stellarium son unha adaptación da investigación de John MacDonald no seu libro [#1]. Aínda que as colocacións e os detalles das constelacións inuit poden variar dunha tribo a outra, a información de Stellarium presenta as constelacións e os temas xerais do universo ártico.### A Vía LácteaO Divisor, Aviguti.

note: Description of Inuit constellation Two Sunbeams
en: Aagjuuk, an important constellation for timekeeping.
gl: Aagjuuk, unha constelación importante para a medición do tempo.

note: Description of Inuit constellation Two Placed Far Apart
en: Akkuttujuuk, two stars signaling the return of sunlight to the arctic.
gl: Akkuttujuuk, dúas estrelas que sinalan o regreso da luz solar ó Ártico.

note: Description of Inuit constellation Dogs
en: Qimmiitt, five dogs harassing Nanook, or Nanurjuk, the polar bear.
gl: Qimmiitt, ​​cinco cans acosando a Nanook, ou Nanurjuk, o oso polar.

note: Description of Inuit constellation Lamp Stand
en: Pituaq, stand containing the burning fuel providing light
gl: Pituaq, soporte que contén o combustible que arde e proporciona luz

note: Description of Inuit constellation Caribou
en: The big dipper is Tukturjuit, the caribou.
gl: A Osa Maior é Tukturjuit, o caribú.

note: Description of Inuit constellation Two in Front
en: Sivulliik, "the first ones" , Little Orphan Boy being chased by an angry grandfather.
gl: Sivulliik, "os primeiros", un neno orfo perseguido por un avó anoxado.

note: Description of Inuit constellation The Old Woman Behind
en: Kingulliq, the grandmother chasing the Two in Front
gl: Kingulliq, a avoa perseguindo as Dúas de Diante

note: Description of Inuit constellation Breastbone
en: Sakiattiak, The Pleiades, are seen as a breast bone.
gl: Sakiattiak, as Pléiades, son vistas como un esterno.

note: Description of Inuit constellation Runners
en: Orion's Belt is Ullaktut, three hunters lost on a hunting trip for Nanuk, the polar bear.
gl: O Cinto de Orión é Ullaktut, tres cazadores perdidos nunha viaxe de caza de Nanuk, o oso polar.

note: Description of Inuit constellation Blubber Container
en: Uqsuutaattiaq, a seal flipper skin sewn shut, contains fuel for lamps.
gl: Uqsuutaattiaq, unha pel de aleta de foca cosida, contén combustible para lámpadas.

note: Description of Inuit constellation Never Moves
en: Nuuttuittuq is the North Star Polaris, the star that never moves.
gl: Nuuttuittuq é a estrela polar, a estrela que nunca se move.

note: Description of Inuit constellation Nephews or Nieces
en: The Orion Nebula, Qangimmaariik, a group of children.
gl: A nebulosa de Orión, Qangimmaariik, un grupo de nenos.

note: Description of Inuit constellation Name of a Murdered Man
en: Or sometimes: "He who never goes out on newly formed ice". Sikuliaqsiujuittuq is Procyon, the main star in Canis Minor.
gl: Ou ás veces: "O que nunca sae ó xeo acabado de formar". Sikuliaqsiujuittuq é Proción, a estrela principal de Canis Minor.

note: Inuit sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by *Karrie Berglund* of Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. based primarily on the book [#1].
    
    Illustrations are done by Johan Meuris.
gl: A esta cultura do ceo contribuíu *Karrie Berglund* de Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. basándose sobre todo no libro [#1].
    
    As ilustracións están feitas por Johan Meuris.

note: Inuit sky culture license section in markdown format
en: Text and data: GNU GPL v2.0
    
    Illustrations: Free Art License
gl: Text and data: GNU GPL v2.0
    
    Ilustracións: Free Art License

note: Japanese Yasui Map sky culture name
en: Japanese Yasui Map
gl: Map Yasui xaponesa

note: Japanese Yasui Map sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Most astronomical observation in the Japan until the Meiji Restoration was closely tied to astrological purposes. For ancient Chinese and later Korean and Japanese cartographers four seasons and four cardinal directions is marked as four talismanic animals - the Azure Dragon of the East (Spring), the Red Bird of the South (Summer), the White Tiger of the West (Fall), and the "Genbu" (Black Tortoise) of the North (Winter). Corresponding to each of the talismanic animals the celestial "palaces" were seven *sei shuku* or what are sometimes called "lunar lodges". The moon "stations" or "lodges" probably may be used to determine position of sun and planets as well as the moon, and their number may or may not have been related to the period of the moon's orbit. Origins of these associations are obscure and even controversial.
gl: A maioría das observacións astronómicas do Xapón ata a Restauración Meiji estiveron intimamente ligadas a fins astrolóxicos. Para os antigos chineses, e logo para coreanos e xaponeses, as catro estacións e os catro puntos cardinais están marcadas como catro animais talismánicos: o Dragón Azul do Leste (Primavera), a ave vermella do sur (Verán), o tigre branco do oeste (Outono. ) e o "Genbu" (tartaruga negra) do Norte (Inverno). Correspondíanlle a cada un dos animais talismánicos os sete "palacios" celestes *sei shuku*que ás veces se chaman "lodas". As "estacións" ou "aloxamentos" da lúa poden ser usadas para determinar a posición do sol e dos planetas, así como da lúa, e o seu número pode estar ou non relacionado co período da órbita da lúa. As orixes destas asociacións son escuras e mesmo polémicas.

note: Japanese Yasui Map sky culture description section in markdown format
en: Determination of the talismanic animals and associated star "palaces" together with the associated 28 *sei shuku* or lunar lodges represent some of the most complex aspects of Asian "astronomy". An apparent anomaly is the fact that the actual positional path of the sun seems to move in a direction opposite the seasonal associations of Spring and Fall. Some scientists argues that this is due to the animals and sei shuku being created some 17 to 18 millennia ago (precession creating the anomaly), but it does not really explain the apparent "backward" motion of the sun through seasons.
    
    According to some scientists, the talismanic animals with their associated sei shuku were probably used in conjunction with the direction to which the handle of the big dipper (often called the "North Seven Stars" in China, Korea, and Japan) pointed at the equinoxes and solstices. Before the Christian Era, when the sei shuku were created, the big dipper did not appear to set, because they had a relatively "higher" position than now.
    
    Like myths and traditions in Western cultures, these views still wield influence in the daily life of people in China, Korea, and Japan (this despite quite prominent scientific literacy). However, it should be pointed out that astrological divination in China, Korea and Japan was and is rather complex.
    
    The lore related to moon stations is one of the most interesting aspects of Asian Ethnoastronomy. Japanese interpretations of these associations tended to revolve around agricultural needs and animistic views of nature. Unlike many Western myths and traditions, japanese gods in the similitude of the talismanic animals can be seen as manifestations of nature.
    
    Below is an example of a star chart from Edo Era Japan.
    
    ![](illustrations/chart.png)
    
    *Close-Up of Yasui's Map Showing the First 15 Moon Stations*
    
    ### The Azure Dragon of the East (Spring)
    
    The 7 Moon Stations of the "East" or "Blue Dragon".
    
    |<notr>#</notr>|Chinese Character|Meaning|Key Star|Japanese Name|
    |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------|-------|--------|-------------|
    |<notr>1</notr>|![](illustrations/mn01.png)|Horn(s), perhaps Angle, Corner|<notr>&alpha; Vir</notr>|<notr>SuBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>2</notr>|![](illustrations/mn02.png)|Neck, Throat|<notr>&kappa; Vir</notr>|<notr>AmiBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>3</notr>|![](illustrations/mn03.png)|Root, perhaps Shoulder or Base|<notr>&iota; Lib; </notr>sometimes<notr> &alpha; Lib</notr>|<notr>TomoBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>4</notr>|![](illustrations/mn04.png)|Chamber, perhaps Breasts|<notr>&delta; Sco; </notr>sometimes<notr> &pi; Sco</notr>|<notr>SoiBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>5</notr>|![](illustrations/mn05.png)|Heart|<notr>&sigma; Sco</notr>|<notr>NakagoBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>6</notr>|![](illustrations/mn06.png)|Tail|<notr>&mu; Sco</notr>|<notr>AshitareBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>7</notr>|![](illustrations/mn07.png)|Basket|<notr>&gamma; Sgr; </notr>sometimes<notr> &eta; Sgr</notr>|<notr>MiBoshi</notr>|
    
    ### The "Genbu" (Black Tortoise) of the North (Winter)
    
    The 7 Moon Stations of the "North" (Genbu) or "Black Tortoise of Winter" (also "Somber" or "Black" Warrior).
    
    |<notr>#</notr>|Chinese Character|Meaning|Key Star|Japanese Name|
    |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------|-------|--------|-------------|
    |<notr>8</notr>|![](illustrations/mn08.png)|Dipper; Measure|<notr>&phi; Sgr</notr>|<notr>HikitsuBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>9</notr>|![](illustrations/mn09.png)|Cow|<notr>&beta; Cap</notr>|<notr>InamiBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>10</notr>|![](illustrations/mn10.png)|Woman; perhaps Waiting Maid|<notr>&epsilon; Aqr</notr>|<notr>UrukiBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>11</notr>|![](illustrations/mn11.png)|Emptiness|<notr>&beta; Aqr</notr>|<notr>TomiteBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>12</notr>|![](illustrations/mn12.png)|Roof Top, perhaps Danger, Steep|<notr>&alpha; Aqr</notr>|<notr>UmiyameBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>13</notr>|![](illustrations/mn13.png)|Room, perhaps Encampment|<notr>&alpha; Peg</notr>|<notr>HatsuiBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>14</notr>|![](illustrations/mn14.png)|Wall|<notr>&gamma; Peg</notr>|<notr>NamameBoshi</notr>|
    
    ### The White Tiger of the West (Fall)
    
    The 7 Moon Stations of the "West" or "White Tiger".
    
    |<notr>#</notr>|Chinese Character|Meaning|Key Star|Japanese Name|
    |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------|-------|--------|-------------|
    |<notr>15</notr>|![](illustrations/mn15.png)|Stride, Foot|<notr>&delta; And</notr>|<notr>TokakiBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>16</notr>|![](illustrations/mn16.png)|Hill, Lasso; perhaps Bellows|<notr>&beta; Ari</notr>|<notr>TataraBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>17</notr>|![](illustrations/mn17.png)|Stomach|<notr>35 Ari</notr>|<notr>EkieBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>18</notr>|![](illustrations/mn18.png)|Stopping Place, United; perhaps "Getting Together"|<notr>17 Tau; </notr>sometimes<notr> 16 Tau</notr>|<notr>SubaruBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>19</notr>|![](illustrations/mn19.png)|Net; perhaps related to Rain|<notr>&epsilon; Tau</notr>|<notr>AmefuriBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>20</notr>|![](illustrations/mn20.png)|Turtle Snout, perhaps Tuft on Owl's Head|   |<notr>TorokiBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>21</notr>|![](illustrations/mn21.png)|Investigator, Three|<notr>&delta; Ori; </notr>sometimes<notr> &beta; Ori</notr>|<notr>KagasukiBoshi</notr>|
    
    ### The Red Bird of the South (Summer)
    
    The 7 Moon Stations of the "South" or "Red Bird".
    
    |<notr>#</notr>|Chinese Character|Meaning|Key Star|Japanese Name|
    |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------|-------|--------|-------------|
    |<notr>22</notr>|![](illustrations/mn22.png)|Well|<notr>&mu; Gem</notr>|<notr>ChichiriBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>23</notr>|![](illustrations/mn23.png)|Ogre, Devil, perhaps Ghost|<notr>&delta; Cnc; </notr>sometimes<notr> &theta; Cnc</notr>|<notr>TamahomeBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>24</notr>|![](illustrations/mn24.png)|Willow|<notr>&delta; Hya</notr>|<notr>NurikoBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>25</notr>|![](illustrations/mn25.png)|Stars|<notr>&alpha; Hya</notr>|<notr>HotohoriBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>26</notr>|![](illustrations/mn26.png)|Stretched Net|<notr>&nu; Hya</notr>|<notr>ChirikoBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>27</notr>|![](illustrations/mn27.png)|Wings|<notr>&alpha; Crt</notr>|<notr>TasukiBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>28</notr>|![](illustrations/mn28.png)|Chariot Cross-Board, perhaps strings of Koto|<notr>&gamma; Crv</notr>|<notr>MitsukakeBoshi</notr>|
gl: A determinación dos animais talismánicos e os "palacios" da estrela asociada xunto cos 28 asociados *sei shuku* ou aloxamentos lunares representan algúns dos aspectos máis complexos da "astronomía" asiática. Unha aparente anomalía é o feito de que o camiño do sol semella moverse nunha dirección fronte ás asociacións estacionais de primavera e outono. Algúns científicos sosteñen que isto se debe ós animais e ó sei shuku que se crearon hai uns 17 a 18 mil anos (precesión que crea a anomalía), pero realmente non explica o aparente movemento "atrasado" do sol durante as estacións.
    
    Segundo algúns científicos, os animais talismánicos co seu sei shuku asociado probablemente se usaron xunto coa dirección á que apuntaba o mango do gran cullerón (moitas veces chamados "Sete Estrelas do Norte" en China, Corea e Xapón) nos equinoccios e solsticios. Antes da era cristiá, cando se creou o sei shuku, o gran cullerón non parecía estar configurado, porque tiñan unha posición relativamente "superior" ca agora.
    
    Do mesmo xeito que os mitos e as tradicións das culturas occidentais, estas visións seguen influíndo na vida cotiá das persoas en China, Corea e Xapón (isto a pesar da alfabetización científica bastante importante). Non obstante, cómpre salientar que a adiviñación astrolóxica en China, Corea e Xapón era e é bastante complexa.
    
    A tradición relacionada coas estacións da lúa é un dos aspectos máis interesantes da etnoastronomía asiática. As interpretacións xaponesas destas asociacións tendían a xirar arredor das necesidades agrícolas e as visións animistas da natureza. A diferenza de moitos mitos e tradicións occidentais, os deuses xaponeses ó igual cós animais talismánicos poden verse como manifestacións da natureza.
    
    A continuación móstrase un exemplo dun gráfico de estrelas de Edo Era Japan.
    
    ![](illustrations/chart.png)
    
    *Primeiro plano do mapa de Yasui mostrando as 15 primeiras estacións de lúa*
    
    ### O Dragón Azul do Leste (Primavera)
    
    As 7 estacións da lúa do "Leste" ou "Dragón Azul"
    
    |#|Carácter chinés|Significado|Estrela Chave|Nome xaponés|
    |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------|-----------|-------------|------------|
    |1|![](illustrations/mn01.png)|Corno(s), talvez Ángulo, Recanto|&alpha; Vir|SuBoshi|
    |2|![](illustrations/mn02.png)|Gorxa, Garganta|&kappa; Vir|AmiBoshi|
    |3|![](illustrations/mn03.png)|Raíz, quizais Ombreiro ou Base|&iota; Lib; ás veces &alpha; Lib|TomoBoshi|
    |4|![](illustrations/mn04.png)|Cámara, quizais Peitos|&delta; Sco; ás veces &pi; Sco|SoiBoshi|
    |5|![](illustrations/mn05.png)|Corazón|&sigma; Sco|NakagoBoshi|
    |6|![](illustrations/mn06.png)|Rabo|&mu; Sco|AshitareBoshi|
    |7|![](illustrations/mn07.png)|Canastra|&gamma; Sgr; ás veces &eta; Sgr|MiBoshi|
    
    ### O "Genbu" (Sapoconcho Negro) do Norte (Inverno)
    
    As 7 estacións da lúa do "Norte" (Gembu) ou "Sapoconcho Negro do Inverno" (tamén "Sombrío" ou "Guerreiro Negro")
    
    |#|Carácter chinés|Significado|Estrela Chave|Nome xaponés|
    |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------|-----------|-------------|------------|
    |8|![](illustrations/mn08.png)|Culler; Medida|&phi; Sgr|HikitsuBoshi|
    |9|![](illustrations/mn09.png)|Vaca|&beta; Cap|InamiBoshi|
    |10|![](illustrations/mn10.png)|Muller; quizais criada agardando|&epsilon; Aqr|UrukiBoshi|
    |11|![](illustrations/mn11.png)|Baleiro|&beta; Aqr|TomiteBoshi|
    |12|![](illustrations/mn12.png)|Teito, talvez Perigo, Cantil|&alpha; Aqr|UmiyameBoshi|
    |13|![](illustrations/mn13.png)|Habitación, talvez Campamento|&alpha; Peg|HatsuiBoshi|
    |14|![](illustrations/mn14.png)|Muro|&gamma; Peg|NamameBoshi|
    
    ### O Tigre Branco do Oeste (Outono)
    
    As 7 estacións da lúa do "Oeste" ou "Tigre Branco"
    
    |#|Carácter chinés|Significado|Estrela Chave|Nome xaponés|
    |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------|-----------|-------------|------------|
    |15|![](illustrations/mn15.png)|Alancada, Pé|&delta; And|TokakiBoshi|
    |16|![](illustrations/mn16.png)|Outeiro, Lazo; quizais Fol|&beta; Ari|TataraBoshi|
    |17|![](illustrations/mn17.png)|Estómago|35 Ari|EkieBoshi|
    |18|![](illustrations/mn18.png)|Lugar de parada, unión; talvez "Reunión"|17 Tau; ás veces 16 Tau|SubaruBoshi|
    |19|![](illustrations/mn19.png)|Rede; talvez relacionado coa choiva|&epsilon; Tau|AmefuriBoshi|
    |20|![](illustrations/mn20.png)|Fociño de tartaruga, talvez penacho na cabeza do bufo|   |TorokiBoshi|
    |21|![](illustrations/mn21.png)|Investigador, Tres|&delta; Ori; ás veces &beta; Ori|KagasukiBoshi|
    
    ### O Paxaro Vermello do Sur (Verán)
    
    As 7 estacións da lúa do "Sur" ou "Paxaro Vermello"
    
    |#|Carácter chinés|Significado|Estrela Chave|Nome xaponés|
    |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------|-----------|-------------|------------|
    |22|![](illustrations/mn22.png)|Well|&mu; Gem|ChichiriBoshi|
    |23|![](illustrations/mn23.png)|Ogro, Diaño, talvez Pantasma|&delta; Cnc; ás veces &theta; Cnc|TamahomeBoshi|
    |24|![](illustrations/mn24.png)|Vimbio|&delta; Hya|NurikoBoshi|
    |25|![](illustrations/mn25.png)|Estrelas|&alpha; Hya|HotohoriBoshi|
    |26|![](illustrations/mn26.png)|Rede Estendida|&nu; Hya|ChirikoBoshi|
    |27|![](illustrations/mn27.png)|Ás|&alpha; Crt|TasukiBoshi|
    |28|![](illustrations/mn28.png)|Carro, quizais cordas de Koto|&gamma; Crv|MitsukakeBoshi|

note: Japanese Yasui Map sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: <notr>[A Cultural History of Astronomy in Japan](http://www.academia.edu/5293593/A_Cultural_History_of_Astronomy_in_Japan)</notr> by Steve Renshaw
gl:  - [#1]: [Unha Historia Cultural da Astronomía en Xapón](http://www.academia.edu/5293593/A_Cultural_History_of_Astronomy_in_Japan) by Steve Renshaw

note: Kamilaroi/Euahlayi sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Kamilaroi (also known as Gomeroi) and Euahlayi peoples are Australian Aboriginal cultural groups located in the northern part of New South Wales. They have survived European invasion and loss of much of their country. Their culture and connection to country remains strong, including an extensive cultural astronomy first recorded in the 1860s.
gl: Os Kamilaroi (tamén coñecidos como Gomeroi) e Euahlayi son grupos culturais aborixes australianos situados na parte norte de Nova Gales do Sur. Sobreviviron á invasión europea e á perda de gran parte do seu país. A súa cultura e conexión coa terra segue sendo forte, incluída unha extensa astronomía cultural rexistrada por primeira vez na década de 1860.

note: Kamilaroi/Euahlayi sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Background
    
    This Stellarium Skyculture is the result of a Higher Degree Research project by Robert Fuller at Macquarie University, Sydney, finishing in 2014. Stellarium was chosen as a part of the project for Giving Back of the collected knowledge to the Kamilaroi and Euahlayi communities in the form of a documentary video (Star Stories of the Dreaming) and a student's Study Guide. Clips from the Stellarium were used in the documentary to illustrate certain sky objects.
gl: ### Antecedentes
    
    Esta cultura do ceo de Stellarium é o resultado dun proxecto de investigación de grao superior realizado por Robert Fuller na universidade Macquarie, Sydney, rematado no 2014. Stellarium foi elixido como parte do proxecto para devolver os coñecementos recollidos ás comunidades Kamilaroi e Euahlayi en forma de vídeo documental (Star Stories of the Dreaming) e unha guía de estudos dun estudante. No documental utilizáronse clips do Stellarium para ilustrar certos obxectos do ceo.

note: Description of Kamilaroi/Euahlayi constellation Emu
en: Gawaargay is the spirit Emu in the Sky, located with its head in the Coal Sack, and its neck and body stretching out through the dust lanes of the Milky Way (Warrambul) past Scorpius. The Euahlayi and the Kamilaroi see it with legs in April and May, when it is female and chasing the males. From June to August it is male and sitting on its nest without legs (the males brood the chicks), and this is a signal to collect the eggs. In the evening in late August it is vertical in the sky, and the head and body form two "eggs", meaning the eggs should not be collected. Later in the year, it appears on the horizon, so it is believed to be sitting in a waterhole, meaning the waterholes are full. When it is below the horizon, then it is on Earth as the Black Emu, which is rarely seen.
gl: Gawaargay é o espírito Emú no ceo, situado coa cabeza no saco de carbón e o pescozo e o corpo estendéndose polas canles de po da Vía Láctea (Warrambul) pasando por Escorpio. Os euahlayi e os kamilaroi veno con patas en abril e maio, cando é femia e persegue os machos. De xuño a agosto é macho e está sentado no seu niño, sen patas (os machos incuban os polos), e este é un sinal para recoller os ovos. Pola noite a finais de agosto está vertical no ceo, e a cabeza e o corpo forman dous "ovos", o que significa que non se deben recoller os ovos. Máis tarde no ano, aparece no horizonte, polo que se cre que está sentado nun pozo de auga, o que significa que os pozos están cheos. Cando está por debaixo do horizonte, entón está na Terra como o Emú Negro, que raramente se ve.

note: Description of Kamilaroi/Euahlayi constellation Birringoloo
en: Birringoloo is the second wife of Byaame, the creator/culture hero. She sits by the campfire of Byaame's camp (the star Alpha Muscae), and all women with girl children who die come to this camp before going on to Bulimah (Heaven behind Warrambul). They wait at this camp until all their girl children have died and come to the camp, and then they can proceed to Bulimah.
gl: Birringoloo é a segunda esposa de Byaame, o creador/heroe da cultura. Senta xunto á fogueira do campamento de Byaame (a estrela Alpha Muscae), e todas as mulleres con nenas que morren chegan a este campamento antes de ir a Bulimah (o ceo detrás de Warrambul). Agardan neste campamento ata que todas as súas nenas morran e cheguen ó campamento, e entón poden continuar cara a Bulimah.

note: Description of Kamilaroi/Euahlayi constellation Roots
en: Yarran (also called mingga) is the roots of the Yarran tree, an Acacia, which is the tree that Byaame took up to the Warrambul with the first man to die (and the Cockatoos). It is actually centred on the Coal Sack, and the dark nebula is the hollow of the tree seen from below, with the roots spreading around. When someone dies and goes to Bulimah, they go through the hollow of the Yarran.
gl: Yarran (tamén chamado mingga) son as raíces da árbore Yarran, unha acacia, que é a árbore que Byaame levou ó Warrambul co primeiro home en morrer (e as cacatúas). En realidade, está centrada no Saco de Carbón, e a nebulosa escura é o oco da árbore visto desde abaixo, coas raíces estendéndose arredor. Cando alguén morre e vai a Bulimah, pasa polo oco do Yarran.

note: Description of Kamilaroi/Euahlayi constellation Clever Man
en: A Wiringin is a "Clever Man" or Aboriginal doctor. This Wiringin located in the Small Magellanic Cloud is there because he controls who can go on to Bulimah. If the person who died is not initiated, they are not allowed, because they don't know the rules, so he sends them to Wadhaagudjaaylwan in the Large Magellanic Cloud. This birth spirit will send the uninitiated back to Earth as a new baby, so they can be initiated. This Wiringin is represented in every Aboriginal cemetery as the Wilga tree (Native Willow).
gl: Un Wiringin é un "home intelixente" ou médico aborixe. Este Wiringin situado na Pequena Nube de Magallanes está alí porque controla quen pode ir a Bulimah. Se a persoa que morreu non é iniciada, non se lle permite ir porque descoñece as regras, polo que a envía a Wadhaagudjaaylwan na Gran Nube de Magallanes. Este espírito de nacemento enviará os non iniciados de volta á Terra como un bebé recén nacido, para que poidan ser iniciados. Este Wiringin está representado en todos os cemiterios aborixes como a árbore Wilga (salgueiro nativo).

note: Description of Kamilaroi/Euahlayi constellation Uninitiated boys
en: The Birray Birray are a group of uninitiated boys who are in love with the seven young women (sisters), Miyay Miyay, who make up the Pleiades star cluster. They chased the Miyay Miyay, who ended up in the sky, and for this they were placed in Orion, as the three stars that make up the belt of Orion. Rigel is their fire, and the sword of Orion is their fire poker. They are kept from the Miyay Miyay by the Wiringin, Old Dthillar, who is Aldebaran.
gl: Os Birray Birray son un grupo de rapaces non iniciados que están namorados das sete mozas (irmás), Miyay Miyay, que forman o cúmulo estelar das Pléiades. Perseguiron ás Miyay Miyay, que acabaron no ceo, e por iso foron colocados en Orión, como as tres estrelas que forman o cinto de Orión. Rigel é o seu lume, e a espada de Orión é o seu atizador de lume. Son protexidos das Miyay Miyay polo Wiringin, o Vello Dthillar, que é Aldebarán.

note: Description of Kamilaroi/Euahlayi constellation Seven sisters
en: The Miyay Miyay are the seven young women (sisters) who were chased into the sky, depending on the story, by the Birray Birray, or by various Wiringins or other bad persons. They form the Pleiades star cluster, and as one sister is shy, normally we only see six stars. They are protected from the Birray Birray in Orion by the Wiringin, Old Dthillar, who is Aldebaran.
gl: As Miyay Miyay son as sete mozas (irmás) que foron perseguidas cara ó ceo, dependendo da historia, polos Birray Birray ou por varios Wiringins ou outras persoas malas. Forman o cúmulo estelar das Pléiades e, como unha das irmás é tímida, normalmente só vemos seis estrelas. Están protexidas dos Birray Birray en Orión polo Wiringin, o Vello Dthillar, que é Aldebarán.

note: Description of Kamilaroi/Euahlayi constellation Old Dthillar with hut
en: Old Dthillar is a Wiringin, in this case the Wiringin of the Birray Birray, the unitiated boys in Orion who pine for the Miyaay Miyaay (Seven Sisters) in the Pleiades. Old Dthillar is the star Aldebaran, which is also Alpha Tauri, and he stands there to protect the Miyaay Miyaay from the Birray Birray. The inverted "V" shape made up by Alpha, Epsilon, and Gamma Tauri is Old Dthillar's gunya (hut).
gl: O vello Dthillar é un Wiringin, neste caso o Wiringin dos Birray Birray, os rapaces unificados de Orión que desexan as Miyaay Miyaay (Sete Irmás) nas Pléiades. O vello Dthillar é a estrela Aldebarán, que tamén é Alpha Tauri, e alí se coloca para protexer as Miyaay Miyaay dos Birray Birray. A forma de "V" invertida formada por Alpha, Epsilon e Gamma Tauri é a gunya (cabana) do vello Dthillar.

note: Description of Kamilaroi/Euahlayi constellation Madness
en: "Wamba" means "crazy" or "mad". In this case, the star Canopus is called Wamba Wamba because of various reasons, depending on whose story is told. The planet Venus is also called Wamba. One speculation is that both Canopus and Venus are seen close to the horizon in the summer, and due to atmospheric defraction, can "scintillate" (twinkle srongly), which results in rapid changes in colour. This might be interpreted as madness.
gl: "Wamba" significa "tolo" ou "louco". Neste caso, a estrela Canopus chámase Wamba Wamba por varias razóns, dependendo de quen se conte a historia. O planeta Venus tamén se chama Wamba. Unha especulación é que tanto Canopus como Venus vense preto do horizonte no verán e, debido á defracción atmosférica, poden "cintilar" (brillar forte), o que provoca rápidos cambios de cor. Isto podería interpretarse como loucura.

note: Description of Kamilaroi/Euahlayi constellation Wadhaagudjaaylwan
en: Wadhaagudjaaylwan is Byaame's third wife, who is in the Large Magellanic Cloud, and sings to women who are going to have babies. She "sings" the babies to the women on Earth, and she takes the persons that the Old Wiringin in the Small Magellanic Cloud sends to her, and sends them back to Earth as babies.
gl: Wadhaagudjaaylwan é a terceira esposa de Byaame, que está na Gran Nube de Magallanes, e canta para as mulleres que van ter fillos. Ela "canta" ós bebés das mulleres na Terra, e colle as persoas que o Antigo Wiringin na Pequena Nube de Magalllanes lle envía e lévaas de volta á Terra como bebés.

note: Description of Kamilaroi/Euahlayi constellation Kangaroo
en: Bandaarr is Kamilaroi/Euahlayi for Kangaroo, and this kangaroo is located under the belly of the Emu in the Milky Way, looking away from the Emu. Bandaarr is either a grey or red kangaroo, depending on the culture, and has significance in ceremony.
gl: Bandaarr é Kamilaroi/Euahlayi para canguro, e este canguro está situado debaixo do ventre do emú na Vía Láctea, mirando en dirección contraria ó emú. Bandaarr é un canguro gris ou vermello, dependendo da cultura, e ten significado nas cerimonias.

note: Description of Kamilaroi/Euahlayi constellation Sulfur-crested cockatoo
en: Muraay is Kamilaroi, and Muyaay is Euahlayi for the sulfur-crested cockatoo, who are the Pointer stars (Alpha Centauri and Hadar/Beta Centauri). They ended up in the constellation Crux when their tree, the Yarran, was dragged into the sky with the first man to die, and they are always chasing Yarran.
gl: Muraay é Kamilaroi, e Muyaay é Euahlayi para a cacatúa de crista de xofre, que son as estrelas Punteiro (Alfa Centauri e Hadar/Beta Centauri). Acabaron na constelación Crux cando a súa árbore, o Yarran, foi arrastrada ó ceo co primeiro home que morreu, e sempre están perseguindo a Yarran.

note: Description of Kamilaroi/Euahlayi constellation Warrawilbaarru
en: Warrawilbaarru is the whirlwind spirit who lives in the constellation Scorpius. Byaame normally keeps him from coming to Earth, but in September he comes out of one of three holes (dark nebulae) in Scorpius during September, and doesn't go back until around March. During this time he is on earth as the "willy willy" or whirlwind, and can be dangerous to children and uninitiated men.
gl: Warrawilbaarru é o espírito do remuíño que vive na constelación de Escorpio. Byaame normalmente impide que veña á Terra, pero en setembro sae dun dos tres buratos (nebulosas escuras) de Escorpio durante o mes de setembro e non volve ata arredor de marzo. Durante este tempo está na Terra como o "willy willy" ou remuíño, e pode ser perigoso para nenos e homes non iniciados.

note: Kamilaroi/Euahlayi sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: More detailed information on the astronomy of the Kamilaroi and Euahlayi peoples can be found at [https://unsw.academia.edu/RobertFuller](https://unsw.academia.edu/RobertFuller).
gl: - [#1]: Pódese atopar información máis detallada sobre a astronomía dos pobos kamilaroi e euahlayi en [https://unsw.academia.edu/RobertFuller](https://unsw.academia.edu/RobertFuller).

note: Kamilaroi/Euahlayi sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: Robert S. Fuller and Ghillar Michael Anderson
gl: Robert S. Fuller e Ghillar Michael Anderson

note: Khoikhoi and San sky culture name
en: Khoikhoi and San
gl: Khoikhoi e San

note: Khoikhoi and San sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: ##### Stars&#8217; Road &mdash; Milky Way
    
    A strong-willed girl became so angry when her mother would not give her any of a delicious roasted root that she grabbed the roasting roots from the fire. The girl threw the roots and ashes into the sky, where the red and white roots now glow as red and white stars, and the ashes are the Milky Way or Stars&#8217; road.
    
    ##### Hunting trip &mdash; Pleiades, Aldebaran and Orion
    
    According to the Namaquas, the Pleiades were the daughters of the sky god. Their husband (Aldebaran) shot his arrow (Orion&#8217;s sword) at three zebras (Orion's belt), but missed. Now he is stuck. He cannot go home because he had not supplied meat for his family, and he cannot fetch his arrow because of the fierce lion (Betelgeuse), watching the zebras.
    
    ##### Other Legends
    
    The Xam Bushmen called Canopus the &#8220;ant-egg star&#8221;, while Vega was seen as a male steenbok by the Gwi Bushmen. The Nyae Naye Kung Bushmen refers to the Coalsack Nebula as the &#8220;old bag of the night.&#8221;
    
     The bright reddish star Antares was called the &#8220;fire-finishing star&#8221; by the Xu Bushmen. Not only does it have the reddish colour, but at certain times of the year it sets very late at night, after camp fires had died down.
    
     Another Khoikhoi legend tells of some &#8220;great celestial beast&#8221; with the pointer stars of the Southern Cross referred to as Mura, &#8220;the eyes&#8221; of the beast.
gl: ##### Estrada de Estrelas&#8217;  &mdash; Vía Láctea
    
    Unha nena de vontade forte enfadouse tanto cando a súa nai non lle daba nada dunha deliciosa raíz asada que colleu as raíces asadas do lume. A nena botou as raíces e as cinzas ó ceo, onde as raíces brancas e vermellas brillan agora como estrelas brancas e vermellas, e as cinzas son a Vía Láctea ou Estrada de Estrelas&#8217; .
    
    ##### Viaxe de caza &mdash; Pléiades, Aldebarán e Orión
    
    Segundo os Namaquas, as Pléiades eran as fillas do deus do ceo. O seu marido (Aldebarán) disparou a súa frecha (espada de Orión) a tres cebras (o cinto de Orión), pero errou. Agora está atrapado. Non pode volver á casa porque non forneceu carne para a súa familia, e non pode buscar a súa frecha por mor do feroz león (Betelgeuse), que observa as cebras.
    
    ##### Outras lendas
    
    Os bosquimanos de Xam chamaron a Canopus a &#8220;estrela do ovo de formiga&#8221;, mentres que os bosquimanos Gwi vían Vega como un steenbok macho. Os bosquimanos de Nyae Naye Kung refírese á Nebulosa do Carbón como a &#8220;vella bolsa da noite.&#8221;
    
    A estrela avermellada brillante Antares foi chamada &#8220;estrela do apagado do lume&#8221; polos bosquimanos Xu. Non só ten a cor avermellada, senón que nalgunhas épocas do ano ponse moi tarde, despois de que se apagaran os lumes do campamento.
    
    Outra lenda de Khoikhoi fala dalgunha &#8220;gran besta celestial&#8221; coas estrelas punteiras da Cruz do Sur denominadas Mura, &#8220;os ollos&#8221; da besta.

note: Khoikhoi and San sky culture authors section in markdown format Xhosa sky culture authors section in markdown format Zulu sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was created by Suki Lock for the South African Astronomical Observatory [(SAAO)](http://www.saao.ac.za/), based on information supplied by Auke Slotegraaf. They were modified using inputs and information from Themba Matomela, Thembela Mantungwa and Mdumiseni Nxumalo. The project was initiated by Sivuyile Manxoyi after having discussions with Prof Jarita Holbrook and Prof Kevin Snedegar on African Cultural astronomy.
gl: Esta cultura do ceo foi creada por Suki Lock para o Observatorio Astronómico de Sudáfrica[(SAAO)](http://www.saao.ac.za/), baseándose na información proporcionada por Auke Slotegraaf. Fixéronse modificacións utilizando entradas e información de Themba Matomela, Thembela Mantungwa e Mdumiseni Nxumalo. O proxecto foi iniciado por Sivuyile Manxoyi despois de ter conversas coa profesora Jarita Holbrook e o profesor Kevin Snedegar sobre a astronomía cultural africana.

note: Korean sky culture name
en: Korean
gl: Coreano

note: Korean sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Chinese, Korean, and Japanese constellations have the same origin and look very similar in shape. They are represented respectively in the Dun Huang starmap from the 8th century, the Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Ji-Do map and in the Kitora skymap painted in A.D.7C ~ 8C. Their positions and their names are similar in the Chinese alphabet. The name of the constellations first appear in the Records of the Grand Historian(史記) in Han dynasty describing Xia dynasty in about 2000 B.C.
gl: As constelacións chinesa, coreana e xaponesa teñen a mesma orixe e teñen unha forma moi semellante. Están representadas respectivamente no plano de Dun Huang do século VIII, no mapa Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Ji-Do e no esquema Kitora pintado en A.D.7C ~ 8C. As súas posicións e os seus nomes son similares no alfabeto chinés. O nome das constelacións aparece por primeira vez nos rexistros do gran historiador (史記) na dinastía Han que describe a dinastía Xia arredor do 2000 a.C.

note: Korean sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Origin
    
    The 272 constellations displayed in this Stellarium sky culture are based on the Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Zi-Do, the Korean Constellation map, which was carved on the stone on 1395 but has its origin from another sky map which existed about 2,000 years ago. This map represents 1467 stars in about 190 constellations whose shapes are slightly different from the chinese ones. The interpretation of the map is not easy: the map is so old that only about 300 stars are found to match with the real stars. All the stars of the map were drawn on a circle, so the equator seems smaller than the southern limit. Because the density of constellation does not change with respect to the position, the position and the size of the constellations were somewhat altered in a way unknown by the author. It is assumed that there should be no bright stars which do not belong to any constellations. The work of the author is subject to interpretation, and could be changed at a later time. It will however roughly show what the Korean Constellation are like.
gl: ### Orixe
    
    As 272 constelacións mostradas nesta cultura do ceo de Stellarium baséanse no mapa de constelacións de Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Zi-Do, que foi esculpido na pedra en 1395 pero que ten a súa orixe noutro mapa do ceo que existía hai uns 2.000 anos. Este mapa representa 1467 estrelas en preto de 190 constelacións cuxas formas son lixeiramente diferentes das chinesas. A interpretación do mapa non é doada: o mapa é tan antigo que só se atopan unhas 300 estrelas que coinciden coas estrelas reais. Todas as estrelas do mapa se debuxaron nun círculo, polo que o ecuador parece máis pequeno có límite sur. Debido a que a densidade da constelación non cambia con respecto á posición, a posición e o tamaño das constelacións foron alteradas dun xeito descoñecido polo autor. Suponse que non debería haber estrelas brillantes que non pertenzan a ningunha constelación. A obra do autor está suxeita a interpretación e podería modificarse posteriormente. Non obstante, mostrarase como é a constelación coreana.

note: Korean sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user *[Jeong, Tae-Min](http://user.chollian.net/~jtm71/)*
gl: TContribuíu a esta cultura do ceo para Stellarium *[Jeong, Tae-Min](http://user.chollian.net/~jtm71/)*

note: Lokono sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: <img src="illustrations/lokono_map_1.png" width="277" height="375" align="left"/>The *Lokono*, also known as *Arawak*, are an indigenous people of the Guianas, whose territory stretches along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, from northwestern Guyana, through Suriname, to northwestern French Guiana (see map).[#1] The Lokono speak a language that belongs to the Arawakan language family&mdash;one of the largest linguistic groupings on the continent. Like many of their linguistic relatives, the Lokono are agriculturalists specializing in the farming of manioc (*Manihot esculenta*), who also practice fishing, hunting, and gathering of wild plant. However, as one of the first indigenous groups that was encountered by the Europeans at the time of conquest, the Lokono have been in contact with non-indigenous populations for over 500 years.[#2] This contact has intensified in the last century, leading to a substantial loss of the Lokono language, traditional material and immaterial culture, changes in subsistence practices, and in particular to the disappearance of *medicine-men*&mdash;the traditional carriers of spiritual knowledge, most likely including ethnoastronomical knowledge. As a consequence, the modern knowledge about celestial bodies appears to be but a fraction of what the Lokono knew about stars in the past. Several constellations mentioned in older sources are forgotten or are only known from their names, while the combinations of stars they represent and the oral traditions explaining their origin and significance have been forgotten. The Skyculture presented here includes only identified constellations but the following description provides a more comprehensive account of Lokono astronomical knowledge including information extracted from historical sources about all the celestial objects named in the table below.
gl: <img src="illustrations/lokono_map_1.png" width="277" height="375" align="left"/>Os *Lokono*, tamén coñecidos como *Arawak*, son un pobo indíxena das Guianas, cuxo territorio se estende ó longo da costa do océano Atlántico, dende o noroeste da Guyana, pasando por Surinam, ata a noroeste da Guaiana Francesa (ver mapa).[#1] Os lokono falan unha lingua que pertence á familia de linguas arawakas unha das agrupacións lingüísticas máis grandes do continente. Como moitos dos seus parentes lingüísticos, os lokono son agricultores especializados na agricultura de mandioca (*Manihot esculenta*) que tamén practican a pesca, a caza e a recolección de plantas silvestres. Non obstante, como un dos primeiros grupos indíxenas que atoparon os europeos no momento da conquista, os lokono estiveron en contacto con poboacións non indíxenas dende hai máis de 500 anos.[#2] Este contacto intensificouse no século pasado, provocando unha perda substancial da lingua lokono, da materia tradicional e da cultura inmaterial, cambios nas prácticas de subsistencia e en particular levou á desaparición dos *menciñeiros*&mdash;os portadores tradicionais de coñecemento espiritual, incluíndo probablemente coñecementos etnoastronómicos. Como consecuencia, o coñecemento moderno sobre os corpos celestes parece ser só unha fracción do que os Lokono sabían sobre as estrelas no pasado. Algunhas constelacións mencionadas en fontes máis antigas esqueceuse ou só se coñecen os seus nomes, mentres se esqueceron as combinacións de estrelas que representan e as tradicións orais que explican a súa orixe e significación. A cultura do ceo que se presenta aquí inclúe só constelacións identificadas, pero a seguinte descrición ofrece unha conta máis completa do coñecemento astronómico dos Lokono incluíndo información extraída de fontes históricas sobre todos os obxectos celestes mencionados na táboa seguinte.

note: Lokono sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Lokono constellations and other celestial objects
    
    |Lokono name|Literal translation in English|Approximate location|
    |-----------|------------------------------|--------------------|
    |<notr>Hadali</notr>|   |Sun|
    |<notr>Kathi</notr>|   |Moon|
    |<notr>Warhokoma</notr>|   |Venus|
    |<notr>Waya nukuthi bunaha</notr>|Path of the carriers of clay|Milky Way|
    |<notr>Mali</notr>|   |Sirius|
    |<notr>Yôkoro wiwa</notr>|Scores of stars|Pleiades|
    |<notr>Wiwa kalemero</notr>|Shining star|Jupiter|
    |<notr>Yorhada</notr>|Grill|Pegasus|
    |<notr>Kamodokoya</notr>|Spirit of the green anaconda|unclear|
    |<notr>Kibiwarhakoya</notr>|Spirit of the capibara|unknown|
    |<notr>Mabukuli</notr>|Man without a thigh|Orion's belt|
    |<notr>Kama tâla</notr>|Jaw of the tapir|Hyades|
    |<notr>Hithikoya</notr>|Spirit of the black curassow|Crux|
    |<notr>Yokhârhin</notr>|Hunter|α Centauri|
    |<notr>Alêti</notr>|Torch|β Centauri|
    |<notr>Anorhâkoya</notr>|Spirit of the cocoi heron|Ursa Major|
    |<notr>Honolikoya</notr>|Spirit of the rufescent tiger heron|unknown|
    |<notr>Kasorhowakoya</notr>|Spirit of the four-eyed fish|λ Sco and υ Sco|
    |<notr>Katarokoya</notr>|Spirit of the green sea turtle|Hercules|
    |<notr>Hikorhikoya</notr>|Spirit of the yellow-footed tortoise|unknown|
    |<notr>Kwakoya</notr>|Spirit of the blue crab|Orion|
    |<notr>Ifakoya</notr>|Spirit of the Muscovy duck|Corona Australis|
    |<notr>Awarhakoya</notr>|Spirit of the awara palm|Coma Berenices|
    |<notr>Hadorhikoya</notr>|Spirit of the red acouchi|unknown|
    |<notr>Hokorherokoya</notr>|Spirit of the red-rumped agouti|unknown|
    |<notr>Kabadarokoya</notr>|Spirit of the jaguar|unknown|
    |<notr>Korhirhwathekoya</notr>|Spirit of the ocelot|unknown|
    |<notr>Hawkoya</notr>|Spirit of the pale-throated sloth|unknown|
    |<notr>Warhemedokoya</notr>|Spirit of the two-toed sloth|unknown|
    |<notr>Yôwanakoya</notr>|Spirit of the green iguana|unknown|
    |<notr>Yarheyarherokoya</notr>|Spirit of the lilac-tailed parrot|unknown|
    |<notr>Marodikoya</notr>|Spirit of the marail guan|unknown|
    |<notr>Hikarowanakoya</notr>|Spirit of the little cuckoo|unknown|
    |<notr>Sûtukoya</notr>|Spirit of the red-handed tamarin|unknown|
    |<notr>Howakoya</notr>|Spirit of the white-faced saki|unknown|
    |<notr>Imenarikoya</notr>|Spirit of the scorpion|unknown|
    |<notr>Korherokoya</notr>|Spirit of the parrot|unknown|
    |<notr>Kasipenikoya</notr>|Spirit of a tortoise|unknown|
    |<notr>Shimarhabokoya</notr>|Spirit of the bow and arrow|unknown|
    |<notr>Arakabosakoya</notr>|Spirit of the gun|unknown|
    |<notr>Maraka</notr>|Medicine-men’s rattle|unknown|
    
    ### Lokono astronomical knowledge: an introduction
    
    From contemporary and historical accounts, it appears that astronomical knowledge was not restricted to particular members of the Lokono society. However, it was the medicine-men in particular&mdash;the spiritual leaders of the Lokono known as *semethi*&mdash;who were required to master the various aspects of star knowledge and who might have been responsible for passing the oral traditions associated with them from one generation to another. From Rodrigo de Navarette, who around 1550 wrote one of the first accounts of the Lokono, we learn, for instance, that:
    
    *&ldquo;old and wise men whom they call Cemetu assemble in the houses designed for their meetings and [&hellip;] recount the traditions and exploits of their ancestors and great men, and also narrate what those ancestors heard from their forefathers; so that in this manner they remember the most ancient events of their country and people. And, in like manner they recount or preach about events relating to the heavens, the sun, moon, and stars.&rdquo;*[#1]
    
    Navarette's *cemetu*, the medicine-men known in modern Lokono as *semethi*, have largely given up their practices today, which may be the reason why the transmission of astronomical knowledge has been interrupted. Many Lokono constellations appear to have been forgotten today. Our sources are therefore often limited to historical accounts written by early explorers and ethnographers of the Guianas, one of the oldest examples of which is illustrated below.
     <p style="text-align:center;"> <figure> <img src="illustrations/schulz.png" width="572" height="508" align="middle"/> <p style="text-align:center;"><figcaption>Fig.1 List of Lokono stars by Theodor Schulz, circa 1803.[#23]</figcaption></p> </figure> </p>
    It is this literature that allows us to party reconstruct the Lokono stellar knowledge, described below. Before discussing the individual celestial bodies, however, several general features of Lokono astronomy merit a mention, namely:
    
     - the overlap with the astronomical traditions of neighboring indigenous groups.
     - the oral traditions explaining the origin and significance of celestial bodies.
     - the use of the term *koya* &lsquo;spirit&rsquo; in the names of numerous constellations.
     - the use of the general term *wiwa* &lsquo;star, year&rsquo; and the lack of other astronomical terms.
     - the sky watching practices of the Lokono.
    
    ### 1. Shared Guianan knowledge
    
    The Lokono territory borders that of two linguistically unrelated indigenous peoples, the Kari&rsquo;na, speaking a Cariban language, and the Warao, speaking a language isolate. Though unrelated and traditionally not intermarrying, the three groups share a great deal of material and immaterial culture. Ethnoastronomical tradition of the three peoples also shows a number of striking similarities, such as shared stellar myths, similar names of constellations, and parallels in the stellar calendar. This speaks to the contacts between the three groups and to the exchange of astronomical knowledge, possibly facilitated by their respective spiritual leaders, such as the Lokono *semethi*. The degree to which these traditions overlap and the directionality of their exchange require further study. Here, we focus on the Lokono and therefore do not discuss these cultural borrowings in detail, unless they shed light on the Lokono ethnoastronomy.
    
    ### 2. Stellar oral traditions
    
    One of such shared features are myths about stars. Such oral traditions tell of the origins of particular celestial bodies, link them to one another, and explain their influence on the natural world. The Lokono constellation *Hithikoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the black curassow&rsquo;, for instance, is linked in a Lokono myth to that of *Yokhârhin* &lsquo;Hunter&rsquo; and *Al&ecirc;ti* &lsquo;Torch&rsquo;, all three of which have Kari&rsquo;na and Warao equivalents. It is these oral traditions, preserved by the medicine-men, that likely served as the main vehicle through which astronomical knowledge was passed from one generation to another. For this reason, summaries of the relevant myths are given in the description of particular constellations. Occasionally, when the relevant Lokono myth is not documented, myths of the neighboring groups are referred to in order to illuminate the significance of particular celestial bodies. Given that many of such oral traditions are shared by the Lokono and the neighboring groups, this enhancement of the poorly preserved Lokono astronomical knowledge is justified.
    
    ### 3. Calendar of spirits
    
    The term *koya* &lsquo;spirit&rsquo;, found in numerous constellation names typically following a term for a particular plant or animal, is a key feature of Lokono astronomy. Walter Roth, an ethnographer of the Guianas, explains that such constellations are the spirits of the corresponding beings.[#4] At a time of the year when the constellation appears, the spirit travels from the sky to earth to breathe life into the beings it represents. As such, the *koya*-constellations formed a calendar, indicating what the best time is to engage in subsistence activities related to these plants and animals (e.g. hunting or gathering). The Lokono may have also known where such spirits would descend on earth; Walter Roth suggests that they called these places with the same names as the constellations but the evidence of that remains poor. Thus, *Hadorhikoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the red acouchi&rsquo; would refer to the spirit, the constellation, and the place where the *hadorhi* is found in plenty when its constellation appears. While this toponymic knowledge is forgotten today, the *koya*-constellations remind us of the great understanding of the plant and animal life that the Lokono possessed.
    
    ### 4. *Wiwa*, the star and the year
    
    The Lokono also have another general term that is used to refer to stars, *wiwa*. The term lacks the spiritual connotations of *koya.* It refers, on the one hand, to the physical quality of stars as something shining and, on the other hand, to the calendar year. As such, it is used, for instance, when talking about one&rsquo;s age. While it can apply to any star, *wiwa* appears only in two proper names of celestial bodies. *Y&ocirc;koro wiwa*, literally &lsquo;Scores of stars&rsquo; (Pleiades), is the most important of all Lokono constellations, whose appearance traditionally commences the Lokono calendar year. Following *Y&ocirc;koro wiwa* are the numerous *koya*-constellations, each signaling a different season in the Lokono calendar. On the other hand, *Wiwa kalemero*, literally &lsquo;Shining star&rsquo; (Jupiter) appears to have been singled out solely due to its brightness. Apart from *wiwa* and *koya*, there are no generic terms distinguishing planets, stars, moons, suns, galaxies and so on in the Lokono language. For this reason, the Lokono equivalent of the Milky Way, for instance, is included among other constellations.
    
    ### 5. Sky watching practices
    
    While the Lokono can admire the sky in the evening, to follow the Lokono stellar calendar, one has to look at the constellations around 4 am in the morning, the time when the Lokono usually wake up. The Lokono thus observe the rising of the constellations in the morning. To get the right idea of the yearly cycle of constellations, one should also set the viewing location to the Guianas (e.g. Georgetown, Paramaribo, or Cayenne in the location menu). It merits a mention that many Lokono, when drawing constellations, did not connect the stars with lines and that in some cases, there was little agreement among speakers as to which star within a constellation corresponds to which parts of the plant or animal it represents. In Stellarium, we represent constellations with lines, but it should be kept in mind that this may be a distortion of the Lokono tradition, which allows for more flexibility in interpreting particular star groups. Finally, there are restrictions on looking at some celestial bodies, since it is believed that a spirit can harm one if looked at.[#5] For instance, by full moon, mothers covered the eyes of their children so that they would not become sick.[#6] Young people were also told not to look at *Y&ocirc;koro wiwa* (Pleiades), or else they would not grow.[#7] Such practices applied also to other objects believed to harbor powerful spirits and included other ways of avoiding eye-contact with spirits such rubbing peppers, limes, or salt into one&rsquo;s eyes.
    
    ### Lokono celestial bodies
    
    ##### *Hadali* 'Sun'
    
    The Lokono term for the Sun is *Hadali*, also pronounced as *Adali*. Claaudius de Goeje suggests that the variously spelled names of the Lokono culture hero, the first medicine-man known as *Harlitvanli*, *Haliwalika*, *Halwanli*, *Hariwalli*, and *Arawanili*, and sometimes *Arawidi,* may all refer to the same hero identified as the Sun.[#8] While we cannot confirm this hypothesis, the myth of *Arawidi* is worth mentioning. In the Lokono myth, *Arawidi*, the Sun, is the father of a man that becomes the constellation *Mabukuli* &lsquo;Man without a thigh&rsquo; (Orion&rsquo;s belt).[#9], [#10], [#11] According to the story, the Sun used to come to earth in the shape of a man called *Arawidi* to meet his lover with whom he had twins. In a later episode of the myth, one of the twins marries a woman, whose mother the couple decide to kill. When they try to escape, the wife&rsquo;s sister chases them and manages to cut off his leg in revenge. As a result, the man ascends to the sky and becomes the constellation *Mabukuli*. Another Lokono myth warns against offending the Sun: a man, stuck on an uninhabited island in the middle of a swamp, cries out for help. A boat passes him, but inside the boat is the Sun, which does not want to help the man, since people always complain that the Sun shines too hard.[#11]. As far as practices related to the Sun, Im Thurn reported that among the Lokono, the eclipse of the Sun was considered a war between *Hadali* and *Kathi*, the Moon, and that the Lokono would shout and make all kinds of noises to stop them from fighting.[#12]
    
    ##### *Kathi* 'Moon'
    
    The moon is known as *Kathi*, a term first recorded by Joannes de Laet as *cattehee* around 1598, and used also to refer to the lunar month.[#13] According to the Lokono, the Moon, like the Sun, was once a man. Walter Roth reports a Lokono myth, in which a young woman was visited by a mysterious lover night after night.[#10] To find out who the lover was, the woman smeared her hands with the soot from the bottom of a pot. Next day, when she woke up, she found that her brother&rsquo;s face was covered in soot and realized it was him who visited her at night. Everybody in her community started to avoid the incestuous brother, who became so ashamed that he kept away from the people and ultimately ascended to the sky, becoming the Moon. This is why, according to the Lokono, the face of the moon is dirty today. The Moon appears also in another myth. In the Lokono myth about a man stuck on an uninhabited island mentioned above, another boat passes the man, but this time inside is the Moon, which decides to help the man, since people are always happy to see the Moon come out at night.[#11] The Moon and Sun are also depicted as opponents. In previous times, the Lokono believed that the eclipse of the Moon is its death (*kathi &ocirc;don* &lsquo;moon dying&rsquo;) and would keep watch all night.[#6] The Lokono say during the eclipse of the Moon that the Moon has fallen asleep on the Sun&rsquo;s path.[#11] Therefore, they make a lot of noise, play drums, and blow shell trumpets to wake him up. By full moon, mothers would cover the eyes of their children so that they do not become sick.
    
    ##### *Warhokoma* 'Venus'
    
    The planet Venus, both when it appears in the morning as the Morning Star and when it appears in the evening as the Evening Star, is called *Warhokoma* by the Lokono.[#8], [#14], [#15] Charles Dance, on the other hand, reports the terms *Eweiwah* and *Huewah*, probably the equivalents of the general term *wiwa* &lsquo;star&rsquo; which can be used for any shining celestial body.[#16] The Lokono also speak of Venus as *Hiyaro wiwa* &lsquo;women&rsquo;s star&rsquo;. In relation to this, it merits a mention that Claudius de Goeje reports that when *Hiyaro wiwa* appears close to the Moon, and a girl is about to have her first menstruation, the Lokono say that the girl will soon be touched by the Moon.[#5] There is no myth about *Warhokoma* specifically and its relation to the Moon, but it is worth reminding that the Lokono know a story, in which the Moon was originally a man who committed incest with his sister (see the myth mentioned under *Kathi*), and has a name as a womanizer.[#10] Interestingly, the name *Warhokoma* for Morning or Evening Star appears also in Kari&rsquo;na, who see it also as the Moon's wife.[#17], [#18]
    
    ##### *Waya nukuthi bunaha* 'Milky Way'
    
    The Milky Way is known among the Lokono as *Waya nukuthi bunaha,* literally &lsquo;Path of the carriers of clay&rsquo;. The Milky Way represents the footprints of men who once went to fetch clay for making pots, an art that is, rarely if at all, practiced by the Lokono today. The origin of the name, however, is still known, and is summarized in a myth.[#19] The same name for Milky Way was noted by William Brett who adds that it is named after a specific whitish type of clay.[#14] Charles Dance, on the other hand, says that the Milky Way represents the footprints of peccaries rooting up the clay, while Walter Roth mentions a different Lokono explanation, according to which the Milky way represents a tapir chased by a dog and jaguar.[#10], [#16] However, these two sources do not give the corresponding Lokono name for the Milky Way, and it is possible that these two explanations are a Kari&rsquo;na influence, who recognize a constellation of a tiger following the constellation of a tapir within that of the Milky Way.[#17]
    
    ##### *Mali* 'Sirius'
    
    The modern Lokono call Sirius *Mali*, the literal meaning of which is unknown. Cornelius van Coll describes a Lokono star called *Mali* and explains that it is a very powerful star.[#7], [#17] When it comes up in the morning in August, it kills the fish in the swamps, and one should not point at it or one&rsquo;s finger will become lame. Cornelius van Coll&rsquo;s *Mali* marks the beginning of the big dry season (August to December), called in Lokono *malidalithe*, a term derived from *Mali*. Older sources identified *Mali* tentatively as Lyra, Aquila, or Crux, but given that the big dry season starts around August and that the Lokono observe the stars in the morning, these identifications must be incorrect; Lyra, Aquila, and Crux cannot be seen at this time from the Lokono territories.[#11], [#17] There are no Lokono myths about *Mali*, but there is evidence that is may correspond to the Kari&rsquo;na constellation *Ombatapo* &lsquo;Previous face&rsquo;. The Kari&rsquo;na myths explain the origin of the constellation and its name, which, like the Lokono *Mali*, is believed to kill the fish in the swamps and announces the beginning of the big dry season. Moreover, the Kari&rsquo;na *Ombatapo* is identified as parts of Puppis and Canis Major, the latter of which includes Sirius.[#18], [#20]
    
    ##### *Yôkoro wiwa* 'Scores of stars'
    
    The constellation *Y&ocirc;koro wiwa* or *Wiwa y&ocirc;koro*, literally &lsquo;Score of stars&rsquo;, refers to the Pleiades and is easily recognized by the contemporary Lokono. This is likely because *Y&ocirc;koro wiwa* is described as the most important of Lokono constellations, since it announce the beginning of the Lokono year.[#17] After it comes out first in June in the east, it is followed by the numerous *koya*-constellations referring to the spirits of animals and plants that constitute the Lokono calendar. At that time of the year, the Lokono say *Y&ocirc;koro wiwa kayaran* &lsquo;the birth of *Y&ocirc;koro wiwa*&rsquo;. It is said that if *Y&ocirc;koro wiwa* shines strong when it appears for the first time, many people will die in the coming year.[#5] Cornelius van Coll also warns that young people should not look at it, or else they will not grow.[#7] These omens and warnings are related to a Lokono myth. According to the story, there were once twin brothers, one of which had a wife, and said that death would come when their star, *Y&ocirc;koro Wiwa*, rises.[#7] Death came indeed, killing even his wife, roasting her on the fire, and the Lokono became angry and brought a giant green anaconda to swallow the twins. The snake ate one of the brothers, but because it was already 5 am and the day broke, the snake could not eat the other brother. The snake is now the constellation *Kamodokoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the green anaconda&rsquo;, in the belly of which *Y&ocirc;koro Wiwa* is said to be located (see also the *Yorhada* myth). In another narrative, the Lokono explain that the *Y&ocirc;koro Wiwa* represents seven brothers lost in a savannah on their way back home, a motif also known from a Kari&rsquo;na story.[#20]
    
    ##### *Yorhada* 'Grill'
    
    The constellation *Yorhada* &lsquo;Grill&rsquo;, or *Wiwa yorhadale* &lsquo;Star&rsquo;s grill&rsquo;, represents a wooden grill, on which meat is roasted.[#4], [#11], [#21] Its origin is explained in a myth related by Walter Roth about a man who killed his wife, roasted her, and fed her liver to his mother-in-law because she called him a worthless hunter.[#10] In revenge, the mother asked her brother, *Kamodo* to kill the man when he went hunting. The man suspected the woman set a trap and escaped death by sending his brother instead. The grill on which the wife was roasted became the Western constellation Pegasus, according to contemporary Lokono, marking the beginning of the small dry season (April), the time when the Lokono roast a lot of fish. The myth is similar to that of *Y&ocirc;koro wiwa* and the twins, in which the older brother is responsible for roasting his wife and may be the same as the man who roasted his wife in the *Yorhada* myth. In both myths, the younger brother killed by the anaconda becomes *Y&ocirc;koro wiwa*, while the grill becomes *Yorhada*. Claudius de Goeje suggested that *Yorhada* is the Western constellation Corvus, but Corvus does not appear at beginning of the small dry season.[#11] The neighboring Warao also know Pegasus as the grill, and are familiar with the myth.[#10]
    
    ##### *Kamodokoya* 'Spirit of the green anaconda'
    
    *The constellation Kamodokoya*, &lsquo;Spirit of the green anaconda (*Eunectes murinus*)', also called *Waroboshi* remains poorly described.[#5] Older sources suggest it is Perseus, Pleiades, Scorpio, or Ophiuchus, but the exact stars remain unidentified.[#10], [#11], [#21] Several myths explain its origin. According to Walter Roth, a man killed his wife, roasted her, and fed her liver to her mother because she called him a worthless hunter.[#10], In revenge, she asked *Kamodo* to kill him, but the man escaped the snake who ate his younger brother instead. The constellation *Kamodokoya* has *Y&ocirc;koro wiwa*, the brother, inside, and is close to *Yorhada* &lsquo;Grill&rsquo;, on which the wife was roasted. Notably, Theodor Schultz list the constellation *Waroboshi yorhadale* 'The grill of the green anaconda' which could be the same as the constellation *Yorhada*.[#23] Cornelius van Coll speaks of twins, one of whom had a wife, and warned that their star brings death.[#7] Indeed, even his wife died, roasted on the fire. The Lokono had the snake kill the man, and ascend to the sky as *Kamodokoya*. Finally, Claudius de Goeje relates a myth of a woman who felt a desire for men, and put a *katuburi* flower in her vagina, and became pregnant. Her child was partly a snake, and people wanted to kill it, so it ascended to the sky.
    
    ##### *Kibiwarhakoya*  'Spirit of the capybara'
    
    The constellation *Kibiwarhakoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the capybara&rsquo; (*Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris*) was mentioned by the Penard brothers.[#17] The same source also informs us that it is followed by the constellation *Kamodokoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the green anaconda&rsquo;. The constellation remains unidentified and its significance is unknown. No related myths have been documented.
    
    ##### *Mabukuli* 'Man without a thigh'
    
    The constellation *Mabukuli* &lsquo;Man without a thigh&rsquo; is well known among the Lokono and appears in a few myths. According to Charles Dance, an unsuccessful huntsman cut off his own leg, wrapped it up in a leaf, and gave to his step mother so that she had something to eat, and ascended to sky.[#16] Similarly, the Penard brothers speak of an unsuccessful hunter who cut off his leg and gave it to his wife and mother-in-law, telling them it was tapir meat.[#17] He then asked other people to follow his traces to help him bring the rest of the tapir, but when they arrived at the place they only found the *akalali* plant with which he treated his wounds. His body turned into the *Kama t&acirc;la* constellation and his spirit into *Mabukuli*. Claudius de Goeje relates a strikingly different myth.[#11] The Sun, once a man called *Arawidi* (see the myth about *Hadali* 'Sun'), took a woman as his wife, who followed him with unborn twins inside her. One day, she lost the way and ended up being eaten by vulture spirits, but her twins were brought up by an old woman, whom they later killed and ran away. While hiding in a treetop, they saw a woman catching fish with a sifter. She saw their reflection in the water and tried to catch it, at which they laughed. She then realized they were up in the tree, and sent ants up the tree to make them come down. When they came down, she killed one of them and took the other home. One of her daughters fell in love with the man and married him. Now the husband had to catch a lot of fish every day for the mother-in-law. One day, tired of his demanding mother-in-law, he tricked her into getting into the water to help him unload a boat full of fish, where she was eaten by a shark. When her other daughter arrived, the liver of her mother was still floating on the water and told her that the man killed her. The daughter wanted to kill him but he flew away on wings of cotton that his wife made for him, so she only cut his thigh off, which is why he is now the constellation *Mabukuli*. It appears the Orion's belt represents the cut-off leg, not the man himself.
    
    ##### *Kama tâla* 'Jaw of the tapir'
    
    The constellation *Kama t&acirc;la* &lsquo;Jaw of the tapir&rsquo; is one of the few constellations identified easily by the contemporary Lokono, just like *Mabukuli*, to which it is related in a myth.[#8], [#15] The Penard brothers recount the story of an unsuccessful hunter, who cuts meat off his leg and gives it to his wife and mother-in-law, telling them it is tapir meat (*Tapirus terrestris*).[#17] He then asks his fellow people to follow him and help bring the rest of the tapir, but when they arrive at the place they only find the *akalali* plant with which he treated his wounds. His body turned into *Kama t&acirc;la* and his spirit into *Mabukuli*. In a Kari&rsquo;na story, on the other hand, *Kama t&acirc;la* was the remains of a tapir that the mythical twins were hunting, one of whom accidentally gets his leg severed and becomes the constellation of man without a thigh.
    
    ##### *Hithikoya* 'Spirit of the black curassow'
    
    The constellation *Hithikoya* is the &lsquo;Spirit of the black curassow&rsquo; (*Crax alector*), a commonly hunted bird, often kept as a pet for its feathers and eggs. According to a Lokono myth, *Hithikoya* lived on earth, but the Lokono kept shooting him.[#11] As a result, he ascended to the sky to warn black curassows about the approaching hunter (see *Yokh&acirc;rhin*) and his companion with a torch (see *Al&ecirc;ti*). The Lokono identify *Hithikoya* as the Western constellation Crux. When it appears just above the trees in January, the curassows roam on the ground and are easy to catch. Over the following months, the higher *Hithikoya* rises in the morning, the higher the birds climb up the trees. By March, it appears high in the sky and the birds are found in the tops of the trees. *Hithikoya* thus informs the Lokono where to search for the birds at a given time of the year. The Lokono even make hunting charms (*bina*) from a plant, whose leaves resemble the bird, rubbed into the lips of the hunter so that he can imitate the calls of the bird, increasing his chances of catching one.[#10], [#17]
    
    ##### *Yokhârhin* 'Hunter'
    
    The constellation *Yokh&acirc;rhin* &lsquo;Hunter&rsquo; corresponds to &alpha; Centauri and represents the man hunting *Hithikoya*, the &lsquo;Spirit of the black curassow&rsquo; (see *Hithikoya*).[#9], [#10], [#11] His companion holding a torch known as *Al&ecirc;ti* is represented by &beta; Centauri. The myth reported by the Penard brothers that explains the origin of *Hithikoya* includes also these two characters.[#11] According to the story, *Hithikoya* used to live on earth, but the Lokono kept tracking him down at night and shoot him. As a result, it ascended to the sky to serve as a signal for black curassows warning them about the approaching hunter (*Yokh&acirc;rhin*) and his companion with a torch (*Al&ecirc;ti*). As *Hithikoya* appears higher and higher in the morning between January and March, *Yokh&acirc;rhin* and subsequently *Al&ecirc;ti* appear on the horizon following it. This indicates to the Lokono that the black curassow can now be found high in the tress and the hunters can set out at night to hunt it in the tree tops.
    
    ##### *Alêti* 'Torch'
    
    The constellation&nbsp;*Al&ecirc;ti* &lsquo;Torch&rsquo; corresponds to&nbsp;&beta; Centauri and represents the companion of the hunter *Yokh&acirc;rhin*, holding a torch made from a piece of cloth dipped in beeswax known as *Al&ecirc;ti*.[#9], [#10], [#11]&nbsp; *Al&ecirc;ti* follows *Yokh&acirc;rhin* so as not to scare the black curassow bird with the light of the torch. The myth reported by the Penard brothers that explains the origin of *Hithikoya* 'Spirit of the black curassow' includes also these two characters (see *Hithikoya*).[#11] According to the story, *Hithikoya* used to live on earth, but the Lokono kept tracking him down at night and shoot him. As a result, it ascended to the sky to serve as a signal for black curassows warning them about the approaching hunter (*Yokh&acirc;rhin*) and his companion with a torch (*Al&ecirc;ti*). As *Hithikoya* appears higher and higher in the morning between January and March, *Yokh&acirc;rhin* and subsequently *Al&ecirc;ti* appear on the horizon following it. This indicates to the Lokono that the black curassow can now be found high in the tress and the hunters can set out at night to hunt it in the tree tops.
    
    ##### *Anorhâkoya* 'Spirit of the cocoi heron'
    
    The constellation *Anorh&acirc;koya* represents the spirit of the cocoi heron (*Ardea cocoi*). It is recognized by contemporary Lokono as Ursa Major, in keeping with earlier identifications.[#11], [#15] Claudius de Geoje reports that when it shines strong, the Lokono believe that strong winds will come, bringing dust into peoples&rsquo; eyes and consequently diseases: the heron picks their eyes with its beak, it is said.[#11] Similarly, according to Cornelius van Coll, *Anorh&acirc;koya* is a heron whose beak is upside down. Should its beak be turned downwards, people would get all kinds of eye diseases.[#7] This can still happen when strong winds blow and carry the light from the beak into peoples&rsquo; eyes, since the light of *Anorh&acirc;koya* (and other stars) travels with the wind according to the Lokono. The constellation is associated with the big dry season (August to December) and the storms and winds that are typical of this time. It appears in the morning in mid-November in the northeast with its beak down.
    
    ##### *Honolikoya* 'Spirit of the rufescent tiger heron'
    
    Another Lokono constellation named after a species of a heron is *Honolikoya* &lsquo;*Spirit of the rufescent tiger heron*&rsquo; (*Tigrisoma lineatum*). It is reported in historical sources as the equivalent of the Kari&rsquo;na constellation *Kumawari yumï* (&lsquo;Father of the cocoi heron&rsquo;). This is likely a mistake as *honoli* is a different and well-known species of a heron. It is possible that *Honolikoya* refers to the same constellation as *Anorhâkoya*, interpreted differently by different Lokono consultants, but it is also possible it is a different constellation. In any case, *Honolikoya* remains unidentified.[#17] Just like *Anorh&acirc;koya*, the constellation is said to bring diseases of the eyes when it appears in the morning sky. From the Penard brothers' description we can infer that *Honolikoya* should appear between June and the big dry season, which lasts from end of August until the beginning of December. There appears to be no specific myth associated with this constellation.[#17]
    
    ##### *Kasorhowakoya* 'Spirit of the four-eyed fish'
    
    The constellation *Kasorhowakoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the four-eyed fish&rsquo; (*Anableps anableps*) was identified by the contemporary Lokono as &lambda; Scorpii and &upsilon; Scorpii. In earlier sources it is identified as the upper part of Scorpio&rsquo;s tail, which is in keeping with the 21st century data.[#8] The constellation represents the two eyes of the four-eyed fish, which is known for the fact that its eyes are always sticking above the water, and is therefore sometimes considered an incarnation of the water spirit. There is no Lokono myth concerning the four-eyed fish, and it remains unknown what the appearance of this constellation signifies. However, it merits a mention that the Kari&rsquo;na have a constellation representing the same fish, which corresponds to the same two stars. Maga&ntilde;a and Jara explain that the appearance of the Kari&rsquo;na constellation announces the fishing season for this species.[#18] It is not unlikely that the Lokono constellation had the same function.
    
    ##### *Katarhokoya* 'Spirit of the green sea turtle'
    
    The constellation *Katarhokoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the green sea turtle&rsquo; is still known on the Pomeroon River in Guyana. It represents the *katarho* turtle (*Chelonia mydas*), swimming towards the shore, represented in turn by the Milky Way. When the constellation appears in the morning high in the sky, it is a signal that turtles are arriving on the beaches to lay eggs. The constellation was identified in earlier sources as *Corona Borealis* and *Orion's belt.* [#8], [#11] While the former overlaps with the stars indicated by the Lokono on the Pomeroon, the latter is likely a mistake as *Orion&rsquo;s belt* is consistently recognized as *Mabukuli* &lsquo;Man without a thigh&rsquo;. The constellation *Katarhokoya* rises early in the year, but it appears upside down most of the time from the vistas of the Lokono in the Guianas. Only by mid-March, a time when several species of turtles indeed lay their eggs on the Atlantic coast of the Guianas, does it look like a turtle swimming to the shore (Milky Way).
    
    ##### *Hikorhikoya* 'Spirit of the yellow-footed tortoise'
    
    The constellation *Hikorhikoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the yellow-footed tortoise&rsquo; was documented by the Penard brothers for the Lokono in Suriname; it remains unidentified but it should appear around August (i.e. around the beginning of the big dry season).[#11], [#17] The Penard brothers explain that when the water in the swamps rises, the yellow-footed tortoise, known in Lokono as *hikorhi* (*Chelonoidis denticulatus*), seeks higher grounds, and, presumably, can be more easily found. There are no myths related to the constellation specifically. However, it is worth pointing out that the tortoise is considered a delicacy among the Lokono. When caught, they are often kept around the house in small corrals for long periods of time until they are consumed. The Lokono joke that they are &lsquo;fridges&rsquo; since if fed, the tortoise will stay alive for a long time, as opposed to an animal that was shot and has to be prepared and eaten immediately.
    
    ##### *Kwakoya* 'Spirit of the blue crab'
    
    The constellation *Kwakoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the blue crab&rsquo; is still known in the Lokono communities closer to the coast, which practice the annual crab feats. The crab species is likely the same as that represented by the Kari&rsquo;na constellation *Kusa yumï* &lsquo;Father of the blue crab&rsquo; (*Ucides cordatus*). The constellation appears in the east in the middle of July. By the beginning of August, it is high in the sky, signaling that the crabs arrive at the beaches to lay their eggs. At this time, the Lokono and other indigenous groups of the area congregate to the shore of the Atlantic to catch the marching crabs. The crabs are considered a delicacy and when the villagers return to the communities with the catch, large feasts are organized during which the crabs are eaten. The Penard brothers write that *Kwakoya* appears when the crabs come to lay their eggs in May and June but this appears to be incorrect, both given that crabs march later and that the constellation recognized by the modern Lokono is not visible in May and June from the Guianas.[#17]
    
    ##### *Ifakoya* 'Spirit of the Muscovy duck'
    
    The constellation *Ifakoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the Muscovy duck&rsquo; (*Cairina moschata*) was mentioned by the Penard brothers and Claudius de Goeje but remained unidentified until now.[#11], [#17] The contemporary Lokono on the Pomeroon River in Guyana recognize it in parts of the Western constellation Corona Australis. There are no myths related to this constellation but the Lokono say that when the head of the duck points toward the ground, looking as if the duck has its head under the water, the ducks are busy feeding on plants. The constellation assumes this position from mid-May. At this time, it is said that the birds are easier to catch. The Muscovy duck is considered a delicacy and is also often kept around the house like chickens. The Kari&rsquo;na and the Warao also recognize the constellation of the Muscovy duck, and at least the Warao one corresponds to the same stars.[#17]
    
    ##### *Awarhakoya* 'Spirit of the awara palm'
    
    The constellation *Awarhakoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the awara palm&rsquo; has the shape of an awara palm (*Astrocaryum vulgare*). Its appearance high in the sky in January means that awara fruits are ripening. In the following months, *Awarhakoya* moves closer to the horizon, meaning that the fruits will soon fall to the ground to be picked. This occurs in the small dry season (mid-February to April), known as *awarhadlithe*, a term derived from the name of the palm.[#7], [#17] There are no myths about *Awarhakoya* but it is said that the constellation is followed by that of the *Hadorhikoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the red acouchi&rsquo; and *Hokorherokoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the red-rumped agouti&rsquo;. Their appearance signals that the rodents are gathering by the palms to eat the fallen fruit. *Awarhakoya* is recognized today in stars close to the Western constellation Coma Berenices, but older sources suggest it is near Sirius.[#11] It is the only constellation named after a plant, which speaks to the importance of the awara palm to the Lokono. The Kari&rsquo;na also have a constellation of the awara, sometimes recognized in the same stars.[#17], [#20]
    
    ##### *Hadorhikoya* 'Spirit of the red acouchi'
    
    The unidentified constellation *Hadorhikoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the red acouchi&rsquo; (*Myoprocta acouchy*) was mentioned by the Penard brothers.[#17] It should follow the constellation *Awarhakoya* appearing near it sometime after February. Its appearance signals that the ripe fruits of the palm attract the red acouchi to the awara grooves, where they can be hunted. There is no Lokono myth about *Hadorhikoya*, but a Kari&rsquo;na myth about the unidentified Kari&rsquo;na constellation of the red acouchi relates it to the several other constellations. According to the story, there were two brothers, of which one had a wife. The unmarried brother killed his brother, fed his liver to the wife, took her as his wife, and had a child with her. The spirit of the dead brother told the woman that his brother killed him, so she and her child decided to run away and ascend to the sky as the constellation of the agouti and acouchi. The spirit also told his brother to cut open his corpse and scatter his insides, which became the Pleiades, while the killer became the constellation of the anaconda.[#11]
    
    ##### *Hakorherokoya* 'Spirit of the red-rumped agouti'
    
    The unidentified constellation *Hokorherokoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the red-rumped agouti&rsquo; was mentioned by the Penard brothers, who explain that like *Hadorhikoya*, it follows *Awarhakoya*.[#17] It signals that the ripe fruit attracts the agouti (*Dasyprocta leporina*) to the awara palms, where they can be hunted. Claudius de Goeje adds that it is followed by *Kabadarokoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the tiger&rsquo;, which, like humans, knows agouti's habits.[#11] There is no Lokono myth about *Hokorherokoya*, but a Kari&rsquo;na myth about the unidentified constellation of the agouti explains its origin. According to the story, there were two brothers, one married, the other not. The unmarried one killed the other, fed his liver to the wife, took her as his wife, and had a child with her. The dead brother's spirit told her that his brother killed him, so she and her child ran away, becoming the agouti and acouchi constellations. The spirit then told his brother to open his corpse and scatter his insides, which became the Pleiades, while the killer became the anaconda constellation.[#11]
    
    ##### *Kabadarokoya* 'Spirit of the jaguar'
    
    *Kabadarokoya* or *Arhwakoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the jaguar&rsquo; was mentioned by the Penard brothers, who link it to a Lokono myth.[#7], [#11] According to the story, *Kabadaro* (*Panthera onca*) was the father of *Korhirhwathe* (*Leopardus species*), whom he loved so much, he did not want to marry her out.[#33] One day a thorn got stuck in his paw and a man helped him take it out, so he gave the man his daughter as his wife. The family always had meat, so other people were jealous and told the man that his wife cheated on him. He started mistreating her. When the jaguar learned about this, he ran away with his daughter but the man followed them everywhere, so finally they ascended to the sky. But when the Lokono kill a jaguar, they can come back to earth to kill people. According to Claudius de Goeje, it follows the agouti star, a delicacy of the jaguars.[#11] The constellation is unidentified. The Kari&rsquo;na constellation of the jaguar is said to appear around the small dry season, when jaguars roar more because they suffer from insects.[#17], [#20]
    
    ##### *Korhirhwathekoya* 'Spirit of the ocelot'
    
    The constellation *Korhirhwathe* &lsquo;Spirit of the ocelot&rsquo; was mentioned by the Penard brothers, who link it to the same Lokono myth summarized above for *Kabadarokoya*.[#11] According to the story, *Kabadaro* (*Panthera onca*) was the father of *Korhirhwathe* (*Leopardus species*), whom he loved so much, he did not want to marry her out. However, one day a thorn got stuck in his paw and a man helped him take it out, so he gave the man his daughter as his wife. The family always had plenty of meat, so other people became jealous and told the man that his wife cheated on him. As a result, he started mistreating *Korhirhwathe*. When the jaguar learned about this, he took his daughter, and ran away with her into the forest, but the man followed them everywhere, so finally they ascended to the sky becoming constellations. Now, when the Lokono kill a jaguar, they can come back to earth to kill people.
    
    ##### *Hawkoya* 'Spirit of the pale-throated sloth'
    
    The constellation *Hawkoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the pale-throated sloth&rsquo; was mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.[#11] It represents a species of a sloth (*Bradypus tridactylus*) and is an omen of storms and windy weather that occur at the beginning of the big dry season (between August and December). At this time, the sloths start to wander about more, and the Lokono say that it is because of the winds.[#17] The constellation remains unidentified.
    
    ##### *Warhemedokoya*  'Spirit of the two-toed sloth'
    
    Similarly, *Warhemedokoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the two-toed sloth&rsquo;, mentioned by the Penard brothers, is said to appear when the storms and winds of the big dry season are about to start and make the sloths move about more.[#17] It represents the two-toed sloth (*Choloepus didactylus*). The constellation remains unidentified.
    
    ##### *Yôwanakoya*  'Spirit of the green iguana'
    
    The constellation *Y&ocirc;wanakoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the green iguana&rsquo; is mentioned by the Penard brothers.[#17] It represents the green iguana (*Iguana iguana*) and appears when the iguanas lay their eggs in the sand, which should be sometime in April and May, but the constellation remains unidentified.
    
    ##### *Yarheyarherokoya*  'Spirit of the lilac-tailed parrot'
    
    The constellation *Yarheyarherokoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the lilac-tailed parrot&rsquo; (*Touit batavicus*) was mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.[#11] The constellation is not known to contemporary Lokono; neither do we know what its appearance used to signify.
    
    ##### *Marodikoya*  'Spirit of the marail guan'
    
    The constellation *Marodikoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the marail guan&rsquo; was mentioned by Claudius de Goeje, who comments that it has the shape of the marail guan (*Penelope marail*).[#11] The constellation is not known to contemporary Lokono; neither do we know what its appearance used to signify.
    
    ##### *Hikarowanakoya*  'Spirit of the little cuckoo'
    
    The constellation *Hikarowanakoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the little cuckoo&rsquo; was only mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.[#11] It represents the little cuckoo (*Coccycua minuta*). The constellation remains unidentified; neither do we know what its appearance used to signify. However, the Penard brothers mention the Kari&rsquo;na constellation of a cuckoo species identified as the very similar *Piaya cayana*.[#17], [#22] The Kari&rsquo;na constellation is said to bring luck to hunters. Interestingly, the Lokono link hunter&rsquo;s luck to the little cuckoo as well. They say that if the bird passes you calling *pikwan pikwan pikwan*, you have to watch out, as something bad might happen to you.
    
    ##### *S&ucirc;tukoya*  'Spirit of the red-handed tamarin'
    
    The constellation *S&ucirc;tukoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the red-handed tamarin&rsquo; (*Saguinus midas*) was mentioned by Cornelius van Coll and the Penard brothers but it remains poorly identified.[#7], [#11], [#43] According to Claudius de Goeje, it should correspond to the Western constellation Coma Berenices.[#17] It is not clear whether this is correct, however, given that today we find the constellation *Awarhakoya* in this part of the sky, which is easily recognized by numerous speakers. There are no myths related to this constellation.
    
    ##### *Howakoya*  'Spirit of the white-faced saki'
    
    The constellation *Howakoya* 'Spirit of the white-faced saki&rsquo; was only mentioned by de Claudius de Goeje.[#17] It represents the spirit of white-faced saki (*Pithecia pithecia*) but the constellation and its significance remain unknown.[#44]
    
    ##### *Imenarikoya*  'Spirit of the scorpion'
    
    The constellation *Imenarikoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the scorpion&rsquo; was only mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.[#11] The constellation refers to a spirit of an unidentified species of a large poisonous scorpion. There are no known myths about *Imenarikoya*. The constellation could be a case of cultural borrowing from non-indigenous populations, as has been suggested for the Kari&rsquo;na constellation representing a scorpion.
    
    ##### *Maraka*  'Rattle of the medicine-man'
    
    The constellation  *Maraka*  'Rattle of the medicine-man' was mentioned by Claudius de Goeje, and refers to a rattle used by the Lokono medicine-men, which is made of a calabash pierced with a stick, adorned with feathers of a certain parrot, and filled with numerous small crystals, each of which harbors a different spirit, that is a different type of *koya*.[#11] The constellation remains unidentified; there is no Kari&rsquo;na or Warao equivalent and there are no myths related to it.
    
    ##### *Shimarhabokoya*  'Spirit of the bow and arrow' and  *Arakabosakoya*  'Spirit of the gun'
    
    The constellation *Shimarhabokoya* ‘Spirit of the bow and arrow’ and *Arakabosakoya* ‘Spirit of the gun’ were mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.[#11] Both constellations remain unidentified and do not have Kari&rsquo;na and Warao counterparts, and there are no myths related to them.
    
    ##### *Korherokoya*  'Spirit of the parrot'
    
    The constellation&nbsp;*Korherokoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the parrot&rsquo; was only mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.[#11] The constellation refers to a spirit of an unidentified species of a parrot, but it was mentioned as the equivalent of the Kari&rsquo;na constellation *Kurewako yumï* ‘Father of the orange-winged parrot’, representing the orange-winged parrot (*Amazona amazonica*). There are no known myths about *Korherokoya*. It should appear in February when the parrots are big enough to be taken out of their nests, but the constellation remains unidentified.
    
    ##### *Kasipenikoya*  'Spirit of the sea turtle'
    
    The constellation *Kasipenikoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the sea turtle&rsquo; was mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.[#11] It refers to the spirit of an unidentified species of a turtle. It may be the case that it is the same as *Katarokoya*. The term *kataro* (*Chelonia mydas*) appears to be a term borrowed from Kari&rsquo;na, it is thus possible that *kasipeni* is the original Lokono term for the same turtle. However, there are several species of turtles in the Guianas, thus *kataro* and *kasipeni* can also refer to different species, and their spirits be identified with different constellations.
gl: ### Constelacións lokono e outros obxectos celestes
    
    |Nome en lokono|Tradución Literal en Galego|Localización aproximada|
    |-----------|------------------------------|--------------------|
    |<notr>Hadali</notr>|   |Sol|
    |<notr>Kathi</notr>|   |Lúa|
    |<notr>Warhokoma</notr>|   |Venus|
    |<notr>Waya nukuthi bunaha</notr>|Camiño dos portadores de barro|Vía Láctea|
    |<notr>Mali</notr>|   |Sirio|
    |<notr>Yôkoro wiwa</notr>|Ducias de estrelas|Pleiades|
    |<notr>Wiwa kalemero</notr>|Estrela brillante|Xúpiter|
    |<notr>Yorhada</notr>|Grella|Pegaso|
    |<notr>Kamodokoya</notr>|Espírito da anaconda verde|pouco claro|
    |<notr>Kibiwarhakoya</notr>|Espírito da capibara|descoñecido|
    |<notr>Mabukuli</notr>|Home sen coxa|Cinto de Orión|
    |<notr>Kama tâla</notr>|Queixada do tapir|Híades|
    |<notr>Hithikoya</notr>|Espírito do paxaro curassow negro|Crux|
    |<notr>Yokhârhin</notr>|Cazador|α Centauri|
    |<notr>Alêti</notr>|Facho|β Centauri|
    |<notr>Anorhâkoya</notr>|Espírito da garza cocoi|Ursa Maior|
    |<notr>Honolikoya</notr>|Espírito da garza tigre rufescente|descoñecido|
    |<notr>Kasorhowakoya</notr>|Espírito dos peixes de catro ollos|λ Sco e υ Sco|
    |<notr>Katarokoya</notr>|Espírito da tartaruga mariña verde|Hercules|
    |<notr>Hikorhikoya</notr>|Espírito da tartaruga de patas amarelas|descoñecido|
    |<notr>Kwakoya</notr>|Espírito do cangrexo azul|Orión|
    |<notr>Ifakoya</notr>|Espírito do Pato Moscovo|Corona Australis|
    |<notr>Awarhakoya</notr>|Espírito da palma awara|Coma Berenices|
    |<notr>Hadorhikoya</notr>|Espírito do acouchí vermello|descoñecido|
    |<notr>Hokorherokoya</notr>|Espírito do agoutí de cola vermella|descoñecido|
    |<notr>Kabadarokoya</notr>|Espírito do xaguar|descoñecido|
    |<notr>Korhirhwathekoya</notr>|Espírito do ocelote|descoñecido|
    |<notr>Hawkoya</notr>|Espírito do preguiceiro de garganta pálida|descoñecido|
    |<notr>Warhemedokoya</notr>|Espírito do preguiceiro de dous dedos|descoñecido|
    |<notr>Yôwanakoya</notr>|Espírito da iguana verde|descoñecido|
    |<notr>Yarheyarherokoya</notr>|Espírito do loro de cola lila|descoñecido|
    |<notr>Marodikoya</notr>|Espírito do marail guan|descoñecido|
    |<notr>Hikarowanakoya</notr>|Espírito do pequeno cuco|descoñecido|
    |<notr>Sûtukoya</notr>|Espírito do tamarino vermello|descoñecido|
    |<notr>Howakoya</notr>|Espírito do saki de cara branca|descoñecido|
    |<notr>Imenarikoya</notr>|Espírito do escorpión|descoñecido|
    |<notr>Korherokoya</notr>|Espírito do loro|descoñecido|
    |<notr>Kasipenikoya</notr>|Espírito dunha tartaruga|descoñecido|
    |<notr>Shimarhabokoya</notr>|Espírito do arco e da frecha|descoñecido|
    |<notr>Arakabosakoya</notr>|Espírito da arma|descoñecido|
    |<notr>Maraka</notr>|Axóuxere de curandeiro|descoñecido|
    
    ### Coñecemento astronómico dos lokono: unha introdución
    
    Segundo os relatos históricos e contemporáneos, parece que o coñecemento astronómico non estaba restrinxido a membros particulares da sociedade lokono. Porén, foron os curandeiros en particular, os líderes espirituais dos lokono coñecidos como *semethi*, ós que se lles esixía dominar os distintos aspectos do coñecemento das estrelas e quen poderían ser responsables de transmitir as tradicións orais asociadas a elas dunha xeración a outra. De Rodrigo de Navarette, que arredor de 1550 escribiu un dos primeiros relatos dos lokono, aprendemos, por exemplo, que:
    
    *&ldquo;os vellos e sabios ós que chaman Cemetu reúnense nas casas deseñadas para as súas reunións e [&hellip;] relatan as tradicións e fazañas dos seus antepasados ​​e grandes homes, e tamén narran o que aqueles devanceiros escoitaron dos seus antepasados, para que deste xeito lembren os acontecementos máis antigos do seu país e pobo. E, do mesmo xeito, contan ou predican sobre acontecementos relacionados co ceo, o sol, a lúa e as estrelas.&rdquo;*[#1]
    
    Os *cemetu* de Navarette, os curandeiros coñecidos na moderna cultura lokono como *semethi*, abandonaron en gran medida as súas prácticas hoxe en día, o que pode ser a razón pola que se interrompeu a transmisión do coñecemento astronómico. Moitas constelacións dos lokono parecen esquecidas hoxe. Polo tanto, as nosas fontes adoitan limitarse a relatos históricos escritos polos primeiros exploradores e etnógrafos das Güianas, un dos máis antigos dos cales se ilustra a continuación. <p style="text-align:center;"> <figure> <img src="illustrations/schulz.png" width="572" height="508" align="middle"/> <p style="text-align:center;"><figcaption>Fig.1 List of Lokono stars by Theodor Schulz, circa 1803.[#23]</figcaption></p> </figure> </p>
    É esta literatura a que nos permite reconstruír o coñecemento estelar dos lokono, descrito a continuación. Porén, antes de ver os corpos celestes individuais, varias características xerais da astronomía de Lokono merecen unha mención, a saber: 
    
    - a superposición coas tradicións astronómicas dos grupos indíxenas veciños. 
    - as tradicións orais que explican a orixe e o significado dos corpos celestes. 
    - o uso do termo *koya* &lsquo;espírito&rsquo; en nomes de numerosas constelacións. 
    - o uso do termo xeral *wiwa* &lsquo;estrela, ano&rsquo; e a falta doutros termos astronómicos. 
    - as prácticas de observación do ceo dos lokono.
    
    ### 1. Coñecemento güianés compartido
    
    O territorio dos lokono limita co de dous pobos indíxenas que non teñen relación lingüística, os Kari&rsquo;na, que falan unha lingua caribeña, e os Warao, que falan unha lingua illada. Aínda que non están relacionados e tradicionalmente non casan entre si, os tres grupos comparten unha gran cantidade de cultura material e inmaterial. A tradición etnoastronómica dos tres pobos tamén mostra unha serie de semellanzas sorprendentes, como mitos estelares compartidos, nomes similares de constelacións e paralelismos no calendario estelar. Isto fala dos contactos entre os tres grupos e do intercambio de coñecemento astronómico, posiblemente facilitado polos seus respectivos líderes espirituais, como os lokono *semethi*. O grao de superposición destas tradicións e a direccionalidade do seu intercambio requiren máis estudos. Aquí centrámonos nos lokono e, polo tanto, non discutimos estes préstamos culturais en detalle, a non ser que arroxen luz sobre a etnoastronomía dos lokono.
    
    ### 2. Tradicións orais estelares
    
    Unha destas características compartidas son os mitos sobre as estrelas. Tales tradicións orais falan das orixes de corpos celestes particulares, vinculan entre si e explican a súa influencia no mundo natural. A constelación dos lokono *Hithikoya* &lsquo;Espírito do curassow negro&rsquo;, por exemplo, está ligada nun mito dos lokono ó de *Yokhârhin* &lsquo;Cazador&rsquo; e *Al&ecirc;ti* &lsquo;Facho&rsquo;, os tres que teñen os equivalentes de Kari&rsquo;na e Warao. Son estas tradicións orais, conservadas polos curandeiros, as que probablemente serviron como vehículo principal a través do cal o coñecemento astronómico foi transmitido dunha xeración a outra. Por este motivo, na descrición de constelacións particulares danse resumos dos mitos relevantes. En ocasións, cando o mito lokono relevante non está documentado, acúdese ós mitos dos grupos veciños para iluminar o significado de corpos celestes particulares. Dado que moitas destas tradicións orais son compartidas polos lokono e os grupos veciños, esta mellora do mal conservado coñecemento astronómico dos lokono está xustificada.
    
    ### 3. Calendario de espíritos
    
    O termo *koya* &lsquo;espírito&rsquo;, que se atopa en numerosos nomes de constelacións que normalmente seguen un termo para unha determinada planta ou animal, é unha característica clave da astronomía dos lokono. Walter Roth, un etnógrafo das Güianas, explica que tales constelacións son os espíritos dos seres correspondentes.[#4] Nunha época do ano na que aparece a constelación, o espírito viaxa do ceo á terra para dar vida ós seres que representa. Como tal, as constelacións *koya* forman un calendario, indicando cal é o mellor momento para participar en actividades de subsistencia relacionadas con estas plantas e animais (por exemplo, a caza ou a recolección). Os lokono tamén podían saber onde descenderían eses espíritos na terra; Walter Roth suxire que chamaron a estes lugares cos mesmos nomes das constelacións, pero a evidencia diso segue sendo pobre. Así, *Hadorhikoya* &lsquo;Espírito do acouchí vermello&rsquo; referiríase ó espírito, á constelación e ó lugar onde o *hadorhi* se atopa en abundancia cando aparece a súa constelación. Aínda que este coñecemento toponímico está hoxe esquecido, as constelacións *koya* lembran a gran comprensión da vida vexetal e animal que posuían os lokono.
    
    ### 4. *Wiwa*, a estrela e o ano
    
    Os lokono tamén teñen outro termo xeral que se usa para referirse ás estrelas, *wiwa*. O termo carece das connotacións espirituais de *koya.* Refírese, por unha banda, á calidade física das estrelas como algo que brilla e, por outra banda, ó ano natural. Como tal, úsase, por exemplo, cando se fala da idade dun. Aínda que se pode aplicar a calquera estrela, *wiwa* só aparece en dous nomes propios dos corpos celestes. *Y&ocirc;koro wiwa*, literalmente &lsquo;Ducias de estrelas&rsquo; (Pléiades), é a máis importante de todas as constelacións lokono, cuxa aparición tradicionalmente comeza o seu ano natural. Despois de *Y&ocirc;koro wiwa* están as numerosas constelacións *koya*, cada unha sinalando unha estación diferente no calendario lokono. Por outra banda, *Wiwa kalemero*, literalmente &lsquo;Estrelas billante&rsquo; (Xúpiter) parece ser sinalado unicamente polo seu brillo. Ademais de *wiwa* e *koya*, non hai termos xenéricos que distingan planetas, estrelas, lúas, soles, galaxias, etc. na lingua lokono. Por este motivo, o equivalente lokono da Vía Láctea, por exemplo, inclúese entre outras constelacións.
    
    ### 5. Prácticas de observación do ceo
    
    Mentres que os lokono poden admirar o ceo pola noite, para seguir o seu calendario estelar, hai que mirar as constelacións arredor das 4 da mañá, o momento no que os klokono adoitan espertar. Os Lokono observan así o aumento das constelacións pola mañá. Para ter unha idea correcta do ciclo anual de constelacións, tamén se debe establecer a localización das Güianas (por exemplo, Georgetown, Paramaribo ou Cayenne no menú de localización). Merece unha mención que moitos lokono, ó debuxaren constelacións, non conectaban as estrelas con liñas e que, nalgúns casos, había pouco acordo entre os falantes sobre que estrela dentro dunha constelación corresponde a que partes da planta ou animal representa. En Stellarium, representamos constelacións con liñas, pero hai que ter en conta que isto pode ser unha distorsión da tradición lokono, que permite unha maior flexibilidade na interpretación de determinados grupos de estrelas. Finalmente, hai restricións para mirar algúns corpos celestes, xa que se cre que un espírito pode prexudicar a un se o mira.[#5] Por exemplo, coa lúa chea, as nais tapaban os ollos dos seus fillos para que non enfermasen.[#6] Tamén se lles dicía ós mozos que non mirasen *Y&ocirc;koro wiwa* (Pléiades) ou non medrarían. Críase que albergaba espíritos poderosos e había outras formas de evitar o contacto visual con espíritos, como fregar pementos, limas ou sal nos ollos.
    
    ### Corpos celestes lokono
    
    ##### *Hadali* 'Sol'
    
    O termo lokono para o Sol é *Hadali*, tamén pronunciado como *Adali*. Claaudius de Goeje suxire que os nomes variados do heroe da cultura lokono, o primeiro curandeiro coñecido como *Harlitvanli*, *Haliwalika*, *Halwanli*, *Hariwalli* e *Arawanili*, e ás veces *Arawidi*, poden referirse ó mesmo heroe identificado como o Sol, aínda que non podemos confirmar esta hipótese si é digna de mención. No mito lokono, *Arawidi*, o Sol, é o pai dun home que se converte na constelación *Mabukuli* &lsquo;Home sen coxa&rsquo; (Cinto de Orión).[#9], [#10], [#11] Segundo a historia, o Sol adoitaba vir á terra en forma dun home chamado *Arawidi* para coñecer a súa amante coa que tiña xemelgos. Nun episodio posterior do mito, un dos xemelgos casa cunha muller, e a nai del decide matar a parella Cando intentan escapar, a irmá da muller perségueos e consegue cortarlle a perna en vinganza. Como resultado, o home ascende ó ceo e convértese na constelación *Mabukuli*. Outro mito lokono advirte de non ofender ó Sol: un home, atrapado nunha illa deshabitada no medio dun pantano, pide auxilio. Pasa un barco, pero dentro do barco está o Sol, que non quere axudar o home, xa que a xente sempre se queixa de que o Sol brilla demasiado.[#11]. En canto ás prácticas relacionadas co Sol, Im Thurn informou de que entre os lokono, a eclipse de Sol era considerada unha guerra entre *Hadali* e *Kathi*, a Lúa, e que os lokono gritaban e facían todo tipo de ruídos para impedirlles a loita.[#12]
    
    ##### *Kathi* 'Lúa'
    
    A lúa coñécese como *Kathi*, un termo rexistrado por primeira vez por Joannes de Laet como *cattehee* arredor de 1598, e usado tamén para referirse ó mes lunar.[#13] Segundo os lokono, a Lúa, como o Sol, foi unha vez un home. Walter Roth relata un mito lokono, no que unha muller nova foi visitada por un misterioso amante noite tras noite.[#10] Para descubrir quen era o amante, a muller untou as mans coa feluxe do fondo dunha pota. O día seguinte, cando espertou, descubriu que o rostro do seu irmán estaba cuberto de tisne e deuse conta de que era el quen a visitaba pola noite. Todos na súa comunidade comezaron a evitar o irmán incestuoso, que se avergoñou tanto que se mantivo lonxe da xente e finalmente ascendeu ó ceo, converténdose na Lúa. Por iso, segundo os lokono, a cara da lúa está manchada na actualidade. A Lúa aparece tamén noutro mito. No mito lokono sobre un home atrapado na illa deshabitada mencionada anteriormente, outro barco pasa por diante do home, pero esta vez dentro está a Lúa, que decide axudarlle, xa que a xente sempre está feliz de ver a Lúa saír pola noite.[#11] A Lúa e o Sol tamén aparecen representados como opostos. En tempos anteriores, os lokono crían que a eclipse de Lúa era a súa morte (*kathi &ocirc;don* &lsquo;lúa morrendo&rsquo;) e vixilábana toda a noite.[#6] Os lokono din durante a eclipse de Lúa que a Lúa quedou durmida no camiño do Sol,[,#11] fan moito ruído con trompetas para espertalo. Na lúa chea, as nais tapaban os ollos dos seus fillos para que non enfermasen.
    
    ##### *Warhokoma* 'Venus'
    
    O planeta Venus, tanto cando aparece pola mañá como a estrela da mañá como cando aparece pola noite como a estrela da noite, chámase *Warhokoma* polos lokono.[#8], [#14], [#15] Charles Dance, pola súa banda, informa dos termos *Eweiwah* e *Huewah*, probablemente os termos xerais equivalentes de "estrelas" &quo; que se pode usar para calquera corpo celeste brillante.[#16] Os lokono tamén falan de Venus como *Hiyaro wiwa* &lsquo;estrela das mulleres&rsquo;. En relación con isto, merece unha mención que Claudius de Goeje informa que cando *Hiyaro wiwa* aparece preto da Lúa e unha nena está a piques de ter a súa primeira menstruación, os lokono din que a nena pronto será tocada pola Lúa. A Lúa era orixinalmente un home que cometeu incesto coa súa irmá (ver o mito mencionado en *Kathi*), e ten fama de mullereiro.[#10] Curiosamente, o nome *Warhokoma* para Estrela da Mañá ou da Tarde aparece tamén en Kari&rsquo;na, quen o ven tamén como a muller da Lúa, [[#18]].
    
    ##### *Waya nukuthi bunaha* 'Vía Láctea'
    
    A Vía Láctea é coñecida entre oslokono como *Waya nukuthi bunaha,* literalmente "Camiño dos portadores de arxila". A Vía Láctea representa as pegadas dos homes que no seu día foron buscar barro para facer potas, unha arte que hoxe en día practican raramente os lokono. A orixe do nome, con todo, aínda é coñecida, e resúmese nun mito.[#19] O mesmo nome para a Vía Láctea foi sinalado por William Brett, quen engade que recibe o nome dun tipo específico de arxila esbrancuxada.[#14] Charles Dance, pola súa banda, di que a Vía Láctea representa as pegadas dos pecarís, mentres que Lo Rokono menciona unha explicación diferente, segundo Lo Rokono, a Vía Láctea representa un tapir perseguido por un can e un xaguar.[#10], [#16] Porén, estas dúas fontes non dan o nome lokono correspondente á Vía Láctea, e é posible que estas dúas explicacións sexan unha influencia de Kari, que recoñecen unha constelación dun tigre seguindo a constelación dun tapir dentro da Vía Láctea.[#17]
    
    ##### *Mali* 'Sirio'
    
    Os lokonos modernos chaman a Sirio *Mali*, cuxo significado literal é descoñecido. Cornelius van Coll describe unha estrela dos lokonos chamada *Mali* e explica que é unha estrela moi poderosa.[#7], [#17] Cando xorde pola mañá de agosto, mata os peixes dos pantanos, e non hai que sinalala ou o dedo quedará trenco. *Mali* de Cornelius van Coll marca o inicio da gran estación seca (agosto a decembro), chamada en lokono *malidalithe*, un termo derivado de *Mali*. Fontes máis antigas intentaron identificar a *Mali* como Lira, Aguia ou Crux, pero dado que a gran estación seca comeza arredor de agosto e que os lokono observan as estrelas pola mañá, estas identificacións deben ser incorrectas; Lira, Aguia e Crux non se poden ver nese momento dende os territorios dos lokono.[#11], [#17] Non hai mitos lokono sobre *Mali*, pero hai evidencias de que poden corresponder á constelación de Kari'na *Ombatapo* &lsquo;Cara anterior&rsquo;. Os mitos de Kari&rsquo;na explican a orixe da constelación e o seu nome, que, como o lokono *Mali*, crese que mata os peixes dos pantanos e anuncia o inicio da gran estación seca. Ademais, o Kari&rsquo;na *Ombatapo* identifícase como partes de Puppis e Canis Maior, o último dos cales inclúe a Sirio.[#18], [#20]
    
    ##### *Yôkoro wiwa* 'Ducias de estrelas'
    
    A constelación *Y&ocirc;koro wiwa* ou *Wiwa y&ocirc;koro*, literalmente &lsquo;Ducias de estrelas&rsquo;, refírese ás Pléiades e é facilmente recoñecida polos contemporáneos lokono. Isto débese probablemente a que *Y&ocirc;koro wiwa* descríbese como a máis importante das constelacións dos lokono, xa que anuncia o comezo do seu ano.[#17] Despois de que saia primeiro en xuño no leste, séguenlle as numerosas constelacións *koya* que se refiren ós espíritos dos animais e plantas que constitúen o calendario dos lokono. Nesa época do ano, os lokono din *Y&ocirc;koro wiwa kayaran* &lsquo;o nacemento de *Y&ocirc;koro wiwa*&rsquo;. Dise que se *Y&ocirc;koro wiwa* brilla forte cando aparece por primeira vez, moitas persoas morrerán o ano que vén.[#5] Cornelius van Coll tamén advirte de que os mozos non deberían mirala, ou non crecerán.[#7] Estes presaxios e advertencias están relacionados cun mito dos lokono. Segundo a historia, houbo unha vez dous irmáns xemelgos, un dos cales tiña unha muller, e dixo que a morte chegaría cando a súa estrela, *Yocirc;koro Wiwa*, aparecese.[#7] A morte chegou de verdade, matou a súa muller, asándoa no lume, e o lokono enfadouse e trouxo unha anaconda verde xigante para tragar o xemelgo. A serpe comeu a un dos irmáns, pero como xa eran as 5 da madrugada, a serpe non puido comer o outro irmán. A serpe é agora a constelación *Kamodokoya* &lsquo;Espírito da anaconda verde&rsquo;, no ventre da cal se di que se atopa *Y&ocirc;koro Wiwa* (véxase tamén o mito de *Yorhada*). Noutra narración, os lokono explican que o *Yokoro Wiwa* representa a sete irmáns perdidos nunha sabana de camiño de regreso á casa, un motivo tamén coñecido nunha historia de Kari&rsquo;na.[#20]
    
    ##### *Yorhada* 'Grella'
    
    A constelación *Yorhada* &lsquo;Grella&rsquo;, ou *Wiwa yorhadale* &lsquo;Estrela&rsquo;s grella&rsquo;, representa unha grella de madeira, na que se asa a carne.[#4], [#11], [#21] A súa orixe explícase nun mito relatado por Walter Rollas sobre un home que matou a súa esposa, asouna e deulle o fígado á súa sogra porque ela lle chamou cazador inútil.[#10] En vinganza, a nai pediulle ó seu irmán, *Kamodo*, que matase o home cando fose de caza. O home sospeitaba que a muller puxera unha trampa e escapou da morte enviando ó seu irmán no seu lugar. A grella na que se asaba a muller converteuse na constelación occidental de Pegaso, segundo o contemporáneo lokono, marcando o inicio da pequena estación seca (abril), o momento no que os lokono asan moito peixe. O mito é semellante ó de *Yocirc;koro wiwa* e os xemelgos, no que o irmán maior é o encargado de asar a súa muller e pode ser o mesmo que o home que asou a súa muller no mito de *Yorhada*. En ambos os mitos, o irmán máis novo asasinado pola anaconda convértese en *Y&ocirc;koro wiwa*, mentres que a grella convértese en *Yorhada*. Claudius de Goeje suxeriu que *Yorhada* é a constelación occidental de Corvus, pero Corvus non aparece ó comezo da pequena estación seca.[#11] Os Warao veciños tamén coñecen Pegaso como a grella, e están familiarizados co mito.[#10]
    
    ##### *Kamodokoya* 'O espírito da anaconda verde'
    
    *A constelación de Kamodokoya*, &lsquo;Espírito da anaconda verde (*Eunectes murinus*)', tamén chamada *Waroboshi* segue sendo mal descrita.[#5] Fontes máis antigas suxiren que é Perseo, Pléiades, Escorpión ou Ofiúco, pero as estrelas exactas seguen sen identificarse.[#10], [#11], [#21] Varios mitos explican a súa orixe. Segundo Walter Roth, un home matou a súa muller, asóuna e deulle o fígado á súa nai porque ela chamoulle un cazador inútil.[#10], En vinganza, ela pediulle a *Kamodo* que o matase, pero o home escapou da serpe que comeu o seu irmán máis novo. A constelación *Kamodokoya* ten dentro *Y&ocirc;koro wiwa*, o irmán, e está preto de *Yorhada* &lsquo;Grella&rsquo;, na que se asaba a muller. Notablemente, Theodor Schultz enumera a constelación *Waroboshi yorhadale* 'A grella da anaconda verde' que podería ser a mesma que a constelación *Yorhada*.[#23] Cornelius van Coll fala de xemelgos, un dos cales tiña unha muller, e advertiu de que a súa estrela trae a morte.[#7] De feito a súa muller morreu asada no lume. O lokono fixo que a serpe matase o home e ascendera ó ceo como *Kamodokoya*. Finalmente, Claudius de Goeje relata un mito dunha muller que sentiu desexo de homes, e puxo na súa vaxina unha flor *katuburi* e quedou embarazada. O seu fillo era en parte unha serpe, e a xente quería matala, polo que ascendeu ó ceo.
    
    ##### *Kibiwarhakoya* 'O espírito da capibara'
    
    A constelación *Kibiwarhakoya* &lsquo;Espírito da capibara&rsquo; (*Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris*) foi mencionado polos irmáns Penard.[#17] A mesma fonte tamén nos informa de que vai seguida da constelación *Kamodokoya* &lsquo;Espírito da anaconda verde&rsquo;. A constelación segue sen identificarse e o seu significado é descoñecido. Non se documentaron mitos relacionados.
    
    ##### *Mabukuli* 'Home sen coxa'
    
    A constelación *Mabukuli* &lsquo;Home sen coxa&rsquo; é moi coñecida entre os lokono e aparece nalgúns mitos. Segundo Charles Dance, un cazador fracasado cortouse a súa propia perna, envolveuna nunha folla e deulla á súa madrasta para que tivese algo de comer, e subiu ó ceo.[#16] Do mesmo xeito, os irmáns Penard falan dun cazador fracasado que se cortou unha perna e lla entregou á súa muller e á súa sogra, dicíndolles que era carne de tapir. Logo pediulle a outras persoas que seguisen as súas pegadas para axudarlle a traer o resto do tapir, pero cando chegaron ó lugar só atoparon a planta *akalali* coa que curou as súas feridas. O seu corpo converteuse na constelación *Kama t&acirc;la* e o seu espírito en *Mabukuli*. Claudius de Goeje relata un mito sorprendentemente diferente.[#11] O Sol, anteriormente un home chamado *Arawidi* (ver o mito sobre *Hadali* 'Sol'), tomou como esposa a unha muller, que o seguiu con xemelgos non nacidos dentro dela. Un día, perdeu o camiño e acabou sendo devorada polos espíritos de voitres, pero os seus xemelgos foron criados por unha vella, á que despois mataron e fuxiron. Mentres se escondían na copa dunha árbore, viron a unha muller que pescaba peixe cun peneiro. Ela viu o seu reflexo na auga e intentou atrapalo, polo que riron dela. Despois deuse conta de que estaban arriba na árbore e enviou formigas para facelos baixar. Cando baixaron, ela matou a un deles e levou oó outro para casa. Unha das súas fillas namorouse do home e casou con el. Agora o marido tiña que coller moitos peixes todos os días para a sogra. Un día, canso da súa sogra esixente, enganouna para que se metese na auga para axudarlle a descargar un barco cheo de peixe, e comeuna unha quenlla. Cando chegou a súa outra filla, o fígado da súa nai aínda aboiaba na auga e díxolle que o home a matara. A filla quería matalo pero el voou coas ás de algodón que lle fixera a súa muller, polo que só lle cortou a coxa, e agora é a constelación *Mabukuli*. Parece que o cinto de Orión representa a perna cortada, non o propio home.
    
    ##### *Kama tâla* 'Mandíbula da tapir'
    
    A constelación *Kama t&acirc;la* &lsquo;Mandíbula de tapir&rsquo; é unha das poucas constelacións identificadas facilmente polos contemporáneos lokono, ó igual que *Mabukuli*, coa que se relaciona nun mito.[#8], [#15] Os irmáns Penard contan a historia dun cazador fracasado, que lle corta carne á perna e dálla á súa muller e á súa sogra, dicíndolles que é carne de tapir (*Tapirus terrestris*).[#17] Entón pídelles ós seus compañeiros que o sigan e lle axuden a traer o resto do tapir, pero cando chegan ó lugar só atopan a planta *akalali* coa que curou as súas feridas. O seu corpo converteuse en *Kama t&acirc;la* e o seu espírito en *Mabukuli*. Nunha historia de Kari, en cambio, *Kama t&acirc;la* eran os restos dun tapir que cazaban os míticos xemelgos, a un dos cales accidentalmente lle cortan a perna e convértese na constelación do home sen coxa.
    
    ##### *Hithikoya* 'O espírito do paxaro negro'
    
    A constelación *Hithikoya* é o &lsquo;Espírito do paxaro negro&rsquo; (*Crax alector*), un paxaro comúnmente cazado, que adoita ser mantido como mascota polas súas plumas e ovos. Segundo un mito dos lokono, *Hithikoya* vivía na terra, pero os lokono seguían disparándolle.[#11] Como resultado, ascendeu ó ceo para avisar ós paxaros negros sobre o cazador que se achegaba (ver *Yokh&acirc;rhin*) e o seu compañeiro cun facho (ver *Al&ecirc;ti). Os lokono identifican *Hithikoya* como a constelación occidental Crux. Cando aparece xusto enriba das árbores en xaneiro, os paxaros negros andan polo chan e son fáciles de atrapar. Durante os meses seguintes, canto máis alto se levanta *Hithikoya* pola mañá, máis altos están os paxaros que soben polas árbores. En marzo, aparece alto no ceo e as aves atópanse nas copas das árbores. *Hithikoya* informa así ós lokono onde buscar as aves nunha determinada época do ano. Os lokono incluso fabrican amuletos de caza (*bina*) a partir dunha planta, cuxas follas semellan o paxaro, frotadas nos beizos do cazador para que poida imitar as chamadas do paxaro, aumentando as súas posibilidades de capturar un.[#10], [#17]
    
    ##### *Yokhârhin* 'Cazador'
    
    A constelación *Yokh&acirc;rhin* &lsquo;Cazador&rsquo; corresponde a &alpha; Centauri e representa o home que caza a *Hithikoya*, o &lsquo;Espírito do paxaro negro&rsquo; (ver *Hithikoya*).[#9], [#10], [#11] O seu compañeiro sostendo un facho coñecido como *Al&ecirc;ti* está representado por &beta; Centauri. O mito relatado polos irmáns Penard que explica a orixe de *Hithikoya* inclúe tamén a estes dous personaxes.[#11] Segundo a historia, *Hithikoya* adoitaba vivir na terra, pero os lokono seguían rastrexándoo pola noite e disparáronlle. Como resultado, ascendeu ó ceo para servir de sinal para os paxaros negros avisándoos do cazador que se achegaba (*Yokh&acirc;rhin*) e do seu compañeiro cun facho (*Al&ecirc;ti*). Como *Hithikoya* aparece cada vez máis alto pola mañá entre xaneiro e marzo, *Yokh&acirc;rhin* e, posteriormente, *Al&ecirc;ti* aparecen no horizonte seguíndoo. Isto indícalles ós lokono que agora o paxaro negro se pode atopar no alto das árbores e que os cazadores poden saír pola noite para cazalo nas copas das árbores.
    
    ##### *Alêti* 'Facho'
    
    A constelación&nbsp;*Al&ecirc;ti* &lsquo;Facho&rsquo; corresponde a&nbsp;&beta; Centauri e representa o compañeiro do cazador *Yokh&acirc;rhin*, que sostén un facho feito a partir dun anaco de tea mergullada en cera de abella coñecida como *Al&ecirc;ti*.[#9], [#10], [#11]&nbsp; *Al&ecirc;ti* segue a *Yokh&acirc;rhin* para non asustar o paxaro negro coa luz do facho. O mito que relatan os irmáns Penard que explica a orixe de *Hithikoya* 'O espírito do paxaro negro' inclúe tamén a estes dous personaxes (ver *Hithikoya*).[#11] Segundo a historia, *Hithikoya* adoitaba vivir na terra, pero os lokono seguían rastrexándoo pola noite e disparáronlle. Como resultado, ascendeu ó ceo para servir de sinal para os paxaros negros avisándoos do cazador que se achegaba (*Yokh&acirc;rhin*) e do seu compañeiro cun facho (*Al&ecirc;ti*). Como *Hithikoya* aparece cada vez máis alto pola mañá entre xaneiro e marzo, *Yokh&acirc;rhin* e, posteriormente, *Al&ecirc;ti* aparecen no horizonte seguíndoo. Isto indícalles ós lokono que agora o axaro negro se pode atopar no alto das árbores e que os cazadores poden saír pola noite para cazalo nas copas das árbores.
    
    ##### *Anorhâkoya* 'Espírito da garza cocoi'
    
    A constelación *Anorh&acirc;koya* representa o espírito da garza cocoi (*Ardea cocoi*). É recoñecido polos lokono contemporáneos como a Osa Maior, de acordo coas identificacións anteriores.[#11], [#15] Claudius de Geoje informa que cando brilla forte, os lokono cren que virán ventos fortes que traerán po ós ollos das persoas e, en consecuencia, enfermidades: dise que a garza lles peteira os ollos.[#11] Do mesmo xeito, segundo Cornelius van Coll, *Anorh&acirc;koya* é unha garza cuxo peteiro está boca abaixo. Se o seu peteiro se vise cara abaixo, a xente padecería todo tipo de enfermidades oculares.[#7] Isto aínda pode ocorrer cando sopran ventos fortes e levan a luz do peteiro ós ollos das persoas, xa que a luz de *Anorh&acirc;koya* (e doutras estrelas) viaxa co vento segundo os lokono. A constelación está asociada á gran estación seca (agosto a decembro) e ás tormentas e ventos típicos desta época. Aparece pola mañá de mediados de novembro no nordeste co peteiro abaixo.
    
    ##### *Honolikoya* 'Espírito da garza tigre vermella'
    
    Outra constelación dos lokono que leva o nome dunha especie de garza é *Honolikoya* &lsquo;*Espírito da garza tigre vermella*&rsquo; (*Tigrisoma lineatum*). Infórmase nas fontes históricas como o equivalente á constelación Kari&rsquo;na *Kumawari yumï* (&lsquo;Pai da garza cocoi&rsquo;). É probable que este sexa un erro xa que *honoli* é unha especie de garza diferente e ben coñecida. É posible que *Honolikoya* se refira á mesma constelación que *Anorhâkoya*, interpretada de forma diferente por diferentes consultores dos lokono, pero tamén é posible que sexa unha constelación diferente. En calquera caso, *Honolikoya* permanece sen identificar.[#17] Do mesmo xeito que *Anorh&acirc;koya*, dise que a constelación trae enfermidades dos ollos cando aparece no ceo da mañá. Da descrición dos irmáns Penard podemos inferir que *Honolikoya* debería aparecer entre xuño e a gran estación seca, que dura dende finais de agosto ata principios de decembro. Parece que non hai ningún mito específico asociado a esta constelación.[#17]
    
    ##### *Kasorhowakoya* 'O espírito dos peixes de catro ollos'
    
    A constelación *Kasorhowakoya* &lsquo;Espírito dos peixes de catro ollos&rsquo; (*Anableps anableps*) identifícase polos contemporáneos lokono como &lambda; Scorpii e &upsilon; Scorpii. En fontes anteriores identifícase como a parte superior da cola do Escorpión, o que está en consonancia cos datos do século XXI.[#8] A constelación representa os dous ollos do peixe de catro ollos, que é coñecida polo feito de que os seus ollos están sempre pegados á auga e, polo tanto, ás veces considérase unha encarnación do espírito da auga. Non hai ningún mito dos lokono sobre os peixes de catro ollos, e aínda non se sabe o que significa a aparición desta constelación. Non obstante, merece unha mención que os Kari&rsquo;na teñen unha constelación que representa o mesmo peixe, que corresponde ás mesmas dúas estrelas. Maga&ntilde;a e Jara explican que a aparición da constelación de Kari&rsquo;na anuncia a época de pesca desta especie.[#18] Non é improbable que a constelación dos lokono tivese a mesma función.
    
    ##### *Katarhokoya* 'O espírito da tartaruga mariña verde'
    
    A constelación *Katarhokoya* &lsquo;Espírito da tartaruga mariña verde&rsquo; aínda se coñece no río Pomeroon na Güiana. Representa a tartaruga *katarho* (*Chelonia mydas*), nadando cara á costa, representada á súa vez pola Vía Láctea. Cando a constelación aparece pola mañá no alto do ceo, é un sinal de que as tartarugas están chegando ás praias para poñer ovos. A constelación identificouse en fontes anteriores como *Corona Boreal* e *Cinto de Orión.* [#8], [#11] Aínda que a primeira se solapa coas estrelas indicadas polos lokono no Pomeroon, a segunda probablemente sexa un erro xa que o *cinturón de Orión* recoñécese constantemente como *Mabukuli* (Home sen coxa). A constelación *Katarhokoya* érguese a principios do ano, pero aparece boca abaixo a maior parte do tempo dende a persperctiva dos lokono nas Güianas. Só a mediados de marzo, momento no que varias especies de tartarugas realmente poñen os seus ovos na costa atlántica das Güianas, parece unha tartaruga nadando ata a costa (Vía Láctea).
    
    ##### *Hikorhikoya* 'O espírito da tartaruga de patas amarelas'
    
    A constelación *Hikorhikoya* &lsquo;Espírito da tartaruga de patas amarelas&rsquo; foi documentada polos irmáns Penard para os lokono en Surinam; permanece sen identificar pero debería aparecer arredor de agosto (é dicir, ó comezo da gran estación seca).[#11], [#17] Os irmáns Penard explican que cando a auga dos pantanos sobe, a tartaruga de patas amarelas, coñecida en lokono como *hikorhi* (*Chelonoidis denticulatus*), busca terreos máis altos, e presumiblemente pode atoparse máis doadamente. Non hai mitos relacionados coa constelación especificamente. Non obstante, convén sinalar que a tartaruga é considerada un manxar entre os lokono. Cando se capturan, adoitan gardarse na casa en pequenos currais durante longos períodos de tempo ata que se consomen. Os lokono bromean dicindo que son &lsquo;frigoríficos&rsquo; xa que se se alimenta, a tartaruga permanecerá viva durante moito tempo, ó contrario dun animal ó que se lle dispara e ten que ser preparado e comido inmediatamente.
    
    ##### *Kwakoya* 'O espírito do cangrexo azul'
    
    A constelación *Kwakoya* &lsquo;Espírito do cangrexo azul&rsquo; aínda é coñecida nas comunidades lokono máis próximas á costa, que celebran anualmente as festas do cangrexo. A especie de cangrexo probablemente sexa a mesma que representa a constelación de Kari&rsquo;na *Kusa yumï* &lsquo;Pai do cangrexo azul&rsquo; (*Ucides cortatus*). A constelación aparece no leste a mediados de xullo. A principios de agosto está alta no ceo, o que indica que os cangrexos chegan ás praias para poñeren os ovos. Neste momento, os lokono e outros grupos indíxenas da zona congréganse á beira do Atlántico para capturar os cangrexos que marchan. Os cangrexos considéranse un manxar e cando os veciños regresan ás comunidades coas capturas, organízanse grandes festas nas que son comidos. Os irmáns Penard escriben que *Kwakoya* aparece cando os cangrexos veñen poñer os ovos en maio e xuño, pero isto parece incorrecto, tendo en conta que os cangrexos marchan máis tarde e que a constelación recoñecida polos modernos lokono non é visible en maio e xuño desde as Güianas.[#17]
    
    ##### *Ifakoya* 'O espírito do parrulo crioulo'
    
    A constelación *Ifakoya* &lsquo;Espírito do Parrulo Crioulo&rsquo; (*Cairina moschata*) foi mencionada polos irmáns Penard e Claudius de Goeje pero permaneceu sen identificar ata agora.[#11], [#17] Os lokono contemporáneos do río Pomeroon en Güiana recoñécena en partes da constelación occidental Corona Australis. Non hai mitos relacionados con esta constelación pero os lokono din que cando a cabeza do parrulo apunta cara ó chan, mirando coma se o parrulo tivese a cabeza baixo a auga, estes están ocupados alimentándose de plantas. A constelación toma esta posición a partir de mediados de maio. Neste momento, dise que as aves son máis fáciles de atrapar. O parrulo crioulo considérase un manxar e tamén se garda na casa como as galiñas. Os Kari&rsquo;na e os Warao tamén recoñecen a constelación do Parrulo Crioulo, e polo menos a Warao corresponde ás mesmas estrelas.[#17]
    
    ##### *Awarhakoya* "Espírito da palma awara"
    
    A constelación *Awarhakoya* &lsquo;Espírito da palma awara&rsquo; ten forma de palma awara (*Astrocaryum vulgare*). A súa aparición no ceo en xaneiro significa que os froitos da awara están madurando. Nos meses seguintes, *Awarhakoya* achégase máis ó horizonte, o que significa que os froitos pronto caerán ó chan para seren recollidos. Isto ocorre na pequena estación seca (de mediados de febreiro a abril), coñecida como *awarhadlithe*, un termo derivado do nome da palmeira.[#7], [#17] Non hai mitos sobre *Awarhakoya* pero dise que a constelación é seguida pola do *Hadorhikoya* &lsquo;espírito vermello&lt; e *Hokorherokoya* &lsquo;Espírito do acouchi vermello&rsquo;. A súa aparencia indica que os roedores reúnense xunto ás palmas para comer o froito caído. *Awarhakoya* recoñécese hoxe en estrelas próximas á constelación occidental de Coma Berenices, pero fontes máis antigas suxiren que está preto de Sirio.[#11] É a única constelación que leva o nome dunha planta, o que indica a importancia da palma awara para os lokono. Os Kari&rsquo;na tamén teñen unha constelación de awara, ás veces recoñecida nas mesmas estrelas.[#17], [#20]
    
    ##### *Hadorhikoya* 'O espírito do acouchi vermello'
    
    A constelación non identificada *Hadorhikoya* &lsquo;Espírito do acouchi vermello&rsquo; (*Myoprocta acouchy*) foi mencionado polos irmáns Penard.[#17] Debería seguir á constelación *Awarhakoya* que aparece preto dela nalgún momento despois de febreiro. A súa aparencia indica que os froitos maduros da palma atraen o acouchi vermello ós sucos do awara, onde se poden cazar. Non hai ningún mito lokono sobre *Hadorhikoya*, pero un mito de Kari&rsquo;na sobre a constelación Kari&rsquo;na non identificada do acouchi vermello relaciónaa coas outras constelacións. Segundo a historia, había dous irmáns, dos cales un tiña muller. O irmán solteiro matou o seu irmán, deulle de comer o fígado á muller, tomouna por esposa e tivo un fillo con ela. O espírito do irmán morto díxolle á muller que o seu irmán o matou, polo que ela e o seu fillo decidiron fuxir e ascender ó ceo como a constelación do agouti e do acouchi. O espírito tamén lle dixo ó seu irmán que cortase o seu cadáver e esparexese as súas entrañas, que se converteron nas Pléyades, mentres que o asasino converteuse na constelación da anaconda.[#11]
    
    ##### *Hakorherokoya* 'Espírito do agouti de lombo vermello'
    
    A constelación non identificada *Hokorherokoya* &lsquo;Espírito do agouti de lombo vermello&rsquo; foi mencionada polos irmáns Penard, que explican que, como *Hadorhikoya*, segue a *Awarhakoya*.[#17] Sinala que o froito maduro atrae os agouti (*Dasyprocta leporina*) ás palmeiras awara, onde se poden cazar. Claudius de Goeje engade que lle segue *Kabadarokoya* &lsquo;Espírito do tigre&rsquo;, que, como os humanos, coñece os hábitos do agouti.[#11] Non hai ningún mito lokono sobre *Hokorherokoya*, senón un mito de Kari&rsquo;na sobre a orixe da constelación agouti non identificada. Segundo a historia, había dous irmáns, un casado, o outro non. O solteiro matou ó outro, deulle de comer o fígado á muller, tomouna por esposa e tivo un fillo con ela. O espírito do irmán morto díxolle a ela que o seu irmán o matou, así que ela e o seu fillo fuxiron, converténdose nas constelacións de agouti e acouchi. O espírito díxolle entón a seu irmán que abrise o seu cadáver e espallase as vísceras, que se converteron nas Pléyades, mentres que o asasino converteuse na constelación da anaconda.[#11]
    
    ##### *Kabadarokoya* 'O espírito do xaguar'
    
    *Kabadarokoya* ou *Arhwakoya* &lsquo;Espírito do xaguar&rsquo; foi mencionada polos irmáns Penard, que a vinculan a un mito lokono.[#7], [#11] Segundo a historia, *Kabadaro* (*Panthera onca*) era o pai de *Korhirhwathe* (*especie Leopardus*), e amábaa tanto que non quería que casase.[#33]  Un día cravóuselle unha espiña na pata, e un home axudouno a sacala, así que lle deu ó home a súa filla por esposa. A familia sempre tiña carne, polo que outras persoas estaban celosas e dixéronlle ó home que a súa muller o enganaba. Comezou a maltratala. Cando o xaguar soubo disto, fuxiu coa súa filla pero o home seguiunos a todas partes, polo que finalmente subiron ó ceo. Pero cando os lokono matan un xaguar, estes poden volver á terra para matar xente. Segundo Claudius de Goeje, segue a estrela agouti, un manxar dos xaguares.[#11] A constelación non está identificada. Dise que a constelación do xaguar Kari'na aparece arredor da pequena estación seca, cando os xaguares roxen máis porque sofren de insectos.[#17], [#20]
    
    ##### *Korhirhwathekoya* 'O espírito do ocelote'
    
    A constelación *Korhirhwathe* &lsquo;Espírito do ocelote&rsquo; foi mencionada polos irmáns Penard, que o vinculan co mesmo mito lokono resumido anteriormente para *Kabadarokoya*.[#11] Segundo a historia, *Kabadaro* (*Panthera onca*) era o pai de *Korhirhwathe* (*especie de Leopardus*), a quen el quería tanto que non quería que casase. Non obstante, un día cravou unha espiña na pata e un home axudouno a sacala, polo que lle deu a súa filla como muller. A familia sempre tiña moita carne, polo que outras persoas a envexaban e dixéronlle ó home que a súa muller o enganaba. Como resultado, comezou a maltratar a *Korhirhwathe*. Cando o xaguar soubo disto, colleu a súa filla e fuxiu con ela cara ó bosque, pero o home seguiunos a todas partes, polo que finalmente subiron ó ceo converténdose en constelacións. Agora, cando os lokono matan un xaguar, estes poden volver á terra para matar xente.
    
    ##### *Hawkoya* 'O espírito do preguiceiro de garganta pálida'
    
    A constelación *Hawkoya* &lsquo;Espírito do preguiceiro de garganta pálida&rsquo; foi mencionado por Claudius de Goeje.[#11] Representa unha especie de preguiceiro (*Bradypus tridactylus*) e é un presaxio de treboadas e tempo ventoso que se producen ó comezo da gran estación seca (entre agosto e decembro). Neste momento, os preguiceiros comezan a vagar máis, e os lokono din que é polos ventos.[#17] A constelación segue sen identificar.
    
    ##### *Warhemedokoya* 'O espírito do preguiceiro de dous dedos'
    
    Do mesmo xeito, *Warhemedokoya* &lsquo;Espírito do preguiceiro de dous dedos&rsquo;, mencionada polos irmáns Penard, dise que aparece cando as tormentas e ventos da gran estación seca están a piques de comezar e fan que os preguiceiros se movan máis.[#17] Representa ao preguiceiro de dous dedos (*Choloepus* dida). A constelación segue sen identificar.
    
    ##### *Yôwanakoya* 'Espírito da iguana verde'
    
    A constelación *Y&ocirc;wanakoya* &lsquo;Espírito da iguana verde&rsquo; é mencionada polos irmáns Penard.[#17] Representa a iguana verde (*Iguana iguana*) e aparece cando as iguanas poñen os seus ovos na area, o que debería ser nalgún momento de abril e maio, pero a constelación segue sen identificar.
    
    ##### *Yarheyarherokoya* 'Espírito do loro de cola lila'
    
    A constelación *Yarheyarherokoya* &lsquo;Espírito do loro de cola lila&rsquo; (*Touit batavicus*) foi mencionada por Claudius de Goeje.[#11] A constelación non é coñecida polos lokono contemporáneos; tampouco sabemos que significaba a súa aparición.
    
    ##### *Marodikoya* 'O espírito do pavón marail'
    
    A constelación *Marodikoya* &lsquo;Espírito do pavón marail&rsquo; foi mencionada por Claudius de Goeje, que comenta que ten a forma do pavón marail (*Penélope marail*).[#11] A constelación non é coñecida polos lokono contemporáneos; tampouco sabemos que significaba a súa aparición.
    
    ##### *Hikarowanakoya* 'O espírito do pequeno cuco'
    
    A constelación *Hikarowanakoya* &lsquo;Espírito do pequeno cuco&rsquo; só foi mencionada por Claudius de Goeje.[#11] Representa o cuco pequeno (*Coccycua minuta*). A constelación segue sen identificar; tampouco sabemos que significaba a súa aparición. Porén, os irmáns Penard mencionan a constelación Kari&rsquo;na dunha especie de cuco identificada como moi semellante *Piaya cayana*.[#17], [#22] Dise que a constelación Kari&rsquo;na trae sorte ós cazadores. Curiosamente, os lokono tamén vinculan a sorte do cazador co pequeno cuco. Din que se o paxaro pasa onda ti chamando *pikwan pikwan pikwan*, tes que estar atento, xa que che pode pasar algo malo.
    
    ##### *S&ucirc;tukoya* 'Espírito do tamarino de mans vermellas'
    
    A constelación *S&ucirc;tukoya* &lsquo;Espírito do tamarino de mans vermellas&rsquo; (*Saguinus midas*) foi mencionada por Cornelius van Coll e os irmáns Penard pero segue mal identificada.[#7], [#11], [#43] Segundo Claudius de Goeje, debería corresponder á constelación occidental de Coma Berenices.[#17] Non está claro se isto é correcto, porén, dado que hoxe atopamos a constelación *Awarhakoya* nesta parte do ceo, facilmente recoñecible por numerosos falantes. Non hai mitos relacionados con esta constelación.
    
    ##### *Howakoya* 'O espírito do saki de cara branca'
    
    A constelación *Howakoya* 'Espírito do saki de cara branca' só foi mencionada por De Claudius de Goeje.[#17] Representa o espírito do saki de cara branca (*Pithecia pithecia*) pero a constelación e o seu significado seguen sendo descoñecidos.[#44]
    
    ##### *Imenarikoya* 'O espírito do escorpión'
    
    A constelación *Imenarikoya* &lsquo;Espírito do escorpión&rsquo; só foi mencionada por Claudius de Goeje.[#11] A constelación refírese a un espírito dunha especie non identificada dun gran escorpión velenoso. Non se coñecen mitos sobre *Imenarikoya*. A constelación podería ser un caso de préstamo cultural de poboacións non indíxenas, como se suxeriu para a constelación de Kari&rsquo;na que representa un escorpión.
    
    ##### *Maraka* 'Axóuxere do curandero'
    
    Claudius de Goeje mencionou a constelación *Maraka* "Axóuxere do curandero" e refírese a un axóuxere que usaban os curandeiros lokono, que está feito dunha cabaza perforada cun pau, adornada con plumas de certo loro e chea de numerosos pequenos cristais, cada un dos cales alberga un tipo diferente de espírito é dicir, un tipo distinto de *koya*.[#11] A constelación segue sen identificarse; non hai un equivalente de Kari&rsquo;na ou Warao e non hai mitos relacionados con ela.
    
    ##### *Shimarhabokoya* 'Espírito do arco e da frecha' e *Arakabosakoya* 'Espírito da arma'
    
    Claudius de Goeje mencionou a constelación *Shimarhabokoya* "Espírito do arco e da frecha" e *Arakabosakoya* "Espírito do arma".[#11] Ambas constelacións permanecen sen identificar e non teñen homólogos de Kari&rsquo;na e Warao, e non hai mitos relacionados con eles.
    
    ##### *Korherokoya* 'O espírito do loro'
    
    A constelación&nbsp;*Korherokoya* &lsquo;Espírito do loro&rsquo; só foi mencionada por Claudius de Goeje.[#11] A constelación refírese a un espírito dunha especie de papagaio non identificada, pero mencionouse como o equivalente da constelación de Kari'na *Kurewako yumï* 'Pai do loro de ás laranxas', que representa o papagaio de ás laranxas (*Amazona). Non hai mitos coñecidos sobre *Korherokoya*. Debe aparecer en febreiro cando os papagaios son o suficientemente grandes como para seren sacados dos seus niños, pero a constelación segue sen identificar.
    
    ##### *Kasipenikoya* 'O espírito da tartaruga mariña'
    
    A constelación *Kasipenikoya* &lsquo;Espírito da tartaruga mariña&rsquo; foi mencionada por Claudius de Goeje.[#11] Refírese ó espírito dunha especie non identificada dunha tartaruga. Pode darse o caso de que sexa o mesmo ca *Katarokoya*. O termo *kataro* (*Chelonia mydas*) parece ser un termo tomado de Kari&rsquo;na, polo que é posible que *kasipeni* sexa o termo orixinal dos lokono para a mesma tartaruga. Non obstante, hai varias especies de tartarugas nas Güianas, polo que *kataro* e *kasipeni* tamén poden referirse a diferentes especies, e os seus espíritos poden identificarse con diferentes constelacións.

note: Lokono sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by [Konrad Rybka](https://uva.academia.edu/KonradRybka) and produced with the help of Lokono speakers in Suriname (Cassipora) and Guyana (Wakapoa). The research was carried out as part of the project supported by a Rubicon postdoctoral grant from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (project number 446-15-012). Quote as: Rybka, Konrad 2018. *Lokono sky culture: a description of Lokono ethnoastronomical knowledge for Stellarium software.*  Version 1.0
gl: A esta cultura do ceo contribuíu [Konrad Rybka](https://uva.academia.edu/KonradRybka)e realizouse coa axuda de falantes de lokono en Surinam (Cassipora) e Guyana (Wakapoa). A investigación levouse a cabo como parte do proxecto apoiado por unha subvención posdoutoral de Rubicon da Organización Holandesa para a Investigación Científica (número de proxecto 446-15-012). Cita como: Rybka, Konrad 2018. *Lokono sky culture: a description of Lokono ethnoastronomical knowledge for Stellarium software.*  Version 1.0

note: Lokono sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: Rybka, Konrad. 2015. [“State-of-the-Art in the Development of the Lokono Language.”](https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/24635) Language Documentation and Conservation 9: 110–13.
     - [#2]: Rybka, Konrad. 2017. [“Contact-Induced Phenomena in Lokono (Arawakan).”](https://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9781614514886/9781614514886-010/9781614514886-010.xml) In Boundaries and Bridges, edited by Kofi Yakpo and Pieter C. Muysken. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp 257-281.
     - [#3]: Navarette, Rodrigo Pérez de. 1964. “Relación de Las Provicias y Naciones Que Los Indios Llamados Aruacas [Tienen] [...].” In Relaciones Geográficas de Venezuela, edited by Antonio Arellano Moreno, 83–87. Caracas: Academia Nacional de la Historia.
     - [#4]: Roth, Walter Edmund. 1924. An Introductory Study of the Arts, Crafts, and Customs of the Guiana Indians. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
     - [#5]: Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1943. Philosophy, Initiation and Myths of the Indians of Guiana and Adjacent Countries. Archives Internationales d’ethnographie. 44.
     - [#6]: Abbenhuis, M.F. 1939. Arawakken in Suriname: Enquête-Materiaal Voor Een Volkenkundige Studie. Paramaribo: Leo Victor.
     - [#7]: Coll, Cornelius van. 1903. “Gegevens over Land En Volk van Suriname I - Suriname’s Oorspronkelijke Bevolking.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 55 (1): 453–529.
     - [#8]: Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1928. The Arawak Language of Guiana. Amsterdam: Uitgave van der Koninklijke Akademie von Wetenschappen te Amsterdam.
     - [#9]: Brett, William Henry. 1880. Legends and Myths of the Aboriginal Indians of British Guiana. London: Williams Wells Gardner.
     - [#10]: Roth, Walter Edmund. 1915. An Inquiry into the Animism and Folk-Lore of the Guiana Indians. Annual Report, Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology 30. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.
     - [#11]: Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1942. “De Inwijding Tot Medicijnman Bij de Arawakken (Guyana) in Tekst En Mythe.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië 101: 211–76.
     - [#12]: Im Thurn, Everard Ferdinand. 1883. Among the Indians of Guiana: Being Sketches Chiefly Anthropologic from the Interior of British Guiana. London: K. Paul, Trench & Company.
     - [#13]: Laet, Joannes de. 1633. Novus Orbis, Seu Descriptionis Indiae Occidentalis Libri XVIII. Leiden: Apud Elzevirios.
     - [#14]: Brett, William Henry. 1868. The Indian Tribes of Guiana: Their Condition and Habits. London: Bell and Daldy.
     - [#15]: Baarle, Peter van, Mauricius Alberto Sabajo, van der Stap Gerdy, Sabajo Andreas L., and Sabajo Lucia L. 1989. Arhwaka lokonong djang: Arowakse taalkursus en woordenboek. Haarlem; Amsterdam: Sociaal-culturele Vereniging Ikyoshie ; Instituut voor Algemene Taalwetenschap, Universiteit van Amsterdam.
     - [#16]: Dance, Charles D. 1881. Chapters from a Guianese Log Book. Georgetown, Guyana.
     - [#17]: Penard, Frederik Paul, and Arthur Philip Penard. 1907. De Menschetende Aanbidders Der Zonneslang. Paramaribo: H.B. Heyde.
     - [#18]: Magaña, Edmundo, and Fabiola Jara. 1982. “The Carib sky.” Journal de la Société des Américanistes 68 (1): 105–32.
     - [#19]: Bennett, John P. 1995. Twenty-Eight Lessons in Loko (Arawak): A Teaching Guide. Georgetown, Guyana: Walter Roth Museum of Anthropology.
     - [#20]: Ahlbrinck, Willem. 1931. Encyclopaedie Der Karaïben. Amsterdam: Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen.
     - [#21]: Schumann, Christian Ludwig. 1882. “Arawakish-Deutsches Wörterbuch.” In Grammaires Et Vocabulaires Roucouyenne, Arrouague, Piapoco Et D’autres Langues De La Région Des Guyanes, Par J. Crevaux, P . Sagot, L. Adam..., edited by Jules Nicolas Crevaux, Paul Antoine Sagot, and Lucien Adam, 7–165. Paris: Maisonneuve.
     - [#22]: Courtz, H. 2008. A Carib Grammar and Dictionary. Toronto, ON, Canada: Magoria Books.
     - [#23]: Arawak manuscripts, American Philosophical Society, manuscript number:[ Mss.498.3.Sch8. ](https://search.amphilsoc.org/collections/view?docId=ead/Mss.498.3.Sch8-ead.xml)Page 562 in the original manuscript, which corresponds to page 576 in the digitalized document. The image was reduced in size, cropped, and reproduced here with the kind permission of the American Philosophical Society.
gl:  - [#1]: Rybka, Konrad. 2015. [“State-of-the-Art in the Development of the Lokono Language.”](https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/24635) Language Documentation and Conservation 9: 110–13.
     - [#2]: Rybka, Konrad. 2017. [“Contact-Induced Phenomena in Lokono (Arawakan).”](https://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9781614514886/9781614514886-010/9781614514886-010.xml ) In Boundaries and Bridges, editado por Kofi Yakpo e Pieter C. Muysken. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp 257-281.
     - [#3]: Navarette, Rodrigo Pérez de. 1964. “Relación de Las Provincias y Naciones Que Los Indios Llamados Aruacas [Tienen] [...].” In Relaciones Geográficas de Venezuela, edited by Antonio Arellano Moreno, 83–87. Caracas: Academia Nacional de la Historia.
     - [#4]: Roth, Walter Edmund. 1924. An Introductory Study of the Arts, Crafts, and Customs of the Guiana Indians. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
     - [#5]: Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1943. Philosophy, Initiation and Myths of the Indians of Guiana and Adjacent Countries. Archives Internationales d’ethnographie. 44.
     - [#6]: Abbenhuis, M.F. 1939. Arawakken in Suriname: Enquête-Materiaal Voor Een Volkenkundige Studie. Paramaribo: Leo Victor.
     - [#7]: Coll, Cornelius van. 1903. “Gegevens over Land En Volk van Suriname I - Suriname’s Oorspronkelijke Bevolking.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 55 (1): 453–529.
     - [#8]: Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1928. The Arawak Language of Guiana. Amsterdam: Uitgave van der Koninklijke Akademie von Wetenschappen te Amsterdam.
     - [#9]: Brett, William Henry. 1880. Legends and Myths of the Aboriginal Indians of British Guiana. London: Williams Wells Gardner.
     - [#10]: Roth, Walter Edmund. 1915. An Inquiry into the Animism and Folk-Lore of the Guiana Indians. Annual Report, Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology 30. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.
     - [#11]: Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1942. “De Inwijding Tot Medicijnman Bij de Arawakken (Guyana) in Tekst En Mythe.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië 101: 211–76.
     - [#12]: Im Thurn, Everard Ferdinand. 1883. Among the Indians of Guiana: Being Sketches Chiefly Anthropologic from the Interior of British Guiana. London: K. Paul, Trench & Company.
     - [#13]: Laet, Joannes de. 1633. Novus Orbis, Seu Descriptionis Indiae Occidentalis Libri XVIII. Leiden: Apud Elzevirios.
     - [#14]: Brett, William Henry. 1868. The Indian Tribes of Guiana: Their Condition and Habits. London: Bell and Daldy.
     - [#15]: Baarle, Peter van, Mauricius Alberto Sabajo, van der Stap Gerdy, Sabajo Andreas L., and Sabajo Lucia L. 1989. Arhwaka lokonong djang: Arowakse taalkursus en woordenboek. Haarlem; Amsterdam: Sociaal-culturele Vereniging Ikyoshie ; Instituut voor Algemene Taalwetenschap, Universiteit van Amsterdam.
     - [#16]: Dance, Charles D. 1881. Chapters from a Guianese Log Book. Georgetown, Guyana.
     - [#17]: Penard, Frederik Paul, and Arthur Philip Penard. 1907. De Menschetende Aanbidders Der Zonneslang. Paramaribo: H.B. Heyde.
     - [#18]: Magaña, Edmundo, and Fabiola Jara. 1982. “The Carib sky.” Journal de la Société des Américanistes 68 (1): 105–32.
     - [#19]: Bennett, John P. 1995. Twenty-Eight Lessons in Loko (Arawak): A Teaching Guide. Georgetown, Guyana: Walter Roth Museum of Anthropology.
     - [#20]: Ahlbrinck, Willem. 1931. Encyclopaedie Der Karaïben. Amsterdam: Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen.
     - [#21]: Schumann, Christian Ludwig. 1882. “Arawakish-Deutsches Wörterbuch.” In Grammaires Et Vocabulaires Roucouyenne, Arrouague, Piapoco Et D’autres Langues De La Région Des Guyanes, Par J. Crevaux, P . Sagot, L. Adam..., edited by Jules Nicolas Crevaux, Paul Antoine Sagot, and Lucien Adam, 7–165. Paris: Maisonneuve.
     - [#22]: Courtz, H. 2008. A Carib Grammar and Dictionary. Toronto, ON, Canada: Magoria Books.
     - [#23]: Manuscritos arawak, American Philosophical Society, manuscrito número:[ Mss.498.3.Sch8. ](https://search.amphilsoc.org/collections/view?docId=ead/Mss.498.3.Sch8-ead.xml)Páxina 562 do manuscrito orixinal, que se corresponde coa páxina 576 do documento dixitalizado. A imaxe reduciuse en tamaño, foi recortada e reproducida aquí co permiso da American Philosophical Society.

note: Macedonian sky culture name
en: Macedonian
gl: Macedonio

note: Macedonian sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Ethnoastronomical research among Macedonian people began in 1982, organized by the Planetarium at Youth Cultural Centre. In the past years, around 140 villages in Republic of Macedonia have been visited and over 1500 inhabitants have been interviewed and surveyed. All collected information from the population have been published in the book “Sky over Macedonia” (Cenev G, 2004). An integral part of this book is the Sky map of Macedonian people which has been reconstructed based on the descriptions of constellations known to elderly inhabitants of Macedonian villages (Cenev G., 2000).
gl: A investigación etnoastronómica entre os macedonios comezou en 1982, organizada polo Planetario no Centro Cultural da Xuventude. Nos últimos anos visitáronse preto de 140 aldeas da República de Macedonia e máis de 1500 habitantes foron entrevistados e enquisados. Toda a información recollida da poboación foi publicada no libro "Sky over Macedonia" (Cenev G, 2004). Unha parte integrante deste libro é o mapa do ceo dos macedonios que foi reconstruído a partir das descricións das constelacións coñecidas polos anciáns dos pobos macedonios (Cenev G., 2000).

note: Macedonian sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Priest’s Straw (Popova Slama) *[Popovᴧ Slᴧmᴧ]*
    
    Our galaxy (Milky Way) by its appearance is dominant on the summer sky.
    
    ### Threshing floor
    
    Circular and foggy appearance of the Andromeda galaxy (М31) evoked people to see the threshing floor with straw from where the Priest was stealing from his Godson.
gl: ### Palla do Sacerdote (Popova Slama) *[Popovᴧ Slᴧmᴧ]*
    
    A nosa galaxia (Vía Láctea) pola súa aparencia é dominante no ceo de verán.
    
    ### Eira
    
    A aparencia circular e brumosa da galaxia de Andrómeda (M31) evocou á xente a ver a eira con palla da que o Sacerdote lle estaba roubando ó seu afillado.

note: Description of Macedonian constellation Mother Hen
en: is the best-known constellation, which is recognized by all elderly people in Macedonian villages, without any exception. This name people use for the star cluster Pleiades
gl: é a constelación máis coñecida, recoñecida por todas as persoas maiores de aldeas macedonias sen ningunha excepción. Este nome úsano as persoas para o cúmulo de estrelas de Pléiades

note: Description of Macedonian constellation Rooster
en: This is the name of the star Alnath (or Elnath) from the constellation Taurus.
gl: Este é o nome da estrela Alnath (ou Elnath) da constelación de Tauro.

note: Description of Macedonian constellation Hawk
en: Hawk, as one of the most famous enemies of the Mother Hen and the Rooster, is right above them in an attacking position. Bright star Capella (Kapela) from the constellation Auriga is actually known among people as Hawk.
gl: Falcón, como un dos inimigos máis famosos da galiña e do galo, está xusto enriba deles nunha posición de ataque. A brillante estrela Capella (Kapela) da constelación Auriga é coñecida entre a xente como Falcón.

note: Description of Macedonian constellation Fox
en: Fox is the second by importance natural enemy of the Mother Hen and the Rooster so it is obvious why people also “see” it on the sky. The red color of the bright star Aldebaran from the constellation of the Bull is the reason why people perceive it as a Fox ready to attack the Mother Hen and the Rooster.
gl: O raposo é o segundo inimigo natural en importancia da galiña e do galo, polo que é obvio por que a xente tamén o "ve" no ceo. A cor vermella da brillante estrela Aldebarán da constelación do Touro é a razón pola que a xente o percibe como un raposo listo para atacar á galiña e ó galo.

note: Description of Macedonian constellation Pigs
en: Near to the Mother Hen, people on the sky noticed the star cluster Hyades. Scattered appearance of the stars of this cluster associated people to the image of pigs in a village yard, and so it’s called Pigs.
gl: Preto da Nai Galiña, a xente do ceo notou o cúmulo estelar Hyades. A aparición dispersa das estrelas deste grupo facçia que as persoas a asociasen coa imaxe dos porcos nun xardín da aldea e así se chama Porcos.

note: Description of Macedonian constellation Yoke
en: People under this name recognize group of stars in the constellation Perseus. Yokes for the oxen usually is found in village yards so that is why, like the previous constellation, is evidence of the general image of people and purpose given to this part of the sky.
gl: A xente baixo este nome recoñece un grupo de estrelas na constelación Perseo. Os xugos para os bois adoitan atoparse nos xardíns da aldea, polo que, como a constelación anterior, é unha evidencia da imaxe xeral das persoas e do propósito dado a esta parte do ceo.

note: Description of Macedonian constellation Ploughman
en: The Ploughman is one of the three main characters in the sky. It is the name people gave to the bright star Betelgeuse in the constellation of Orion. Besides Betelgeuse, in building the image of this folk constellation, some weaker and less bright stars from the surrounding are also taken into account, because people say that the Ploughman is an image of a person with a goad as he returns home.
gl: O Arado é un dos tres personaxes principais do ceo. É o nome que a xente lle deu á brillante estrela Betelgeuse na constelación de Orión. Ademais de Betelgeuse, ó construír a imaxe desta constelación popular, tamén se teñen en conta algunhas estrelas máis débiles e menos brillantes dos arredores, porque a xente di que o Arado é unha imaxe dunha persoa cun aguillón cando regresa á casa.

note: Description of Macedonian constellation Plough Description of Macedonian constellation Oxen
en: The constellation Orion with its numerous bright stars and distinctive pattern dominates the winter sky and can be easily found. People from Macedonian villages usually point at the region around Orion’s belt saying that three bright stars and surrounding less bright stars create an image of a wooden Plough with two yoked oxen (Ralo so Volovi, [Ralɔ sɔ Vɔlɔvi]).
gl: A constelación de Orión, coas súas numerosas estrelas brillantes e o seu patrón distintivo, domina o ceo invernal e pódese atopar facilmente. A xente das aldeas macedonias adoita sinalar a rexión arredor do cinto de Orión dicindo que tres estrelas brillantes e as estrelas menos brillantes que as rodean crean a imaxe dun arado de madeira con dous bois xugados (Ralo so Volovi, [Ralɔ sɔ Vɔlɔvi]).

note: Description of Macedonian constellation Wolves
en: Near to the plough with oxen, which is left on a field, people see two wolves as well. They are the bright stars Sirius in the constellation Canis Major and Procyon in Canis Minor.
gl: Preto do arado con bois, que se deixa nun campo, a xente tamén ve dous lobos. Son as estrelas brillantes Sirius na constelación Canis Maior e Procyon en Canis Mienor.

note: Description of Macedonian constellation Cross
en: Complement with the people’s belief, when the Priest-thief saw God’s might he started running in panic and lost his cross on the way. So next to the Priest’s Straw there is the Cross.
gl: Complementando a crenza do pobo, cando o ladrón sacerdote viu o poder de Deus botou a correr en pánico e perdeu a cruz no camiño. Xunto á Palla do Sacerdote, está a Cruz.

note: Description of Macedonian constellation Ears
en: By this common word used as a jargon, Macedonian villagers mark the part of the wooden plough that goes into the soil, used for plowing.
gl: Con esta palabra común empregada como xiria, os aldeáns macedonios indican a parte do arado de madeira que entra no chan, usado para arar.

note: Description of Macedonian constellation Trivet
en: The trivet is a metal device with three legs (tripod) which fits over the fireplace to support pans and kettles while preparing food.
gl: O trespés é un dispositivo metálico de tres patas (trípode) que se coloca sobre a lareira para apoiar as tixolas e as calderas mentres se prepara a comida.

note: Description of Macedonian constellation Tongs
en: The Tongs were used for the fire where the trivet is. Thus, the people’s constellation Tongs is very close to the constellation Trivet.
gl: As pinzas usábanse para o lume onde se atopa o trespés. Así, a constelación de Pinzas da xente está moi preto da constelación Trespés.

note: Description of Macedonian constellation Sofra
en: The typical semi-circular shape of the constellation Corona Borealis evoked the image of a wooden round table called sofra.
gl: A forma semicircular típica da constelación Corona Borealis evocaba a imaxe dunha mesa redonda de madeira chamada sofra.

note: Description of Macedonian constellation Auger
en: People say that this is a very big drill used for construction of houses and is found inside the Priest’s Straw
gl: A xente di que se trata dunha trade moi grande usada na construción de casas e que se atopa dentro da palla do sacerdote

note: Description of Macedonian constellation Aramii
en: The famous constellation Ursa Major among the people is described as a group of thieves. The seven bright stars of Ursa Major are said to be thieves „because during the entire night they circle on the sky same as thieves that circle around houses“
gl: A famosa constelación Ursa Maior entre a xente é descrita como un grupo de ladróns. As sete estrelas brillantes de Ursa Major dise que son ladróns "porque durante toda a noite merodean no ceo o mesmo cós ladróns que rodean as casas"

note: Macedonian sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by *Vancho Stojkoski* and *Gjore Cenev* from Macedonian Research Society based primarily on the book **Sky over Macedonia** by Cenev G, 2004.
gl: A esta cultura do ceo contribuíron *Vancho Stojkoski* e *Gjore Cenev* da Macedonian Research Society baseándose sobre todo no libro **Sky over Macedonia** de Cenev G, 2004.

note: Maori sky culture name
en: Maori
gl: Maorí

note: Maori sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Maori (New Zealand) night sky is similar to the Polynesian night sky. But it differs enough to warrant its own sky culture. Maritime themes are central to the Maori sky culture and were used extensively in nautical navigation. Along with most other cultures, the rising and setting of prominent stars were used to signal planting and harvesting seasons.
gl: O ceo nocturno maorí (Nova Zelanda) é semellante ó ceo nocturno da Polinesia. Pero difire abondo como para xustificar a súa propia cultura do ceo. Os temas marítimos son fundamentais para a cultura do ceo maorí e foron moi utilizados na navegación náutica. Xunto coa maioría das outras culturas, o nacemento e a posta de estrelas prominentes utilizáronse para sinalar as estacións de plantación e colleita.

note: Maori sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Taatai-arorangi-maori
    
    There are tribal ('iwi') variations in the naming of the stars and constellations. The names referenced below are the more well known names.
    
       |Object|Name|
       |--------|------|
       |Mercury|Takero|
       |Venus (morning star)|Tawera|
       |Venus (evening star)|Meremere|
       |Mars|Rangiwhenua|
       |Jupiter|Perearau|
       |Saturn|Perearau (Both Jupiter and Saturn have the same name)|
       |Altair|Poutu-te-Rangi|
       |Antares|Rehua|
       |S_Sco|Pekehawani|
       |T_Sco|Whakaonge-kai|
       |Canopus|Autahi|
       |Procyon|Puanga Hori|
       |Rigel|Puanga|
       |Sirius|Takarua|
       |Vega|Whanui|
       |Spica|Whiti-Kapeka or Mariao|
       |Arcturus|Ruawahia|
       |Castor|Whakaahu|
       |Pollux|Whakaahu (Both Castor and Pollux have the same name)|
       |Aldebaran|Taumatakuku|
       |Achernar|Turu|
       |Orion (whole belt)|Hao - o- rua|
       |Orion (the belt)|Tau toro|
       |Orion (a part)|Te Kakau|
       |Scorpio|Ruhi|
       |Scorpio (the tail)|Te Waka-o-Tama-Rereti|
       |Pleiades|Matariki|
       |Stars in the Pleiades (unspecified):|Tupua-nuku, Tupua-rangi, Ururangi, Wai-puna-a-rangi, Waiti, Waita|
       |Pointers|Te Taura Ra o Tainui|
       |Hyades|Te Kokota|
       |Southern Cross|Mahutonga|
       |Coal sack|Te Patiki|
       |Milky Way|Te ika o te rangi|
       |Large Magellanic cloud|Te Waka Ruru|
       |Small Magellanic cloud|Tuputuputu|
       |Double stars|Pipiri|
       |Comets|Auihi Turoa|
       |Ecliptic|Pito - o - Watea|
       |Moon|Te Marama|
       |Sun|Te Ra|
       |Te-Ra-o-Tainui|A maori constellation without a European counterpart. It is a sea voyaging catamaran. The belt of orion is the keel, the hyades is a claw sail and the Pleiades is the bow.|
gl: ### Taatai-arorangi-maorí
    
    Hai variacións tribais ('iwi') na denominación das estrelas e das constelacións. Os nomes referenciados a continuación son os nomes máis coñecidos.
    
       |Obxecto|Nome|
       |--------|------|
       |Mercurio|Takero|
       |Venus (estrela da mañá)|Tawera|
       |Venus (estrela da tardiña)|Meremere|
       |Marte|Rangiwhenua|
       |Xúpiter|Perearau|
       |Saturno|Perearau (Tanto Xúpiter como Saturno teñen o mesmo nome)|
       |Altair|Poutu-te-Rangi|
       |Antares|Rehua|
       |S_Sco|Pekehawani|
       |T_Sco|Whakaonge-kai|
       |Canopus|Autahi|
       |Procyon|Puanga Hori|
       |Rigel|Puanga|
       |Sirio|Takarua|
       |Vega|Whanui|
       |Spica|Whiti-Kapeka ou Mariao|
       |Arcturus|Ruawahia|
       |Castor|Whakaahu|
       |Pollux|Whakaahu (Tanto Castor como Pólux teñen o mesmo nome)|
       |Aldebaran|Taumatakuku|
       |Achernar|Turu|
       |Orion (cinto enteiro)|Hao - o- rua|
       |Orion (o cinto)|Tau toro|
       |Orion (unha parte)|Te Kakau|
       |Scorpio|Ruhi|
       |Scorpio (a cola)|Te Waka-o-Tama-Rereti|
       |Pleiades|Matariki|
       |Estrelas nas Pleiades (non especificado):|Tupua-nuku, Tupua-rangi, Ururangi, Wai-puna-a-rangi, Waiti, Waita|
       |Pointers|Te Taura Ra o Tainui|
       |Hyades|Te Kokota|
       |Cruz do Sur|Mahutonga|
       |Coal sack|Te Patiki|
       |Vía Láctea|Te ika o te rangi|
       |Gran nube de Magallanes|Te Waka Ruru|
       |Pequena nube de Magallanes|Tuputuputu|
       |Estrelas dobres|Pipiri|
       |Cometas|Auihi Turoa|
       |Eclíptica|Pito - o - Watea|
       |Lúa|Te Marama|
       |Sol|Te Ra|
    |Te-Ra-o-Tainui|Unha constelación maorí sen homólogo europeo. É un catamarán de viaxe marítima. O cinto de orión é a quilla, as híadas é unha vela de pouta e as Pléiades son a proa.|

note: Maori sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [The Phoenix Astronomical Society](http://www.astronomynz.org/): a very good website on Maori sky culture (Wairarapa, New Zealand).
     - [#2]: Best, E. (1955) 'The astronomical knowledge of the Maori',Dominion Museum Monograph no.3 Wellington: Government Printer.
     - [#3]: Best, E. (1959) 'The Maori division of time',Dominion Museum Monograph no4. Wellington: Government Printer.
     - [#4]: Evans, J. (1998) 'The discovery of Aotearoa', Reed.
     - [#5]: Kingsley-Smith, C. (1967) 'Astronomers in puipuis. Maori Star lore', Southern Stars 22,5-10.
     - [#6]: Leather, K. and Hall, Richard (2004) 'Tatai Arorangi: Maori Astronomy, Work of the gods',Viking sevenseas nz ltd, Paraparaumu, NZ, ISBN:085467105 6.
     - [#7]: Lewis, D. (1994) 'We, the navigators. The ancient art of landfinding in the Pacific', University of Hawaii press.
     - [#8]: Orbell, M. (1996) 'The natural world of the Maori',David Bateman ltd.
     - [#9]: Orchiston, W. (1996) 'Australian Aboriginal, Polynesian and Maori Astronomy', Chapter in: 'Astronomy before the telescope' 318-328. Editor Chris Walker. BCA.
gl:  - [#1]: [The Phoenix Astronomical Society](http://www.astronomynz.org/): un moi bo sitio web  sobre a cultura do ceo maorí (Wairarapa, New Zealand).
     - [#2]: Best, E. (1955) 'The astronomical knowledge of the Maori',Dominion Museum Monograph no.3 Wellington: Government Printer.
     - [#3]: Best, E. (1959) 'The Maori division of time',Dominion Museum Monograph no4. Wellington: Government Printer.
     - [#4]: Evans, J. (1998) 'The discovery of Aotearoa', Reed.
     - [#5]: Kingsley-Smith, C. (1967) 'Astronomers in puipuis. Maori Star lore', Southern Stars 22,5-10.
     - [#6]: Leather, K. and Hall, Richard (2004) 'Tatai Arorangi: Maori Astronomy, Work of the gods',Viking sevenseas nz ltd, Paraparaumu, NZ, ISBN:085467105 6.
     - [#7]: Lewis, D. (1994) 'We, the navigators. The ancient art of landfinding in the Pacific', University of Hawaii press.
     - [#8]: Orbell, M. (1996) 'The natural world of the Maori',David Bateman ltd.
     - [#9]: Orchiston, W. (1996) 'Australian Aboriginal, Polynesian and Maori Astronomy', Chapter in: 'Astronomy before the telescope' 318-328. Editor Chris Walker. BCA.

note: Maori sky culture authors section in markdown format Tongan sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user *Dan Smale*, smaledaniel(at)outlook.com
gl: A esta cultura do ceo para Stellarium contribuíu *Dan Smale*, smaledaniel(at)outlook.com

note: Maya sky culture name
en: Maya
gl: Maia

note: Maya sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Maya culture was one of the most sophisticated civilizations in the pre-columbian american continent. They developed a writing system which let them store and use their knowledge in a variety of forms: e.g. on how to perform rituals or delivering particular messages to an audience (political and sacred facts from rulers to the people, sculpted in monuments and stelae). These records allow us explore, through the laborious work of many researchers, their cosmovision and how they thought the cosmos came to be. Their knowledge was recorded in books (academically known as “codex”), like the Dresden codex (which describes the dates that Venus would pass through each of its visibility phases and also a table of lunar and solar eclipses), the Paris codex (which is believed to describe some of their constellations), the Madrid codex (which relates astronomy and agriculture data) and lately, the Grolier codex (it was thought that it was an abbreviated version of the Dresden codex, but it is not accepted yet as original by some scholars).
gl: A cultura maia foi unha das civilizacións máis sofisticadas do continente
    americano precolombino. Desenvolveron un sistema de escritura que lles
    permitía almacenar e usar os seus coñecementos nunha variedade de formas:
    por exemplo, realizar rituais ou entregar mensaxes particulares a unha
    audiencia (feitos políticos e sagrados de gobernantes ó pobo, esculpidos en
    monumentos e estelas). Estes rexistros permítennos explorar, a través do
    laborioso traballo de moitos investigadores, a súa cosmovisión e como
    pensaron que era o cosmos. O seu coñecemento foi rexistrado en libros
    (coñecidos academicamente como "códices"), como o códice de Dresde (que
    describe as datas nas que Venus pasaría por cada unha das súas fases de
    visibilidade e tamén unha táboa de eclipses lunares e solares), o códice de
    París (que se cre que describe algunhas das súas constelacións), o códice de
    Madrid (que relaciona datos de astronomía e agricultura) e ultimamente, o
    códice de Grolier (pensábase que era unha versión abreviada do códice de
    Dresde, pero aínda non está aceptada como orixinal por algúns estudosos).

note: Maya sky culture description section in markdown format
en: <p><img align="top" src="illustrations/description1030.png"/><br /><em>Page 49 of the Dresden Codex showing a section of the Venus Table.</em></p>
    
    All Mayan codices are thought to have been taken to Europe by the first explorers of the New World, as evidence of their discoveries. The Paris Codex in particular was then long forgotten, until priest Leon Rosny found it in 1859 in a chimney corner of the National Library of Paris. It has suffered substantial damage, as can be seen in page 23 shown below. In spite of this, the Paris codex describes asterisms and constellations seen by the mayas, some of them probably related to a group of zodiacal constellations (Love, 1994)(Freidel et al., 1993)(Aveni, 2005), while others do not (Špoták, 2015).
    
    <p><img src="illustrations/description1028.png" width="150" height="350"/><br />
    <em>Page 23 of the Paris Codex showing some Constellations.</em></p>
    
    In this approach to representing the constellations in Stellarium, we assume that are related to the ecliptic, since in the Paris codex they seem to "swallow" the Sun, so they are placed as close as possible to this line while trying to adjust the star patterns to the images of the different animals thought to represent zodiacal constellations. Other constellations are placed according to what ethnographic sources state are their most probable location.  Constellation lines were drawn trying to adjust to the images taken from the above mentioned sources and they appear according to the interpretation of the contributors of this culture.
    
    ### Stars and Planets Names
    
    Maya people, just as other ancient cultures, used stars to keep track of time. The stars included in this version of Stellarium are:
    
    - Two brilliant ones: _[kib' chuplinik]_, *Castor and Pollux*, used at the beginning of the dry season to track the time at night.
    - Single Star: _[jun ch'umil]_, *Regulus*, used in February to track the time at night.
    - Corner Star: _[xukut ch'umil]_, *Alpha Centauri*, called like this because it marked the southern corner of the night sky at the end of the dry season, in April.
    - Bright Star: _[Chac 'Ek]_, *Venus*, this planet was the God of War for the maya. In the Dresden Codex there is an almanac that was used to predict this planet's appearances and disappearances during its synodic period.
    
    ### Constellations
    
    Some of the identified constellations from the Paris Codex are:
gl: <p><img align="top" src="illustrations/description1030.png"/><br /><em>Páxina 49 do Códice de Dresde que mostra unha sección da Mesa de Venus.</em></p>
    
    Crese que todos os códices maias foron levados a Europa polos primeiros exploradores do Novo Mundo, como proba dos seus descubrimentos. O Códice de París en particular foi esquecido durante moito tempo, ata que o sacerdote Leon Rosny o atopou en 1859 nun recuncho da cheminea da Biblioteca Nacional de París. Sufriu danos substanciais, como se pode ver na páxina 23 que se mostra a continuación. A pesar disto, o códice de París describe asterismos e constelacións vistas polos maias, algúns deles probablemente relacionados cun grupo de constelacións zodiacais (Love, 1994)(Freidel et al., 1993)(Aveni, 2005), mentres que outros non (Špoták, 2015).
    
    <p><img src="illustrations/description1028.png" width="150" height="350"/><br />
    <em>Páxina 23 do Códice de París que mostra algunhas constelacións.</em></p>
    
    Nesta maneira de representar as constelacións en Stellarium, asumimos que están relacionadas coa eclíptica, xa que no códice de París parecen "tragar" o Sol, polo que se colocan o máis preto posible desta liña mentres se intenta axustar os patróns estelares ás imaxes dos diferentes animais que se cre que representan as constelacións zodiacais. Outras constelacións colócanse segundo o que as fontes etnográficas indican que é a súa localización máis probable. As liñas de constelacións debuxáronse tratando de axustarse ás imaxes tomadas das fontes mencionadas anteriormente e aparecen segundo a interpretación dos contribuíntes a esta cultura.
    
    ### Nomes de estrelas e planetas
    
    O pobo maia, do mesmo xeito que outras culturas antigas, usaba as estrelas para controlar o tempo. As estrelas incluídas nesta versión de Stellarium son:
    
    - Dúas brillantes: _[kib' chuplinik]_, *Cástor e Pólux*, usadas ó comezo da estación seca para controlar a hora pola noite.
    
    - Estrela única: _[jun ch'umil]_, *Regulus*, usada en febreiro para controlar a hora pola noite.
    - Estrela da esquina: _[xukut ch'umil]_, *Alfa Centauri*, chamada así porque marcaba a esquina sur do ceo nocturno ó final da estación seca, en abril.
    - Estrela brillante: _[Chac 'Ek]_, *Venus*, este planeta era o Deus da Guerra para os maias. No Códice de Dresde hai un almanaque que se usaba para predicir as aparicións e desaparicións deste planeta durante o seu período sinódico.
    
    ### Constelacións
    
    Algunhas das constelacións identificadas no Códice de París son:

note: Description of Maya constellation Vulture
en: <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Vulture_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>Not clearly identified, but some researchers describe _Ch’oom_ as a vulture, since it is not decorated and relates better to some ethnographic descriptions (Špoták, 2015).</td></tr>
    </table>
gl: <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Vulture_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>Non está claramente identificado, pero algúns investigadores describen a _Ch’oom_ como un voitre, xa que non está decorado e se relaciona mellor con algunhas descricións etnográficas (Špoták, 2015).</td></tr>
    </table>

note: Description of Maya constellation Shark
en: <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Shark_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>The picture used for this constellation is in fact a combination of the elements of two animals: head of a snake and tail of a fish, so some scholars conclude _Xoc_ is a representation of a shark.</td></tr>
    </table>
gl: <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Shark_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>A imaxe empregada para esta constelación é, de feito, unha combinación dos elementos de dous animais: a cabeza dunha serpe e a cola dun peixe, polo que algúns estudosos conclúen que _Xoc_ é unha representación dunha quenlla.</td></tr>
    </table>

note: Description of Maya constellation Owl
en: <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Owl_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>_Kulte'_, identified as owl by some scholars, specially because of the small body and feathers on the head that it exhibits.</td></tr>
    </table>
gl: <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Owl_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>_Kulte'_, identificada como curuxa por algúns estudosos, especialmente polo pequeno corpo e as plumas na cabeza que exhibe.</td></tr>
    </table>

note: Description of Maya constellation Jaguar
en: <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Jaguar_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>_B'alaam_, identified as such because of the typical marks exhibited which are related to the skin of this animal.</td></tr>
    </table>
gl: <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Jaguar_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>_B'alaam_, identificado como tal polas marcas típicas que exhibe e que están relacionadas coa pel deste animal.</td></tr>
    </table>

note: Description of Maya constellation Death
en: <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Death_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>This constellation, _Kimi_, appears in the Paris Codex as a skeleton, not yet clear whether it's an animal or not.</td></tr>
    </table>
gl: <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Death_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>Esta constelación, _Kimi_, aparece no Códice de París como un esqueleto, sen estar claro aínda se é un animal ou non.</td></tr>
    </table>

note: Description of Maya constellation Scorpion
en: <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Scorpion_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>Scholars agree that this maya constellation of _Siina'an_ is in accordance to our Western culture Scorpion constellation, because of the "twisted" body that is suggested by this pattern of stars, however, for the mayas the sting is closer to the star Antares, because it should be next to the path of the Sun, as suggested by its position in the Paris Codex.</td></tr>
    </table>
gl: <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Scorpion_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>Os estudosos coinciden en que esta constelación maia de _Siina'an_ está de acordo coa constelación do Escorpión da nosa cultura occidental, debido ó corpo "retorcido" que suxire este patrón de estrelas; porén, para os maias o aguillón está máis preto da estrela Antares, porque debería estar onda a traxectoria do Sol, como suxire a súa posición no Códice de París.</td></tr>
    </table>

note: Description of Maya constellation Snake
en: <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Rattlesnake_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>This animal, _Kaan_, is present through many species in the Central America environment, but the one represented in the Paris codex is thought to be the Rattlesnake, because of the ending of the tail which shows the typical rattling ending of this reptile.</td></tr>
    </table>
gl: <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Rattlesnake_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>Este animal, _Kaan_, está presente en moitas especies no ambiente centroamericano, pero pénsase que a representada no códice de París é a serpe de cascabel, debido ó final da cola que mostra o típico extremo de axóuxere deste réptil.</td></tr>
    </table>

note: Description of Maya constellation Bat
en: <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Bat_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>_Zool_, identified as bat by its wings, as well as by the characteristic nose that this animal displays in the upper lip, typical in maya iconography.</td></tr>
    </table>
gl: <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Bat_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>_Zool_, identificado como morcego polas súas ás, así como polo característico nariz que este animal amosa no beizo superior, típico na iconografía maia.</td></tr>
    </table>

note: Description of Maya constellation Toad
en: <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Frog_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>This animal, _Uo_, is identified as such because of its necklace and the lack of teeth in its mouth (Špoták, 2015).  Freidel et al. (1993) place this animal in the Western culture constellation of Virgo.</td></tr>
    </table>
gl: <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Frog_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>Este animal, _Uo_, identifícase como tal polo seu colar e pola falta de dentes na boca (Špoták, 2015). Freidel et al. (1993) sitúan este animal na constelación de Virgo da cultura occidental.</td></tr>
    </table>

note: Description of Maya constellation Turtle
en: <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Turtle_BM.png" width="59" height="50"/></td><td>The turtle, _Aak_, was present during the creation of the world, located on the Western culture Orion's Belt asterism. This position in the sky is not really deduced from the Paris codex, but from the analysis made on the Bonampak murals, where the picture of the turtle is decorated with three points, very similar in position and orientation to Orion’s Belt, so this turtle representation has been used to place it in the Stellarium sky, instead of the one depicted in the Paris Codex.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    Asterisms and constellations obtained through other archaeological and ethnographic sources (such as murals and manuscripts like the _Popol Vuh_) are described below:
gl: <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Turtle_BM.png" width="59" height="50"/></td><td>A tartaruga, _Aak_, estivo presente durante a creación do mundo, situada no asterismo do Cinto de Orión da cultura occidental. Esta posición no ceo non se deduce realmente do códice de París, senón da análise feita nos murais de Bonampak, onde a imaxe da tartaruga está decorada con tres puntos, moi similares en posición e orientación ó Cinto de Orión, polo que se utilizou esta representación da tartaruga para situala no ceo do Stellarium, en lugar da que se representa no Códice de París.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    Os asterismos e as constelacións obtidos a través doutras fontes arqueolóxicas e etnográficas (como murais e manuscritos como o _Popol Vuh_) descríbense a continuación:

note: Description of Maya constellation Hole-backed Caiman
en: _Way Paat Ahiin_ is the Milky Way in a vertical position relative to the horizon. This half-crocodile half-deer creature was sacrificed in a mythical time before the present one, an event which caused a storm of blood marking the end of the primordial chaos. On its back, the four trees -that lifted and hold the sky were placed- along with another supernatural being stepping on top of the decapitated body, thus fertilizing, founding or establishing the current order of things.
    
    <img src="illustrations/sdc.png" width="200" height="90"/>
gl: _Way Paat Ahiin_ é a Vía Láctea nunha posición vertical con respecto ó horizonte. Esta criatura, metade crocodilo e metade cervo, foi sacrificada nun tempo mítico anterior ó actual, un evento que provocou unha tormenta de sangue que marcou o final do caos primordial. No seu lombo, colocáronse as catro árbores -que elevan e sosteñen o ceo- xunto con outro ser sobrenatural que pisou enriba do corpo decapitado, fecundando, fundando ou establecendo así a orde actual das cousas.
    
    <img src="illustrations/sdc.png" width="200" height="90"/>

note: Description of Maya constellation Paddler Gods
en: This picture shows the Maize God being carried by a couple of paddler gods in a canoe to the place of creation: the Three Hearthstones (defined by the stars Alnitak, Saiph and Rigel, in the Western culture constellation Orion, and in Stellarium shown encircling the _Oxib' Xk'ub'_, or Primordial Fire asterism), where he would be self-sacrificed for the creation of the cosmos to take place.
    
    <img src="illustrations/Stellarium_13.png" width="400" height="110"/>
gl: Esta imaxe mostra o Deus do Millo sendo levado por un par de deuses remeiros nunha canoa ata o lugar da creación: as Tres Pedras do Lar (definidas polas estrelas Alnitak, Saiph e Rigel, na constelación de Orión da cultura occidental, e en Stellarium móstrase rodeando o asterismo _Oxib' Xk'ub'_, ou Lume Primordial), onde se autosacrificaría para que tivese lugar a creación do cosmos.
    
    <img src="illustrations/Stellarium_13.png" width="400" height="110"/>

note: Description of Maya constellation Primordial Fire
en: <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Stellarium_11.png" width="70" height="60"/></td><td>This fire, _Oxib'Xk'ub_, was lighted at the moment of creation, and mayas saw its smoke represented as the Orion's nebula (M42), between three bright stars representing the three hearthstones.</td></tr>
    </table>
gl: <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Stellarium_11.png" width="70" height="60"/></td><td>Este lume, _Oxib'Xk'ub_, foi acendido no momento da creación, e os maias viron o seu fume representado como a nebulosa de Orión (M42), entre tres estrelas brillantes que representaban as tres pedras do fogar.</td></tr>
    </table>

note: Description of Maya constellation Peccaries
en: <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/11.png" width="80" height="60"/></td><td>These pig-like animals are represented together just like the stars Castor and Pollux. The picture included in Stellarium was taken from the Bonampak mural.</td></tr>
    </table>
gl: <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/11.png" width="80" height="60"/></td><td>Estes animais semellantes a porcos están representados xuntos igual cás estrelas Cástor e Pólux. A imaxe incluída en Stellarium foi tomada do mural de Bonampak.</td></tr>
    </table>

note: Maya sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by *Eduardo Rodas-Quito* and *Javier Mejuto* of the Archaeoastronomy and Cultural Astronomy Department at Space Sciences Faculty, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Honduras.
gl: Esta cultura do ceo foi achegada por *Eduardo Rodas-Quito* e *Javier Mejuto* do Departamento de Arqueoastronomía e Astronomía Cultural da Facultade de Ciencias Espaciais da Universidade Nacional Autónoma de Honduras.

note: Modern sky culture name
en: Modern
gl: Moderna

note: Modern sky culture introduction section in markdown format Modern (IAU) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The modern sky culture is used internationally by modern astronomers, and is the official scheme of The International Astronomical Union. It has historical roots in Ancient Greek astronomy, with influences from Islamic astronomy.
gl: A cultura do ceo moderno é utilizada internacionalmente polos astrónomos modernos, e é o esquema oficial da Unión Astronómica Internacional. Ten raíces históricas na astronomía grega antiga, con influencias da astronomía islámica.

note: Modern sky culture description section in markdown format
en: The modern sky culture divides the celestial sphere into 88 areas of various sizes called constellations, each with precise boundary, issued by the International Astronomical Union in 1922. These constellations have become the standard way to describe the sky, replacing similar sets in other sky cultures exhaustively in daily usage.
    
    The constellations in use today are based mainly on ancient Greek constellations depicted by Ptolemy in his book the Almagest during the 2nd century CE. In the subsequent centuries, this book has been translated from Greek into Arabic (6th to 9th century) and later to medieval Latin. In the Arabic more than in the Latin tradition, the Ptolemaic figures were enriched and transformed by native Arabic constellations and star names.
    
    In the 16-18th centuries, European astronomers suggested new constellations to fill the gaps between northern constellations (e.g. the constellation of "the lynx" for an area close to the Great Bear but with stars so faint that you would need the eyes of a lynx to see them) and also created new constellations in the southern part of the sky which had not been visible to Ptolemy. These new constellations were usually named after new technical inventions of the early modern period (e.g. a chemical furnace, a balloon, an air pump) or exotic animals (e.g. a chamaeleon, a tucan, a paradise bird). Among them several constellations were also named with political consideration to honor certain kings or patrons.
    
    In the beginning of the 20th century, the IAU (International Astronomical Union) aimed for a large clean-up: in 1922, it officially accepted the list of 88 constellation names. In 1928 it also defined precise constellation boundaries [#40] still in use today.
    
    ### Extras
    
    In the 2nd century CE, Ptolemy in Alexandria published a multi-volume book which summarised the astronomical knowledge of the time, rooted in a tradition of mathematical astronomy since Hipparchus (at least 265 years earlier). In the subsequent centuries, this book has been translated from Greek into Arabic (6th to 9th century), from Arabic into Latin, and later, from the original ancient Greek into medieval Latin. Due to this transformation, it is now known under the artificial name Almagest, derived from the Arabic title [#46].
    
    The Almagest star catalogue (books VII and VIII) has been depicted many times in the Islamic as well as in the Christian astronomical traditions. Often, the figures were re-drawn in order to adapt them to the taste of art of the epoch. In the Arabic more than in the Latin tradition, the Ptolemaic figures were enriched and transformed by native Arabic constellations and star names. Therefore, this sky culture displays a modern descendant of the Ptolemaic one with traces of translations, misunderstandings, transformations, and deliberate additions.
    
    In 1603 the lawyer and hobby astronomer Johann Bayer from Augsburg, Germany, made a new celestial atlas, called Uranometria [#41]. In this atlas, he introduced a systematic naming of stars starting with alpha, the brightest, beta, the second brightest, gamma, the third ... within a constellation. Subsequently, it was established to name a star with a Greek letter and the Latin constellation name in casus genitive.
    
    In the 18th century, the century of great atlases (Flamsteed, Fortin, Bode: [#42][#43]), new constellations were added to fill the gaps between northern constellations. Additionally, there were suggestions to create new constellations in the southern part of the sky which had not been visible to Ptolemy. European astronomers visited the European colonies and instead of asking the native people for their constellations, the Europeans were creative. This way, many new technical inventions of the early modern period were depicted in constellations (e.g. a chemical furnace, a balloon, an air pump) as well as exotic animals (e.g. a chamaeleon, a tucan, a paradise bird).
    
    The problem was that sometimes astronomers did not agree with each other and, thus, atlases showed deviations from each other.
    
    After many centuries of astronomers taking liberties in interpretation of the Ptolemaic original, there were many variants of constellations. As constellations are a positioning system, i.e. astronomers describe positions in the sky relative to stars and stars relative to constellations (like "Betelgeuse", Orion's right shoulder), it is necessary to use constellation names and star names uniformly all over the world.
    
    In the "Fin de siècle", there were upcoming suggestions in the astronomical community to unify the system of constellations and star names [#44].
    
    The IAU, only founded in 1919, in 1928 defined the boundaries of these areas [#43] and not the way of drawing artwork or connecting lines within them. Consequently several sub-cultures of painting figures and drawing simplified stickfigures were developed during the 20th and 21st century. We provide some of them as further sky cultures.
    
    ### Constellations
    
    These constellations are based mainly on the Ptolemaic tradition which had been used in all three Abrahamitic religions and, thus, was common in the Near East, in Europe and its colonies on all continents. However, between the ancient Greek constellations there were gaps of areas with only faint stars belonging to no constellation.[#47] In the Modern Epoch, several astronomers suggested constellation figures for these gaps, among them several political constellations to the honor of certain kings or patrons. In the late 19th century, the astronomical research community aimed for a huge clean-up to avoid ambiguities in assigning stars to constellations.
    
    In 1922, the IAU officially approved the list of 88 constellation names and their official abbreviations with three letters. The only remaining political constellation is Scutum, the shield of a Polish king but without mentioning the political reference anymore. The Belgian priest E. Delporte got the task to define constellation boundaries according to coordinates. In 1928, he finished the work, based on an atlas from Argentina [#51], and the IAU accepted his delimitations [#40].
    
    These "constellations" are naked areas in the sky without any stick figures or depictions [#44]. The borders simply follow the lines of right ascension and declination from the epoch 1875.0. Precession causes a slowly increasing deviation from the originally rectilinear grid. These constellations became the standard way to describe the sky, replacing similar sets in other sky cultures exhaustively in daily usage.
    
    Stellarium by default displays the precise RA-DEC-boundaries and a set of artwork constellations on the basis of Ptolemaic figures but following our contemporary taste of art.
    
    ### Asterisms
    
    The term "asterism" (assembly of stars) can sometimes be used synonymously to "constellation". In the modern use it describes a figure which is not part of the official canon. Sometimes an asterism is a part of a constellation, e.g. the Big Dipper as part of Ursa Major, or Great Square as part of Pegasus. Other asterisms span over several constellations, e.g. the Summer Triangle or Winter Hexagon. Yet others are only visible in binoculars or telescopes and are aptly named "telescopic asterism", e.g. the Coathanger. They are often discussed in the observing columns of popular astronomy magazines.
    
    ### Ray Helpers
    
    Seasoned observers can find their way around the sky easily. One mnemonic tool are associative chains of stars that span large distances. We show them as "ray helpers". These are not standardized.
    
    ### Proper names of stars
    
    Ptolemy's star catalogue had the layout of a table listing the description of the star's position in the constellation's figure, the ecliptical coordinates, and the magnitude e.g.: "The star at the tip of the tail of Ursa Minor", "Gem 0 1/6, +66", "Mag 3".
    
    In most cases, the star names evolved by astronomer's systematical abbreviations of these descriptions, e.g., a first astronomer abbreviated in a text "tip of the tail", a next astronomer drew a map with less space and wrote only "tail" next to the star and this name remained. Over centuries, these descriptions were translated into Arabic and Latin, and in some cases the translators or scribes made mistakes because of misreading or misspelling of the Arabic words (e.g. the Arabic "yad al gauza", the hand of the giant woman, was mangled to the common term "Betelgeuse").
    
    However, there are also a few original Greek words like the red star "Antares", the counterpart of Ares (Mars), and even a few original Babylonian terms like "Shargaz", the Sting, in Scorpius. Our modern, most recent IAU star names [#45] are a renewed mixture, also with influences or even politically wanted additions of star names from the non-Ptolemaic sky cultures, e.g. the traditional Pingsing, a Chinese star name for a star in Hydra (its meaning is only "star", a reminescence to his lonely position), or newly adopted star names from Polynesian, Hawaiian, or Aboriginal cultures for names of stars with exoplanets.
    
    The IAU is the only scientifically accepted authority to assign new names to stars. Commercial exploits like "star name registries", who sell stars for commemorative purposes or as gifts, only sell printed pieces of paper. These names are not approved and never used by scientists.
gl: A cultura do ceo moderna divide a esfera celeste en 88 áreas de varios tamaños chamadas constelacións, cada unha cun límite preciso, establecidas pola Unión Astronómica Internacional en 1922. Estas constelacións convertéronse na forma estándar de describir o ceo, substituíndo conxuntos similares noutras culturas do ceo no uso diario.
    
    As constelacións que se usan hoxe en día baséanse principalmente nas antigas constelacións gregas representadas por Ptolomeo no seu libro O Almaxesto durante o século II d.C. Nos séculos posteriores, este libro foi traducido do grego ó árabe (século VI ó IX) e posteriormente ó latín medieval. Na tradición árabe máis a na latina, as figuras ptolemaicas foron enriquecidas e transformadas en constelacións árabes nativas e nomes de estrelas.
    
    Nos séculos XVI-XVIII, os astrónomos europeos suxeriron novas constelacións para encher os ocos entre as constelacións do norte (por exemplo, a constelación do "lince" para unha zona próxima á Osa Maior pero con estrelas tan débiles que se necesitarían os ollos dun lince para velas) e tamén crearon novas constelacións na parte sur do ceo que non eran visibles para Ptolomeo. Estas novas constelacións adoitan recibir o nome de novos inventos técnicos do período moderno (por exemplo, un forno químico, un globo, unha bomba de aire) ou animais exóticos (por exemplo, un chamaleón, un tucán, un paxaro do paraíso). Entre elas tamén se nomearon varias constelacións con consideración política para honrar a determinados reis ou patróns.
    
    A principios do século XX, a IAU (Unión Astronómica Internacional) tiña como obxectivo facer unha gran limpeza: en 1922, aceptou oficialmente a lista de 88 nomes de constelacións. En 1928 tamén definiu os límites precisos das constelacións [#40] aínda en uso na actualidade.
    
    ### Extras
    
    No século II d.C., Ptolomeo publicou en Alexandría un libro de varios volumes que resumía o coñecemento astronómico da época, enraizado nunha tradición de astronomía matemática dende Hiparco (polo menos 265 anos antes). Nos séculos posteriores, este libro foi traducido do grego ó árabe (século VI ó IX), do árabe ó latín e, posteriormente, do grego antigo orixinal ó latín medieval. Debido a esta transformación, agora coñécese co nome artificial de Almagest, derivado do título árabe [#46].
    
    O catálogo de estrelas de Almaxesto (libros VII e VIII) foi representado moitas veces tanto nas tradicións astronómicas islámicas coma nas cristiás. Moitas veces, as figuras foron debuxadas de novo para adaptalas ó gusto da arte da época. Na tradición árabe máis ca na latina, as figuras ptolemaicas foron enriquecidas e transformadas en constelacións árabes nativas e nomes de estrelas. Polo tanto, esta cultura do ceo é un descendente moderno da ptolemaica con trazos de traducións, malentendidos, transformacións e engadidos deliberados.
    
    En 1603 o avogado e astrónomo afeccionado Johann Bayer de Augsburgo, Alemaña, fixo un novo atlas celeste, chamado Uranometria [#41]. Neste atlas, introduciu unha denominación sistemática das estrelas comezando por alfa, a máis brillante, a beta, a segunda máis brillante, a gamma, a terceira... dentro dunha constelación. Posteriormente, decidiuse nomear unha estrela cunha letra grega e o nome da constelación latina en caso xenitivo.
    
    No século XVIII, o século dos grandes atlas (Flamsteed, Fortin, Bode: [#42][#43]), engadíronse novas constelacións para cubrir os ocos entre as constelacións do norte. Ademais, houbo suxestións para crear novas constelacións na parte sur do ceo que non eran visibles para Ptolomeo. Os astrónomos europeos visitaron as colonias europeas e, en lugar de preguntarlles ás persoas nativas polas súas constelacións, foron creativos. Deste xeito, moitos novos inventos técnicos do período moderno foron representados en constelacións (por exemplo, un forno químico, un globo, unha bomba de aire) así como animais exóticos (por exemplo, un chamaleón, un tucán, un paxaro do paraíso).
    
    O problema era que ás veces os astrónomos non estaban de acordo entre si e, polo tanto, os atlas mostraban desviacións entre si.
    
    Despois de moitos séculos de astrónomos tomando liberdades na interpretación do orixinal ptolemaico, houbo moitas variantes de constelacións. Como as constelacións son un sistema de posicionamento, é dicir, os astrónomos describen posicións no ceo en relación ás estrelas e estrelas en relación ás constelacións (como "Betelgeuse", o ombreiro dereito de Orión), é necesario usar os nomes de constelación e de estrelas de forma uniforme en todo o mundo.
    
    No "Fin de siècle", houbo suxestións na comunidade astronómica para unificar o sistema de constelacións e nomes de estrelas [#44].
    
    A IAU, fundada en 1919, en 1928 definiu os límites destas áreas [#43] e non a forma de debuxar obras de arte ou de conectar liñas dentro delas. En consecuencia, durante os séculos XX e XXI desenvolvéronse varias subculturas de pintar figuras e debuxar figuras simplificadas. Proporcionamos algunhas delas como outras culturas do ceo.
    
    ### Constelacións
    
    Estas constelacións baséanse principalmente na tradición ptolemaica que fora usada nas tres relixións abrahamitas e, polo tanto, era común no Próximo Oriente, en Europa e as súas colonias en todos os continentes. Non obstante, entre as antigas constelacións gregas había lagoas de áreas con só estrelas tenues que non pertencían a ningunha constelación.[#47] Na Época Moderna, varios astrónomos suxeriron figuras de constelación para estas lagoas, entre elas varias constelacións políticas en honor de certos reis ou mecenas. A finais do século XIX, a comunidade de investigación astronómica tiña como obxectivo unha gran limpeza para evitar ambigüidades na asignación de estrelas ás constelacións.
    
    En 1922, a IAU aprobou oficialmente a lista de 88 nomes de constelacións e as súas abreviaturas oficiais con tres letras. A única constelación política que queda é Scutum, o escudo dun rei polaco pero xa sen mencionar a referencia política. O sacerdote belga E. Delporte recibiu a tarefa de definir os límites das constelacións segundo as coordenadas. En 1928, rematou a obra, baseada nun atlas de Arxentina [#51], e a IAU aceptou as súas delimitacións [#40].
    
    Estas "constelacións" son áreas espidas do ceo sen figuras nin representacións [#44]. As fronteiras simplemente seguen as liñas de ascensión recta e declinación da época 1875.0. A precesión provoca unha desviación que aumenta lentamente da cuadrícula orixinariamente rectilínea. Estas constelacións convertéronse na forma estándar de describir o ceo, substituíndo conxuntos similares noutras culturas do ceo no uso diario.
    
    Stellarium mostra por defecto os límites AR-DEC precisos e un conxunto de constelacións de obras de arte baseadas en figuras ptolemaicas pero seguindo o noso gusto segundo a arte contemporánea.
    
    ### Asterismos
    
    O termo "asterismo" (conxunto de estrelas) ás veces pódese usar como sinónimo de "constelación". No uso moderno describe unha figura que non forma parte do canon oficial. Ás veces, un asterismo forma parte dunha constelación, por exemplo a Osa Maior como parte da Osa Maior, ou a Gran Praza como parte de Pegaso. Outros asterismos abarcan varias constelacións, por ex. o Triángulo de Verán ou o Hexágono de Inverno. Porén, outros só son visibles con prismáticos ou telescopios e reciben o nome de "asterismo telescópico", por exemplo o Colgador. Adoitan recollerse nas columnas de observación das revistas populares de astronomía.
    
    ### Axudantes de Raios
    
    Os observadores experimentados poden atopar o seu camiño no ceo facilmente. Unha ferramenta mnemotécnica son cadeas asociativas de estrelas que abarcan grandes distancias. Mostrámolos como "axudantes de raios". Estes non están estandarizados.
    
    ### Nomes propios de estrelas
    
    O catálogo de estrelas de Ptolomeo tiña o deseño dunha táboa que enumeraba a descrición da posición da estrela na figura da constelación, as coordenadas eclípticas e a magnitude, por exemplo: "A estrela na punta da cola da Osa Menor", "Gem 0 1/6". , +66", "Mag 3".
    
    Na maioría dos casos, os nomes das estrelas evolucionaron polas abreviaturas sistemáticas dos astrónomos destas descricións, por exemplo, un primeiro astrónomo abreviou nun texto "punta da cola", un seguinte astrónomo debuxou un mapa con menos espazo e escribiu só "cola" xunto á estrela e este nome quedou. Ó longo dos séculos, estas descricións foron traducidas ó árabe e ó latín, e nalgúns casos os tradutores ou escribas cometían erros debido á mala lectura ou á ortografía das palabras árabes (por exemplo, o árabe "yad al gauza", a man da muller xigante, foi desprazado ó termo común "Betelgeuse").
    
    Non obstante, tamén hai algunhas palabras gregas orixinais como a estrela vermella "Antares", a contraparte de Ares (Marte), e mesmo algúns termos babilónicos orixinais como "Shargaz", o aguillón, en Escorpio. Os nosos nomes de estrelas modernos e máis recentes da IAU [n.° 45] son unha mestura renovada, tamén con influencias ou incluso adicións desexadas politicamente de nomes de estrelas das culturas do ceo non ptolemaica, por exemplo. o tradicional Pingsing, un nome de estrela chinés para unha estrela en Hidra (o seu significado é só "estrela", unha reminiscencia da súa posición solitaria), ou os nomes de estrelas recentemente adoptados das culturas polinesias, hawaianas ou aborixes para nomes de estrelas con exoplanetas.
    
    A IAU é a única autoridade cientificamente aceptada para asignar novos nomes ás estrelas. Explotacións comerciais como os "rexistros de nomes de estrelas", que venden estrelas con fins conmemorativos ou como agasallos, só venden anacos de papel impreso. Estes nomes non están aprobados e nunca os usan os científicos.

note: Description of Modern constellation Andromeda
en: Princess Andromeda, daughter of Queen Cassiopeia and King Kepheus, was chained to a rock on the coast of Ethiopia to prepare her as sacrifice to Cetus, the Sea Monster. She was rescued by Perseus.  
    
    In this constellation you find the nearest large galaxy, the Great Andromeda Galaxy. It is barely visible with the unaided eye in a dark rural sky.
gl: A princesa Andrómeda, filla da raíña Casiopea e do rei Cefeo, foi encadeada a unha rocha na costa de Etiopía para preparala como sacrificio a Ceto, o monstro mariño. Foi rescatada por Perseo.Nesta constelación atópase a gran galaxia máis próxima, a Gran Galaxia de Andrómeda. Apenas é visible a simple vista nun ceo rural escuro.

note: Description of Modern constellation Cassiopeia
en: Shown as the Seated Queen, Cassiopeia had boasted about her beauty, so much as to enrage Poseidon. The latter sent the sea monster Cetus which ravaged the coast of Ethiopia. An oracle promised Cetus would only go away when Princess Andromeda would be sacrificed to Cetus.
gl: Representada como a Raíña Sentada, Casiopea gabárase da súa beleza, tanto que enfureceu a Poseidón. Este último enviou o monstro mariño Ceto, que devastou a costa de Etiopía. Un oráculo prometeu que Ceto só marcharía cando a princesa Andrómeda fose sacrificada a Ceto.

note: Description of Modern constellation Cepheus
en: King Kepheus of Ethiopia was husband of Cassiopeia and father of Andromeda. After his wife had enraged Poseidon, he had to order that his daughter, Princess Andromeda, should be sacrificed to Cetus, the sea monster.
gl: O rei Cefeo de Etiopía era o esposo de Casiopea e pai de Andrómeda. Despois de que a súa esposa enfurecera a Poseidón, tivo que ordenar que a súa filla, a princesa Andrómeda, fose sacrificada a Ceto, o monstro mariño.

note: Description of Modern constellation Whale
en: The Sea Monster, also called Whale, was sent by Poseidon to punish Ethiopia for the heresy of Cassiopeia. It was finally killed by Perseus.
gl: O Monstro Mariño, tamén chamado Balea, foi enviado por Poseidón para castigar a Etiopía pola herexía de Casiopea. Finalmente foi asasinado por Perseo.

note: Description of Modern constellation Pegasus
en: The Winged Horse carried Perseus on his way to rescue Princess Andromeda from being sacrificed to Cetus.
gl: O cabalo alado levou a Perseo no seu camiño para rescatar a princesa Andrómeda de ser sacrificada a Cetus.

note: Description of Modern constellation Little Horse
en: _Equuleus_, the Little Horse, is actually only a horse head and represents the foal Celeris, offspring or brother of the larger horse, Pegasus. It is seen next to the head of Pegasus.
gl: _Equuleus_, o cabaliño, en realidade é só unha cabeza de cabalo e representa o potro Celeris, descendente ou irmán do cabalo máis grande, Pegaso. Vese onda a cabeza de Pegaso.

note: Description of Modern constellation Perseus
en: The hero Perseus came in flying on Pegasus to rescue Andromeda from being sacrificed. In his hand he carries Medusa's head with the variable star Algol, which he presented to the sea monster Cetus just as it was about to devour Andromeda. Its magic caused Cetus to immediately turn to a rock. Before freeing Andromeda from her chains, he dropped the sack with Medusa's head to the beach. When the surf opened the sack, nearby algae were petrified into corals.
gl: O heroe Perseo chegou voando en Pegaso para rescatar a Andrómeda de ser sacrificada. Na súa man leva a cabeza de Medusa coa estrela variable Algol, que lle presentou ó monstro mariño Cetus xusto cando este estaba a piques de devorar a Andrómeda. A súa maxia fixo que Cetus se convertese inmediatamente nunha rocha. Antes de liberar a Andrómeda das súas cadeas, deixou caer o saco coa cabeza de Medusa á praia. Cando as ondas abriron o saco, as algas próximas petrificáronse en corais.

note: Description of Modern constellation Orion
en: The famous hunter Orion was killed by a Scorpion, but was transferred into one of the most prominent constellations, notably just opposite of Scorpius. He is accompanied by the Greater and Lesser Dogs.  
    
    Orion is host of one of the most spectacular star-forming regions, the Great Orion Nebula, Messier 42.
gl: O famoso cazador Orión foi asasinado por un Escorpión, pero foi trasladado a unha das constelacións máis prominentes, concretamente xusto na oposta a Escorpio. Está acompañado polos Cans Maior e Menor.Orión alberga unha das rexións de formación estelar máis espectaculares, a Gran Nebulosa de Orión, Messier 42.

note: Description of Modern constellation Greater Dog
en: The Greater Dog is one of Orion's hunting companions. Its main star, *Sirius*, is the brightest of the fixed stars.
gl: O Can Maior é un dos compañeiros de caza de Orión. A súa estrela principal, *Sirio*, é a máis brillante das estrelas fixas.

note: Description of Modern constellation Lesser Dog
en: The Lesser Dog is one of Orion's hunting companions.
gl: O Can Menor é un dos compañeiros de caza de Orión.

note: Description of Modern constellation Hare
en: _Lepus_, the hare, is hiding just below the hunter Orion.
gl: _Lepus_, a lebre, está agochada xusto debaixo do cazador Orión.

note: Description of Modern constellation Charioteer
en: _Auriga_, the charioteer, was born with crippled legs. He invented the wheel and built his wagon to overcome his handicap. Its main star, *Capella*, represents a goat which accompanies him. 
    
    In this constellation you can find a nice selection of open star clusters.
gl: _Auriga_, o auriga, naceu con pernas lisiadas. Inventou a roda e construíu o seu carro para superar a súa discapacidade. A súa estrela principal, *Capella*, representa unha cabra que o acompaña.Nesta constelación pódese atopar unha boa selección de cúmulos estelares abertos.

note: Description of Modern constellation Great Bear
en: _Ursa Major_, the Great Bear, represents Callisto. Once a beautiful nymph, she was seduced by Zeus. His wife Hera was enraged and converted her into a bear. Zeus could not change that, but he could raise her to the stars. But again, Hera interfered so that the Bear could not take a bath in the Okeanos. This means, from ancient Greece the constellation was circumpolar, always above the horizon. Meanwhile, precession allows the Bear to at least submerge her feet in the sea. The seven brightest stars are called the Plough or Big Dipper in English but have other names in other cultures. 
    
    Ursa Major contains a few nice galaxies for small telescopes.
gl: _Ursa Maior_, a Osa Maior, representa a Calisto. Noutro tempo unha fermosa ninfa, foi seducida por Zeus. A súa esposa Hera enfureceuse e converteuna nunha osa. Zeus non puido cambiar iso, pero si que a elevou ata as estrelas. Pero, de novo, Hera interviu para que a Osa non puidese bañarse no Océano. Isto significa que, dende a antiga Grecia, a constelación era circumpolar, sempre por riba do horizonte. Mentres tanto, a precesión permite que a Osa polo menos mergulle os pés no mar. As sete estrelas máis brillantes chámanse Arado ou Carro Maior en galego, pero teñen outros nomes noutras culturas.A Osa Maior contén algunhas galaxias boas para pequenos telescopios.

note: Description of Modern constellation Lesser Bear
en: _Ursa Minor_, the Lesser Bear may be Arkas, son of Callisto, who is commemorated as Greater Bear and who was likewise placed into the sky by Zeus. Another myth commemorates two bears who saved the infant Zeus from his father Kronos. When he later placed them in the sky, he flung them up by their tails, explaining these unnaturally long bear tails.
    
    Its most prominent object is Polaris, the Pole Star. In our era, it is less than a degree from the pole which makes it a very important navigational aid, but, due to precession, in antiquity there was no bright star right on the celestial pole.
gl: _Ursa Minor_, a Osa Menor pode ser Arcas, fillo de Calisto, que é conmemorada como a Osa Maior e que tamén foi colocada no ceo por Zeus. Outro mito conmemora dous osos que salvaron o neno Zeus do seu pai Cronos. Cando máis tarde os colocou no ceo, lanzounos polas colas, o que explica estas colas de oso anormalmente longas.O seu obxecto máis destacado é Polaris, a Estrela Polar. Na nosa era, está a menos dun grao do polo, o que a converte nunha axuda de navegación moi importante, pero, debido á precesión, na antigüidade non había ningunha estrela brillante xusto no polo celeste.

note: Description of Modern constellation Dragon
en: Greek mythology names several dragons. Eratosthenes identifies _Draco_ as Ladon, the snake-like dragon which protected the golden apples in the garden of the Hesperides. It was killed by Hercules who can be seen stepping on the dragon's head.
    
    The constellation winds around the Northern Ecliptical Pole, close to which we can observe a planetary nebula, the Cat's Eye. The star alpha Draconis, or *Thuban*, was closest to the Northern Celestial Pole when the Egyptians built their pyramids, and could have acted as their polar star.
gl: A mitoloxía grega nomea varios dragóns. Eratóstenes identifica a _Draco_ como Ladón, o dragón serpenteante que protexía as mazás douradas no xardín das Hespérides. Foi morto por Hércules, que se pode ver pisando a cabeza do dragón.A constelación xira arredor do Polo Eclíptico Norte, preto do cal podemos observar unha nebulosa planetaria, o Ollo de Gato. A estrela alfa Draconis, ou *Thuban*, estaba máis preto do Polo Celeste Norte cando os exipcios construíron as súas pirámides e podería ter actuado como a súa estrela polar.

note: Description of Modern constellation Hercules
en: Hercules, or the Kneeler, was a Greek hero, a son of Zeus with Alkmene. When his half-sister Athena tried to put him on Hera's breast, his biting caused Hera to push him away, and Hera's milk spilled all over the sky, creating the Milky Way. Hercules had to fulfill 12 major labours and countless other fights and adventures.  In the northern sky, he is actually upside-down, with his head, *Ras Algethi* next to the head of Ophiuchus, *Rasalhague*, and he is seen to trample on the head of Draco, the dragon. 
    
    Hercules hosts the magnificent globular cluster Messier 13, and a smaller one, Messier 92.
gl: Hércules, ou o Axeonllado, foi un heroe grego, fillo de Zeus con Alcmene. Cando a súa media irmá Atenea intentou poñelo no peito de Hera, a súa mordida fixo que Hera o empuxase, e o leite de Hera derramouse por todo o ceo, creando a Vía Láctea. Hércules tivo que cumprir 12 grandes traballos e innumerables outras loitas e aventuras. No ceo setentrional, en realidade está boca abaixo, coa cabeza, *Ras Algethi* xunto á cabeza de Ofiuco, *Rasalhague*, e vese pisoteando a cabeza de Draco, o dragón.Hércules alberga o magnífico cúmulo globular Messier 13 e un máis pequeno, Messier 92.

note: Description of Modern constellation Serpent Bearer
en: The Serpent Bearer, _Ophiuchus_, also called _Serpentarius_, resembles a man holding Serpens, the snake, in his hands. He is standing on Scorpius, and with his legs he is in fact crossing the ecliptic. Some people therefore call it the 13th zodiacal constellation, but the Zodiac still only has 12 signs, for practical purposes of it being just a coordinate system. His head, *Rasalhague*, is adjacent to the head of Hercules, *Ras Algethi*.
gl: O Serpentario, _Ofiuco_, tamén chamado _Serpentario_, parécese a un home que sostén a Serpe nas súas mans. Está de pé sobre Escorpio e, coas pernas, cruza de feito a eclíptica. Por iso, algunhas persoas a chaman a 13ª constelación zodiacal, pero o Zodíaco só ten 12 signos, para efectos prácticos de ser só un sistema de coordenadas. A súa cabeza, *Rasalhague*, está adxacente á cabeza de Hércules, *Ras Algethi*.

note: Description of Modern constellation Serpent
en: The Serpent is the only constellation which nowadays comes in two parts, the serpent's head and tail. Its central part is held by Ophiuchus, the Serpent Bearer, and therefore those stars are counted belonging to that constellation.
gl: A Serpe é a única constelación que hoxe en día consta de dúas partes, a cabeza e a cola da serpe. A súa parte central está sostida por Ofiuco, o Portador da Serpe, e polo tanto esas estrelas considéranse pertencentes a esa constelación.

note: Description of Modern constellation Boötes
en: This figure is described either as cow shepherd moving behind the seven oxen (*septemtriones*) according to the Romans, or in Greek tradition of *Arktophylax*, as figure related to the Greater Bear. Ptolemy described its brightest star, *Arcturus*, as not belonging to the actual shape but as bright star lying between his knees. Starting with the atlas of Polish astronomer Jan Hevelius in the 17th century, Boötes leads the Hunting Dogs on leashes.
gl: Esta figura descríbese coma un pastor de vacas que se move detrás dos sete bois (*septemtriones*) segundo os romanos, ou na tradición grega de *Arktophylax*, como unha figura relacionada coa Osa Maior. Tolomeo describiu a súa estrela máis brillante, *Arcturus*, como non pertencente á forma real, senón como unha estrela brillante situada entre os seus xeonllos. Comezando co atlas do astrónomo polaco Jan Hevelius no século XVII, Boötes guía os cans de caza con correa.

note: Description of Modern constellation Hunting Dogs
en: The Hunting Dogs were introduced by Polish astronomer Jan Hevelius. In his atlas from 1687 he shows the dogs on a leash in the hands of Boötes, the Herdsman, maybe to chase the Greater Bear. 
    
    The dim constellation hosts the magnificent Whirlpool Galaxy, Messier 51, and several other galaxies for small telescopes, and the bright globular cluster M3.
gl: Os cans de caza foron introducidos polo astrónomo polaco Jan Hevelius. No seu atlas de 1687, mostra os cans cunha correa nas mans de Boötes, o pastor, quizais para perseguir á Osa Maior.A tenue constelación alberga a magnífica Galaxia do Remuíño, Messier 51, e varias outras galaxias para pequenos telescopios, e o brillante cúmulo globular M3.

note: Description of Modern constellation Triangle
en: The Triangle has been associated with a lot of things, like the Greek uppercase letter Delta, the Nile delta, or the Island of Sicily.
    
    _Triangulum_ hosts one of the closest and brightest galaxies, Messier 33, called the Pinwheel.
gl: O Triángulo asociouse con moitas cousas, como a letra maiúscula grega Delta, o delta do Nilo ou a illa de Sicilia._Triangulum_ alberga unha das galaxias máis próximas e brillantes, Messier 33, chamada o Remuíño.

note: Description of Modern constellation Ram
en: _Aries_, the Ram, is the first of the twelve constellations of the Zodiac which mark the area of the apparent paths of the Sun, Moon and the planets. When the Zodiac system was invented, the stars stood roughly within the respective signs. Over two thousand years of precessional movement along the ecliptic has caused a shift which moved the actual star figures about one full sign further towards the east.
gl: _Aries_, o Carneiro, é a primeira das doce constelacións do zodíaco que marcan a área das traxectorias aparentes do Sol, a Lúa e os planetas. Cando se inventou o sistema zodiacal, as estrelas situábanse aproximadamente dentro dos respectivos signos. Máis de dous mil anos de movemento precesional ó longo da eclíptica provocaron un desprazamento que moveu as figuras reais das estrelas aproximadamente un signo completo máis cara ó leste.

note: Description of Modern constellation Bull
en: _Taurus_, the front part of a bull, is one of the most conspicuous figures of the zodiac. The wide open star cluster of the Hyades form the V-shaped head with the red eye (which is itself not a member of the Hyades cluster), and the ends of two long horns are marked by moderately bright stars. On its back, the most famous of all open star clusters, the Pleiades, can be seen. Although named the Seven Sisters, most observers can see six or eight stars. The Hyades and Pleiades form the Golden Gate of the Ecliptic, through which all planets, the Sun and Moon usually pass. Occasionally, the Moon can occult the Pleiades. 
    
    Taurus may have already been known to Paleolithic Europeans. A Cave painting in Lasceaux shows an Aurochs with a cluster of stars in its back.
gl: _Tauruso_, a parte dianteira dun touro, é unha das figuras máis rechamantes do zodíaco. O cúmulo estelar aberto das Híades forma a cabeza en forma de V co ollo vermello (que en si mesmo non é membro do cúmulo das Híades), e os extremos de dous longos cornos están marcados por estrelas moderadamente brillantes. No seu lombo, pódese ver o máis famoso de todos os cúmulos estelares abertos, as Pléiades. Aínda que se chaman as Sete Irmás, a maioría dos observadores poden ver seis ou oito estrelas. As Híades e as Pléiades forman a Porta Dourada da Eclíptica, a través da cal adoitan pasar todos os planetas, o Sol e a Lúa. Ocasionalmente, a Lúa pode ocultar as Pléiades.Touro pode que xa fose coñecido polos europeos paleolíticos. Unha pintura rupestre en Lasceaux mostra un uro cun cúmulo de estrelas no seu lombo.

note: Description of Modern constellation Twins
en: The zodiacal constellation of _Gemini_, the Twins, commemorates Kastor and Polydeukes, or Castor and Pollux. Queen Leda of Sparta gave birth to uneven twins, Castor fathered by her husband, King Tyndareos, and Polydeukes allegedly fathered by Zeus who had approached her in the shape of a beautiful swan, which made only Polydeukes immortal. The otherwise inseparable twins joined Hercules on Jason's voyage on the ship Argo. Castor was fatally wounded in a battle. Polydeukes pled to his divine father to let him die with his brother. Instead, Zeus placed both into the sky, where they jointly can be seen immortalized in the sky or go below the horizon into the underworld. 
    
    Gemini is host to a fine open cluster (M35) and the Eskimo planetary nebula.
gl: A constelación zodiacal de _Gemini_, os Xemelgos, conmemora a Cástor e Polideuces, ou Cástor e Pólux. A raíña Leda de Esparta deu a luz a xemelgos desiguais, Cástor, pai do seu marido, o rei Tíndareo, e Polideuces, supostamente fillo de Zeus, que se achegara a ela na forma dun fermoso cisne, e que só fixo inmortal a Polideuces. Os xemelgos, doutro xeito inseparables, uníronse a Hércules na viaxe de Xasón no barco Argo. Cástor foi ferido de morte nunha batalla. Polideuces imploroulle ó seu pai divino que o deixase morrer co seu irmán. No seu lugar, Zeus colocou a ambos no ceo, onde conxuntamente poden verse inmortalizados no ceo ou ir por debaixo do horizonte ó inframundo.Xemelgos alberga un fermoso cúmulo aberto (M35) e a nebulosa planetaria do esquimó.

note: Description of Modern constellation Crab
en: The zodiacal constellation of _Cancer_, the crab, used to stand along the northernmost part of the ecliptic which defines the Tropic of Cancer. Precession has meanwhile moved it a full sign to the east. 
    
    When Hercules was wrestling the Lernaean Hydra, the Crab appeared and bit him in the foot. Hercules killed it, but Hera, always opposing Hercules, placed it among the stars. 
    
    As an aquatic animal, Cancer consists of only dim stars, but is host to a nice naked-eye open star cluster called Praesepe, the manger. Two dim stars resemble the northern and southern donkeys eating from it.
gl: A constelación zodiacal de _Cáncer_, o cangrexo, adoitaba situarse na parte máis setentrional da eclíptica, que define o Trópico de Cáncer. Mentres tanto, a precesión moveuna un signo completo cara ó leste.Cando Hércules loitaba contra a Hidra de Lerna, apareceu o cangrexo e mordeuno no pé. Hércules matouno, pero Hera, que sempre se opoñía a Hércules, colocouno entre as estrelas.Como animal acuático, Cangrexo consta só de estrelas tenues, pero alberga un bonito cúmulo estelar aberto, visible a simple vista, chamado Praesepe, o pesebre. Dúas estrelas tenues parécense ós burros do norte e do sur que comen nel.

note: Description of Modern constellation Lion
en: The lion, or _Leo_, is a large and conspicuous zodiacal constellation that was already known to the Babylonians. The Greeks identified it with the Nemean Lion which was killed by Hercules. 
    
    Two trapezoids form body and head. Its main star, *Regulus* lies almost on the ecliptic. Leo is host to five fine Messier and several more galaxies.
gl: O león, ou _Leo_, é unha constelación zodiacal grande e rechamante que xa era coñecida polos babilonios. Os gregos identificábana co León de Nemea, que foi morto por Hércules.Dous trapecios forman o corpo e a cabeza. A súa estrela principal, *Regulus*, atópase case na eclíptica. León alberga cinco galaxias Messier e varias máis.

note: Description of Modern constellation Bernice's Hair
en: Over the tuft of the Lion's tail we can see a loose cluster of dim stars. Ptolemy has described this as one of two asterisms added to his traditional 48 constellations. _Coma Berenices_ represents the Hair of Berenike II, consort of Ptolemy III Euergetes, which she had sacrificed for a safe return of her husband from war. It is the only constellation commemorating a historical person. 
    
    The stars of Coma are indeed a loose open star cluster, and far behind, in the border region to Virgo, lies a region very rich in galaxies.
gl: Sobre a guedella da cola do León podemos ver un cúmulo disperso de estrelas tenues. Tolomeo describiuno como un dos dous asterismos engadidos ás súas 48 constelacións tradicionais. _Coma Berenices_ representa o cabelo de Berenice II, consorte de Tolomeo III Evergetes, que ela sacrificara para o regreso seguro do seu marido da guerra. É a única constelación que conmemora unha persoa histórica.As estrelas de Coma son, de feito, un cúmulo estelar aberto e disperso, e moito máis atrás, na rexión fronteiriza con Virgo, atópase unha rexión moi rica en galaxias.

note: Description of Modern constellation Lesser Lion
en: 17th-century Polish astronomer Jan Hevelius filled several almost empty regions between classical constellations with new figures in his atlas. _Leo Minor_, the Lesser Lion, was one of them, residing between Leo and Ursa Major.
gl: O astrónomo polaco do século XVII Jan Hevelius encheu varias rexións case baleiras entre as constelacións clásicas con novas figuras no seu atlas. _Leo Minor_, o León Menor, era unha delas, residindo entre León e a Osa Maior.

note: Description of Modern constellation Maiden
en: The large zodiacal constellation of _Virgo_, the Maiden, spans more than one and a half zodiacal signs. Since the times of her Babylonian origins, she is associated with fertility and holds an ear of grain in her hand, marked by its brightest star *Spica*. 
    
    There are plenty of Messier Galaxies and many dimmer ones in the Virgo galaxy cluster and more generally the Virgo-Coma area.
gl: A gran constelación zodiacal de _Virgo_, a Virxe, abrangue máis dun signo zodiacal e medio. Dende os tempos das súas orixes babilónicas, está asociada coa fertilidade e sostén unha espiga de gran na man, marcada pola súa estrela máis brillante *Spica*.Hai moitas galaxias máis desordenadas e moitas máis tenues no cúmulo de galaxias de Virgo e, en xeral, na área de Virgo-Coma.

note: Description of Modern constellation Scales
en: The scales were known to Babylonian astronomy. The same stars were also seen as the claws of the Scorpion, which was the dominant interpretation in Greek antiquity. Later, the Romans re-established the scales as own constellation, commemorating the scales of Astraea, goddess of justice. 
    
    The autumnal equinox point is called First Point of Libra, but this refers to the Zodiacal Sign. This point nowadays is near the head of Virgo.
gl: A balanza era coñecida na astronomía babilónica. As mesmas estrelas tamén eran vistas como as poutas do Escorpión, que era a interpretación dominante na antigüidade grega. Máis tarde, os romanos restableceron a balanza como unha constelación propia, en conmemoración da balanza de Astraea, deusa da xustiza.O punto do equinoccio de outono chámase Primeiro Punto da Balanza, pero isto refírese ó signo zodiacal. Este punto hoxe en día está preto da cabeza de Virgo.

note: Description of Modern constellation Scorpion
en: When Orion boasted to Artemis that he could kill every animal on earth, she sent the scorpion to kill Orion. Both were raised to the stars by Zeus and placed on opposite sides of the sky. 
    
    The constellation's brightest star is *Antares*, the "counter-Mars", named after its reddish color. A fan of stars radiating towards the west further extend towards the scales which used to be its claws, and a long curved tail extends towards the south-east, ending in a conspicuous sting.
    
    Scorpius is host to a few fine globular clusters, M4 and M80, and several open star clusters. It covers some of the brightest parts of the Milky Way.
gl: Cando Orión se gabou perante Artemisa de que podía matar calquera animal da Terra, ela enviou o escorpión para matar a Orión. Ambos foron elevados ás estrelas por Zeus e colocados en lados opostos do ceo.A estrela máis brillante da constelación é *Antares*, o "contra-Marte", chamado así pola súa cor avermellada. Un abano de estrelas que irradian cara ó oeste esténdese aínda máis cara ás escamas que antes eran as súas outas, e unha longa cola curva esténdese cara ó sueste, rematando nun aguillón rechamante.Escorpio alberga algúns cúmulos globulares finos, M4 e M80, e varios cúmulos estelares abertos. Cobre algunhas das partes máis brillantes da Vía Láctea.

note: Description of Modern constellation Archer
en: _Sagittarius_, the Archer, is commonly depicted as centaur, half-man and half-horse. 
    
    The Archer lies around the center of the Milky Way, therefore this area is rich with open and globular star clusters, bright and dark clouds. The bright Messier objects M8 (the Lagoon Nebula), M17 (the Omega Nebula) or M20 (the Trifid Nebula) are always worth a look, but there are more.
gl: _Sagitarius_, o Arqueiro, represéntase habitualmente como un centauro, metade home e metade cabalo.O Arqueiro atópase arredor do centro da Vía Láctea, zona rica en cúmulos estelares abertos e globulares, nubes brillantes e escuras. Os brillantes obxectos Messier M8 (a Nebulosa da Lagoa), M17 (a Nebulosa Omega) ou M20 (a Nebulosa Trífida) sempre merecen unha ollada, pero hai máis.

note: Description of Modern constellation Capricornus
en: The Sea-Goat constellation is of Babylonian origin and is depicted, as the name says, as "having horns like a goat", with the back of the body in shape of a fish tail. In antiquity it used to stand along the southernmost part of the ecliptic which defines the Tropic of Capricorn. Precession has meanwhile moved the stars a full sign to the east, so that the Zodiacal First point of Capricorn lies near the western edge of the constellation of Sagittarius.
    
    Capricornus includes one bright globular cluster, Messier 30.
gl: A constelación da Cabra Mariña é de orixe babilónica e represéntase, como o seu nome indica, "con cornos coma os dunha cabra", coa parte traseira do corpo en forma de cola de peixe. Na antigüidade adoitaba situarse ó longo da parte máis meridional da eclíptica, que define o Trópico de Capricornio. Dende entón a precesión moveu as estrelas un signo completo cara ó leste, de xeito que o primeiro punto zodiacal de Capricornio se atopa preto do bordo occidental da constelación de Saxitario.Capricornio inclúe un cúmulo globular brillante, Messier 30.

note: Description of Modern constellation Water Bearer
en: _Aquarius_, the Water Bearer goes back to the Babylonian god Ea, bringer of fresh water. It is commonly depicted as man pouring water from a water jar which arches down into the mouth of the Southern Fish.
    
    In 1846, Johann Galle discovered the planet Neptune close to where now we see the border to Capricornus.
    
    The Water Bearer hosts three Messier objects: the two globular clusters M2 and M72, and the open cluster M73. 
    In addition, it shows two prominent planetary nebulae: The large Helix Nebula, and much smaller Saturn nebula.
gl: _Acuarius_, o Portador de Auga, remóntase ó deus babilonio Ea, portador de auga doce. Represéntase habitualmente como un home vertendo auga dunha xerra que se arquea cara á boca do Peixe do Sur.En 1846, Johann Galle descubriu o planeta Neptuno preto de onde agora vemos a fronteira con Capricornio.O Portador de Auga alberga tres obxectos Messier: os dous cúmulos globulares M2 e M72, e o cúmulo aberto M73.Ademais, mostra dúas nebulosas planetarias prominentes: a gran nebulosa da Hélice e a moito máis pequena nebulosa Saturno.

note: Description of Modern constellation Fishes
en: The zodiacal constellation of _Pisces_, the Fishes, is located around where the Sun is on March equinox, the beginning of spring in the Northern hemisphere, a point commonly named the First Point of Aries. Since the time the Zodiac was defined as coordinate system of twelve zodiacal signs, the name-giving constellations have moved one full sign to the west by the precession of earth's axis. 
    
    The two fishes are connected by a band of Babylonian origin. According to Hyginus, Aphrodite and Eros fled from the monster Typhon, jumped into the Euphrates river and were transformed into fishes. Ovid tells a similar story around their Roman counterparts, Venus and Cupid, who were not transformed, but saved by riding on the backs of two helpful fishes. In both stories the fishes are then placed into the sky, the band expressing their connectedness. 
    
    The Fishes can be seen as two ovals of dim stars with a large V-shaped band knotted near the neck of Cetus. Its deep-sky highlight certainly is Messier 74, the Phantom Galaxy.
gl: A constelación zodiacal de _Pisces_, os Peixes, está situada arredor de onde está o Sol no equinoccio de marzo, o comezo da primavera no hemisferio norte, un punto comunmente chamado Primeiro Punto de Aries. Dende que o Zodíaco se definiu como un sistema de coordenadas de doce signos zodiacais, as constelacións que lles dan nome desprazáronse un signo completo cara ó oeste pola precesión do eixe da Terra.Os dous peixes están conectados por unha banda de orixe babilónica. Segundo Hixino, Afrodita e Eros fuxiron do monstro Tifón, saltaron ó río Éufrates e transformáronse en peixes. Ovidio conta unha historia similar sobre os seus homólogos romanos, Venus e Cupido, que non se transformaron, senón que se salvaron cabalgando ás costas de dous peixes. En ambas as historias, os peixes colócanse logo no ceo, e a banda expresa a súa conexión.Os Peixes pódense ver como dous óvalos de estrelas tenues cunha gran banda en forma de V anudada preto do pescozo de Cetus. O seu punto culminante no ceo profundo é certamente Messier 74, a Galaxia Pantasma.

note: Description of Modern constellation Water Snake
en: _Hydra_, the Water Snake, is the largest of all constellations. Its origins go back to Babylonian times. The Greek mythology knows a story where Corvus, the Crow, was sent out with the Crater (the Cup) to fetch water for Apollo. The crow was distracted by a fig tree, the fruits of which it wanted to eat. When it finally returned, it brought a snake from the well, claiming it was the cause of the delay. Apollo, discovering the lie, threw Corvus, the Crater and Hydra into the sky.
    
    Hydra hosts three Messier objects: the Southern Pinwheel galaxy (M83), a globular cluster nearby (M68) and the open cluster M48. Furthermore, there is the Ghost of Jupiter planetary nebula, and many fainter galaxies.
gl: _Hydra_, a Serpe de Auga, é a maior de todas as constelacións. As súas orixes remóntanse á época babilónica. A mitoloxía grega coñece unha historia na que Corvus, o Corvo, foi enviado co Cráter (a Copa) para ir buscar auga para Apolo. O corvo distraeuse cunha figueira, cuxos froitos quería comer. Cando finalmente volveu, trouxo unha serpe do pozo, alegando que era a causa do atraso. Apolo, ó descubrir a mentira, lanzou a Corvus, o Cráter e a Hidra ó ceo.Hidra alberga tres obxectos Messier: a galaxia do Remuíño Austral (M83), un cúmulo globular próximo (M68) e o cúmulo aberto M48. Ademais, está a nebulosa planetaria Fantasma de Xúpiter e moitas galaxias máis tenues.

note: Description of Modern constellation Cup
en: This is the cup, or _crater_, which was handed to Corvus, the crow, by Apollo to fetch water. When the crow finally returned with an excuse that a water snake caused its delay, Apollo did not believe the story and flung all three, Corvus, Crater and Hydra into the sky.
gl: Esta é a copa, ou _crater_, que Apolo lle entregou a Corvus, o corvo, para que fose buscar auga. Cando o corvo finalmente volveu cunha escusa de que unha serpe de auga fora a causa do seu atraso, Apolo non creu a historia e lanzou os tres, Corvo, Cráter e Hidra, ó ceo.

note: Description of Modern constellation Crow
en: _Corvus_, the crow, was sent out by Apollo to fetch water with Crater, the cup. When the crow finally returned with an excuse that a water snake caused its delay, Apollo did not believe the story and flung all three, Corvus, Crater and Hydra into the sky, arranging them so that the crow could not drink from the cup.
gl: _Corvus_, o corvo, foi enviado por Apolo a buscar auga con Crater, a copa. Cando o corvo finalmente volveu cunha escusa de que unha serpe de auga fora a causa do seu atraso, Apolo non creu a historia e lanzou as tres, Corvo, Cráter e Hidra, ó ceo, colocándoos de xeito que o corvo non puidese beber da copa.

note: Description of Modern constellation Northern Crown
en: The Northern Crown, or _Corona Borealis_, commemorates the crest or similar bridal adornment of Ariadne, it was originally not a solid golden king's crown as shown here.  In one version of the legend, Dionysos gave a wreath to Ariadne, daughter of King Minos of Crete, who handed it over to Theseus as he went into the labyrinth to kill the Minotaur, and the wreath's light helped Theseus finding the way out again. Theseus took Ariadne to Naxos but abandoned her. Dionysos found and married her, throwing her bridal crown into the heavens.
    
    The Northern Crown features interesting variable stars: the cataclysmic variable T Coronae Borealis and the prototype R Coronae Borealis which occasionally drops by many magnitude in brightness, obscured by its own dust clouds.
gl: A Coroa do Norte, ou _Corona Borealis_, conmemora o escudo ou adorno nupcial similar de Ariadna; orixinalmente non era unha coroa real de ouro sólido como a que se mostra aquí. Nunha versión da lenda, Dioniso deulle unha coroa a Ariadna, filla do rei Minos de Creta, quen lla entregou a Teseo mentres este entraba no labirinto para matar o Minotauro, e a luz da coroa axudou a Teseo a atopar a saída. Teseo levou a Ariadna a Naxos, pero abandoouna. Dioniso atopouna e casou con ela, lanzando a súa coroa nupcial ós ceos.A Coroa Setentrional presenta estrelas variables interesantes: a variable cataclísmica T Coronae Borealis e o prototipo R Coronae Borealis, que ocasionalmente diminúe en magnitude o seu brillo, escurecida polas súas propias nubes de po.

note: Description of Modern constellation Southern Crown
en: The Southern Crown, or _Corona Australis_, should be seen more as wreath than as crown. It may belong to either Sagittarius or Centaurus. It can be seen as distinct ring of faint stars south of the "Teapot" asterism of Sagittarius.
gl: A Coroa do Sur, ou _Corona Australis_, debería verse máis coma unha grilanda ca coma unha coroa. Pode pertencer a Saxitario ou a Centauro. Pódese ver como un anel distinto de estrelas tenues ó sur do asterismo "Teteira" de Saxitario.

note: Description of Modern constellation Eagle
en: Aquila is the Eagle which carried the thunderbolts of Zeus and was sent out to bring the pretty boy Ganymede to the Olymp to serve as cupbearer. In another context Ptolemy placed Antinoos, the deceased favourite of emperor Hadrian, among the stars beside the eagle. For the Romans it was _Vultur volans_, the flying vulture, as opposed to _vultur cadens_, their interpretation of Lyra.
    
    The main star, *Altair*, is one star of the famous Summer Triangle asterism, together with *Vega* in Lyra and *Deneb* in Cygnus. 
    
    The Pioneer 11 space probe is heading towards &lambda; Aquilae, but don't hold your breath - it is expected to pass the star in about 4 million years.
gl: Aquila é a Aguia que levaba os raios de Zeus e foi enviada para levar o fermoso neno Ganímedes ó Olimpo para servir como copeiro. Noutro contexto, Tolomeo colocou a Antínoo, o falecido favorito do emperador Hadriano, entre as estrelas xunto á aguia. Para os romanos era _Vultur volans_, o voitre voador, en oposición a _vultur cadens_, a súa interpretación de Lira.A estrela principal, *Altair*, é unha estrela do famoso asterismo do Triángulo de Verán, xunto con *Vega* en Lira e *Deneb* en Cygnus.A sonda espacial Pioneer 11 diríxese cara a λ Aquilae, pero non conteñas a respiración: espérase que pase a estrela nuns 4 millóns de anos.

note: Description of Modern constellation Lyre
en: According to Greek mythology, the young god Hermes stole a herd of Apollo's sacred cows. From a hollowed-out turtle shell and cow gut, he created the first _lyra_ which he gave to Apollo in compensation for the theft. The Greeks saw the constellation as commemorating the lyre of Orpheus, the famous singer. Later, the Roman author Hyginus saw the lyre of Theseus and connected it to nearby Hercules. Romans also saw _vultur cadens_ or the falling vulture, in contrast to _vultur volans_, our Aquila or Eagle.
    
    The brightest star *Vega* is of magnitude 0.0. It is one star of the famous Summer Triangle asterism, together with *Altair* in Aquila and *Deneb* in Cygnus.   The nearby star epsilon is the famous double-double star, two close double stars observable in one eyepiece field. On the other end of the lyre, the famous Ring Nebula (M57) can be seen. And don't forget to visit globular cluster M56.
gl: Segundo a mitoloxía grega, o deus novo Hermes roubou un rabaño de vacas sagradas de Apolo. A partir dunha cuncha de tartaruga e entrañas de vaca baleiradas, creou a primeira _lyra_ que lle deu a Apolo en compensación polo roubo. Os gregos viron a constelación como unha conmemoración da lira de Orfeo, o famoso cantante. Máis tarde, o autor romano Hixino viu a lira de Teseo e relacionouna co próximo Hércules. Os romanos tamén viron _vultur cadens_ ou o voitre que cae, en contraste con _vultur volans_, a nosa Aquila ou Aguia.A estrela máis brillante *Vega* ten magnitude 0,0. É unha estrela do famoso asterismo do Triángulo de Verán, xunto con *Altair* en Aquila e *Deneb* en Cygnus. A estrela próxima epsilon é a famosa estrela dobre-dobre, dúas estrelas dobres próximas observables nun campo ocular. No outro extremo da lira, pódese ver a famosa Nebulosa do Anel (M57). E non esquezades visitar o cúmulo globular M56.

note: Description of Modern constellation Swan
en: _Cygnus_, The Swan, is a large and conspicuous constellation right in the northern Milky Way. Its central part is also called Northern Cross, but its outstretched wing ends show the elegant curve of a large flying bird with long neck. In Greek mythology, it can be interpreted as one of several swans, among them Zeus who disguised himself as swan to seduce Leda, who then gave birth to the Twins, or Orpheus, who was transformed into a swan after his murder and placed into the sky next to his instrument, the lyre. In another interpretation, the three birds, Cygnus, the flying eagle or vulture (Aquila) and falling eagle or vulture (Lyra) could represent the Stymphalian birds which nearby Hercules had to fight as one of his twelve labours.
    
    The brightest star *Deneb* in its tail is one star of the famous Summer Triangle asterism, together with *Altair* in Aquila and *Vega* in Lyra. Deneb is one of the most luminous stars of its spectral class known. It is 2600 light years away. The Swan's head star, *Albireo* is a pretty color-contrast binary star, a bright orange star with a blue companion. &chi; Cygni is a Mira-type variable sometimes visible in the swan's neck.
    
    With its position right in the Milky Way, Cygnus hosts a multitude of star clusters and bright and dark nebulae. Famous examples are the North America Nebula and the Veil supernova remnant. The Milky Way itself is seen to be split by the Cygnus Rift, a dark molecule cloud.
gl: _Cygnus_, o Cisne, é unha constelación grande e rechamante situada na Vía Láctea setentrional. A súa parte central tamén se chama Cruz do Norte, pero os extremos das súas ás estendidas mostran a elegante curva dun gran paxaro voador de pescozo longo. Na mitoloxía grega, pódese interpretar como un dos varios cisnes, entre eles Zeus, que se disfrazou de cisne para seducir a Leda, que logo deu a luz os Xemelgos, ou Orfeo, que se transformou nun cisne despois do seu asasinato e foi colocado no ceo onda o seu instrumento, a lira. Noutra interpretación, os tres paxaros, Cisne, a aguia ou voitre voadora (Aquila) e a aguia ou voitre cadente (Lira) poderían representar os paxaros de Estinfalia cos que o próximo Hércules tivo que loitar nun dos seus doce traballos.A estrela máis brillante *Deneb* na súa cola é unha estrela do famoso asterismo do Triángulo de Verán, xunto con *Altair* en Aquila e *Vega* en Lira. Deneb é unha das estrelas máis luminosas da súa clase espectral coñecida. Está a 2600 anos luz de distancia. A estrela principal do Cisne, *Albireo*, é unha estrela binaria de bonito contraste de cores, unha estrela laranxa brillante cunha compañeira azul. ∎ Cygni é unha variable de tipo Mira ás veces visible no pescozo do cisne.Coa súa posición na Vía Láctea, Cygnus alberga unha multitude de cúmulos estelares e nebulosas brillantes e escuras. Exemplos famosos son a Nebulosa de América do Norte e o remanente de supernova do Veo. A propia Vía Láctea vese dividida pola Fenda do Cisne, unha nube de moléculas escuras.

note: Description of Modern constellation Altar
en: The Altar with offerings in fire and smoke is usually depicted with the smoke going to the south.
    
    The constellation lies along the Milky Way south of Scorpius and has rich star fields, including a large globular cluster.
gl: O Altar con ofrendas de lume e fume adoita representarse co fume indo cara ó sur.A constelación atópase ó longo da Vía Láctea ó sur de Escorpio e ten ricos campos estelares, incluíndo un gran cúmulo globular.

note: Description of Modern constellation Dolphin
en: In a story told by Roman poet Ovid, the musician Arion was on a return voyage from a successful concert tour to Sicily and Italy. The crew of his ship envied his amassed fortunes and wanted to kill him. Arion was granted a last wish, and he started singing, then jumped into the sea where a dolphin had been attracted by his music. The dolphin brought him back to the shore, and was placed into the heavens with nine stars.
    
    The dolphin, or _Delphinus_, is a small but conspicuous shape between Aquila and Cygnus.
gl: Nunha historia contada polo poeta romano Ovidio, o músico Arión estaba nunha viaxe de regreso dunha exitosa xira de concertos a Sicilia e Italia. A tripulación do seu barco envexaba as fortunas que amasara e quería matalo. A Arión concedéuselle un último desexo e comezou a cantar, logo saltou ó mar onde un golfiño fora atraído pola súa música. O golfiño levouno de volta á costa e foi colocado no ceo con nove estrelas.O golfiño, ou _Delphinus_, é unha forma pequena pero rechamante entre Aquila e Cygnus.

note: Description of Modern constellation Eridanus
en: The large constellation of the river Eridanus flows from its origin near *Rigel* in a winding curve towards the south. When Phaethon, son of Helios, failed to control his father's Sun wagon, Zeus had to throw a thunderbolt and Phaethon plunged burning into the Eridanus river.
    
    The brightest star *Archernar* is too far south to have been observed from the Mediterranean, so usually *Acamar* used to be the final observable star of the river.
gl: A gran constelación do río Erídano flúe desde a súa orixe preto de *Rigel* nunha curva sinuosa cara ó sur. Cando Faetón, fillo de Helios, non conseguiu controlar o carro solar do seu pai, Zeus tivo que lanzar un raio e Faetón afundiuse ardendo no río Erídano.A estrela máis brillante *Archernar* está demasiado ó sur para ser observada dende o Mediterráneo, polo que normalmente *Acamar* era a última estrela observable do río.

note: Description of Modern constellation Arrow
en: The distinct Arrow, or _Sagitta_, is the third smallest constellation. It may be an arrow shot by Hercules against the Eagle devouring the liver of Prometheus, or against the Stymphalian birds (Cygnus, Aquila, Lyra).
    
    Its deep-sky highlight is the globular cluster Messier 71.
gl: A distintiva Frecha, ou _Sagitta_, é a terceira constelación máis pequena. Pode ser unha frecha lanzada por Hércules contra a Aguia devorando o fígado de Prometeo, ou contra as aves de Estinfalia (Cisne, Aquila, Lira).O seu punto culminante no ceo profundo é o cúmulo globular Messier 71.

note: Description of Modern constellation Southern Fish
en: _Piscis Austrinus_, the Southern Fish, goes back to a Babylonian fish constellation. It may be parent to the two fishes of the zodiacal constellation of the Fishes. It is a mostly dim constellation. The only moderately bright star is *Fomalhaut*, the mouth of the fish, which is often drawn to swallow the water poured by Aquarius from his water jar.
gl: _Piscis Austrinus_, o Peixe do Sur, remóntase a unha constelación de peixes babilónica. Pode ser o pai dos dous peixes da constelación zodiacal dos Peixes. É unha constelación case tenue. A única estrela moderadamente brillante é *Fomalhaut*, a boca do peixe, que a miúdo se sente atraída para tragar a auga que Acuario verte do seu balde.

note: Description of Modern constellation Keel
en: _Carina_, or the Keel of the Ship, is part of the antique constellation Argo, which commemorates the ship of Jason and the Argonauts who sailed to Kolchis in search of the Golden Fleece. 
    
    In the 1750s, French astronomer Abbé Nicolas-Louis de la Caille proposed to break apart the huge Argo constellation and created three separate parts. The other parts are Vela, the sails, and Puppis, the stern. This decision was only finalized in 1930 when the International Astronomical Union decided about the official constellation borders.
    
    Its brightest star, *Canopus*, is the second brightest fixed star and lies close to the south pole of the ecliptic, and therefore is an important navigational star for interplanetary spacecraft.
    
    Three cross-like asterisms can be seen in Carina: The False Cross which in cloudy nights may have decepted navigators in search of the Southern Cross, the Diamond Cross, and the Shadow Cross. 
    
    Carina lies along the Milky Way and therefore includes a multitude of deep-sky objects like star clusters and gas clouds. Most prominent is the region about eta Carinae, a star system with huge luminosity which from 1837 to the 1850s experienced a "Great Eruption", temporarily becoming the second-brightest star in the sky.  
    
    To the south of it we find the Southern Pleiades open star cluster.
gl: _Carina_, ou a quilla do barco, forma parte da antiga constelación Argo, que conmemora o barco de Xasón e os argonautas que navegaron ata Kolchis na procura do velón de ouro.Na década de 1750, o astrónomo francés Abbé Nicolas-Louis de la Caille propuxo dividir a enorme constelación de Argo e crear tres partes separadas. As outras partes son Vela, as velas, e Puppis, a popa. Esta decisión só se materializou en 1930, cando a Unión Astronómica Internacional decidiu sobre os límites oficiais das constelacións.A súa estrela máis brillante, *Canopus*, é a segunda estrela fixa máis brillante e atópase preto do polo sur da eclíptica, e polo tanto é unha estrela de navegación importante para as naves espaciais interplanetarias.En Carina pódense ver tres asterismos en forma de cruz: a Falsa Cruz, que nas noites nubradas puido enganar os navegantes na procura da Cruz do Sur, a Cruz de Diamante e a Cruz das Sombras.Carina atópase ó longo da Vía Láctea e, polo tanto, inclúe unha multitude de obxectos do ceo profundo como cúmulos estelares e nubes de gas. A máis destacada é a rexión arredor de eta Carinae, un sistema estelar con enorme luminosidade que desde 1837 ata a década de 1850 experimentou unha "Gran Erupción", converténdose temporalmente na segunda estrela máis brillante do ceo.Ó sur atopamos o cúmulo estelar aberto das Pléiades Meridional.

note: Description of Modern constellation Stern
en: _Puppis_, the stern of the ship, is the largest part of the former constellation Argo. The other parts are Carina, the keel, and Vela, the sails. The Argo took Jason and the Argonauts to Kolchis in search of the Golden Fleece.
    
    Puppis lies along the Milky Way and contains several prominent open clusters. In the northern part we find three Messier clusters, M46, M47 and M93. The planetary nebula NGC2438 appears to lie inside M46, but is a foreground object.
gl: _Puppis_, a popa do barco, é a parte máis grande da antiga constelación Argo. As outras partes son Carina, a quilla, e Vela, as velas. O Argo levou a Xasón e os argonautas a Kolchis na procura do Velón de Ouro.Puppis atópase na Vía Láctea e contén varios cúmulos abertos prominentes. Na parte norte atopamos tres cúmulos Messier, M46, M47 e M93. A nebulosa planetaria NGC2438 parece estar dentro de M46, pero é un obxecto en primeiro plano.

note: Description of Modern constellation Sails
en: _Vela_ are the sails of the former constellation Argo. The other parts are Carina, the keel, and Puppis, the stern. The Argo took Jason and the Argonauts to Kolchis in search of the Golden Fleece.
    
    _Vela_ lies along the Milky Way and shows several interesting deep-sky objects. Most notably the Eight-Burst or Southern Ring Planetary Nebula, and the globular cluster NGC 3201.
gl: _Vela_ son as velas da antiga constelación Argo. As outras partes son Carina, a quilla, e Puppis, a popa. A nave Argo levou a Xasón e os argonautas a Kolquis na procura do velón de ouro.
    
    _Vela_ atópase na Vía Láctea e mostra varios obxectos interesantes do ceo profundo. Destacan a nebulosa planetaria de oito explosións ou Anel Sur e o cúmulo globular NGC 3201.

note: Description of Modern constellation Centaur
en: According to Roman poet Ovid, the figure commemorates the centaur Chiron who had instructed Hercules and several other heroes. Chiron was accidentally poisoned by an arrow shot by Hercules. 
    
    Centaurus is a large and conspicuous figure. The bright stars alpha and beta Centauri are commonly named "Pointers" as they indicate the Southern Cross which in antiquity were seen as the Centaur's hind legs.  Alpha is the nearest bright star and actually a multiple star system. One component is even closer to the Sun but only visible in telescopes: Proxima Centauri. Its light takes only 4.3 years to reach us. 
    
    The large constellation lies along the Milky Way and therefore contains many open and several globular star clusters, most notably the largest in the sky, Omega Centauri.
gl: Segundo o poeta romano Ovidio, a figura conmemora o centauro Quirón, que instruíra a Hércules e a outros heroes. Quirón foi envelenado accidentalmente por unha frecha disparada por Hércules.Centauro é unha figura grande e rechamante. As estrelas brillantes alfa e beta Centauri denomínanse comunmente "punteiras" xa que indican a Cruz do Sur, que na antigüidade eran vistas como as patas traseiras do Centauro. Alfa é a estrela brillante máis próxima e, en realidade, un sistema de estrelas múltiples. Un compoñente está aínda máis preto do Sol, pero só é visible con telescopios: Próxima Centauri. A súa luz tarda só 4,3 anos en chegar a nós.A gran constelación atópase ó longo da Vía Láctea e, polo tanto, contén moitos cúmulos estelares abertos e varios globulares, sendo o máis grande do ceo, Omega Centauri.

note: Description of Modern constellation Wolf
en: _Lupus_, the Wolf, used to be an unspecified wild animal against which Centaurus was fighting, or, alternatively, a wineskin. 
    
    In 1006, Lupus was host to the brightest supernova in written history.
gl: _Lupus_, o Lobo, adoitaba ser un animal salvaxe non especificado contra o que loitaba Centauro, ou, alternativamente, un odre de viño.No ano 1006, Lupus foi o anfitrión da supernova máis brillante da historia escrita.

note: Description of Modern constellation Southern Cross
en: Early European seafarers separated four conspicuous stars from the hind legs of Centaurus to form _Crux_, the Southern Cross. It was first published on a celestial globe from 1589 by Jacob van Langren and Petrus Plancius and was accepted as an important guide for navigation and also spiritual guidance.
gl: Os primeiros mariñeiros europeos separaron catro estrelas rechamantes das patas traseiras do Centauro para formar a _Crux_, a Cruz do Sur. Foi publicada por primeira vez nun globo celeste en 1589 por Jacob van Langren e Petrus Plancius e foi aceptada como unha guía importante para a navegación e tamén como orientación espiritual.

note: Description of Modern constellation Southern Triangle
en: The simple constellation of _Triangulum Australe_ was introduced by Dutch-Flemish cartographer Petrus Plancius on a celestial globe published by Jacob van Langren in 1589.
gl: A simple constelación de _Triangulum Australe_ foi introducida polo cartógrafo neerlandés-flamenco Petrus Plancius nun globo celeste publicado por Jacob van Langren en 1589.

note: Description of Modern constellation Dove
en: The Dove has been introduced by Dutch-Flemish cartographer Petrus Plancius in the early 1590s next to the great ship Argo. It represents the Dove returning to Noah with an olive branch, showing the end of the deluge.
    
    The constellation contains the Solar antapex, meaning the Solar system moves away from this direction.
gl: A Pomba foi introducida polo cartógrafo neerlandés-flamenco Petrus Plancius a principios da década de 1590 onda o gran barco Argo. Representa a Pomba regresando a Noé cunha póla de oliveira, mostrando o final do diluvio.A constelación contén o antapex solar, o que significa que o sistema solar se afasta desta dirección.

note: Description of Modern constellation Fly
en: Originally this was introduced as _Apis_, the Bee, by Petrus Plancius on a celestial globe from 1598. Abbé de la Caille renamed it to its current name _Musca_, the Fly.
gl: Orixinalmente, foi introducida como _Apis_, a abella, por Petrus Plancius nun globo celeste de 1598. O abade de la Caille cambioulle o nome actual a _Musca_, a mosca.

note: Description of Modern constellation Bird of Paradise
en: _Apus_, the Bird of Paradise, was introduced by Petrus Plancius on a celestial globe from 1598, based on observations by Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman.
gl: _Apus_, a ave do paraíso, foi introducida por Petrus Plancius nun globo celeste a partir de 1598, baseándose en observacións de Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser e Frederick de Houtman.

note: Description of Modern constellation Chameleon
en: A _chamaeleon_ was introduced by Petrus Plancius on a celestial globe from 1598, based on observations by Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman.
gl: Un _Chamaeleon_ foi introducido por Petrus Plancius nun globo celeste a partir de 1598, baseándose en observacións de Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser e Frederick de Houtman.

note: Description of Modern constellation Swordfish
en: _Dorado_ was introduced by Petrus Plancius on a celestial globe from 1598, based on observations by Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman. Usually translated as Goldfish, and later also named Swordfish, it was named after the Mahi-Mahi or dolphinfish, a predatory fish often hunting the Flying Fish that you can see nearby.
gl: _Dorado_ foi introducido por Petrus Plancius nun globo celeste en 1598, baseándose en observacións de Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser e Frederick de Houtman. Normalmente traducido como peixe dourado, e máis tarde tamén chamado peixe espada, recibiu o seu nome do mahi-mahi ou golfiño, un peixe depredador que a miúdo caza os peixes voadores que se poden ver nas proximidades.

note: Description of Modern constellation Flying Fish
en: Early European seafarers reported swarms of fish flying out of the water to escape their predators. _Volans_, the Flying Fish, was introduced by Petrus Plancius on a celestial globe from 1598, based on observations by Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman. It is a common prey of the Doradus, or Goldfish. Both can be seen near Carina, the ship's keel of the old constellation Argo.
gl: Os primeiros mariñeiros europeos informaron de enxames de peixes que voaban fóra da auga para escapar dos seus depredadores. _Volans_, o peixe voador, foi introducido por Petrus Plancius nun globo celeste de 1598, baseándose en observacións de Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser e Frederick de Houtman. É unha presa común do Doradus, ou peixe dourado. Ambos pódense ver preto de Carina, a quilla do barco da antiga constelación de Argo.

note: Description of Modern constellation Crane
en: The Crane, or _Grus_, is one of the four "Southern Birds" introduced by Petrus Plancius on a celestial globe from 1598, based on observations by Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman. The others are the Peacock, Phoenix, and the Toucan.
gl: A grúa, ou _Grus_, é un dos catro "paxaros do sur" introducidos por Petrus Plancius nun globo celeste en 1598, baseándose en observacións de Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser e Frederick de Houtman. As outras son o pavo real, o fénix e o tucano.

note: Description of Modern constellation Peacock
en: _Pavo_, the Peacock, is one of the four "Southern Birds" introduced by Petrus Plancius on a celestial globe from 1598, based on observations by Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman. The others are the Crane, Phoenix, and the Toucan.
gl: _Pavo_, o pavo real, é unha das catro "aves do sur" introducidas por Petrus Plancius nun globo celeste de 1598, baseándose en observacións de Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser e Frederick de Houtman. As outras son a grúa, o fénix e o tucano.

note: Description of Modern constellation Phoenix
en: The Phoenix is the largest of the four "Southern Birds" introduced by Petrus Plancius on a celestial globe from 1598, based on observations by Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman. The others are the Peacock, the Crane, and the Toucan.
gl: O fénix é a maior dos catro "paxaros do sur" introducidos por Petrus Plancius nun globo celeste a partir de 1598, baseándose en observacións de Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser e Frederick de Houtman. Os outros son o pavo real, a grúa e o tucano.

note: Description of Modern constellation Toucan
en: _Tucana_, the Toucan, is the smallest of the four "Southern Birds" introduced by Petrus Plancius on a celestial globe from 1598, based on observations by Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman. The others are the Peacock, Phoenix, and the Crane. Originating from a Dutch expedition to the East Indies, it actually shows a Hornbill, while the name was taken from the bird in the American Tropics.
gl: _Tucana_, o tucano, é a máis pequena das catro "aves do sur" introducidas por Petrus Plancius nun globo celeste en 1598, baseándose en observacións de Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser e Frederick de Houtman. As outras son o pavo real, o fénix e a grúa. Orixinaria dunha expedición holandesa ás Indias Orientais, en realidade representa un cálao, mentres que o nome foi tomado da ave dos trópicos americanos.

note: Description of Modern constellation Lesser Water Snake
en: _Hydrus_, the Male, or Lesser Water Snake, was introduced by Petrus Plancius on a celestial globe from 1598, based on observations by Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman. It seems to continue the wiggle line formed by the Eridanus river. A line connecting its brightest star, beta, and the Southern Cross can guide you to the Southern Celestial Pole.
gl: _Hydrus_, o Macho, ou a serpe de auga pequena, foi introducida por Petrus Plancius nun globo celeste en 1598, baseándose en observacións de Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser e Frederick de Houtman. Parece continuar a liña ondulada formada polo río Eridanus. Unha liña que conecta a súa estrela máis brillante, beta, e a Cruz do Sur pode guiarte ata o Polo Sur Celeste.

note: Description of Modern constellation Indian
en: The Indian, _Indus_, was introduced by Petrus Plancius on a celestial globe from 1598, based on observations by Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman made on a Dutch expedition to the Eastern Indies. It is therefore likely to show a native from the region called East India by the European discoverers, or South-Eastern Asia today.
gl: O indio, _Indus_, foi introducido por Petrus Plancius nun globo celeste de 1598, baseándose nas observacións de Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser e Frederick de Houtman realizadas nunha expedición holandesa ás Indias Orientais. Polo tanto, é probable que represente un nativo da rexión chamada India Oriental polos descubridores europeos, ou o sueste asiático actual.

note: Description of Modern constellation Giraffe
en: On a celestial globe from 1612, Flemish-Dutch cartographer Petrus Plancius introduced a few new constellations to fill the voids. One of them was this large but inconspicuous constellation of _Camelopardalis_, the Giraffe, between Ursa Major and Cassiopeia.
gl: Nun globo celeste de 1612, o cartógrafo flamengo-neerlandés Petrus Plancius introduciu algunhas constelacións novas para encher os ocos. Unha delas foi esta constelación grande pero discreta de _Camelopardalis_, a Xirafa, entre a Osa Maior e Casiopea.

note: Description of Modern constellation Unicorn
en: The large but inconspicuous constellation of _Monoceros_, the Unicorn, between Orion and Canis Minor, made its first appearance on a celestial globe from 1612 by the Flemish-Dutch cartographer Petrus Plancius.
    
    While it does not have bright stars, telescope owners will like to visit a few fine open star clusters, and especially the Rosette Nebula.
gl: A grande pero discreta constelación de _Monoceros_, o Unicornio, situada entre Orión e o Can Menor, apareceu por primeira vez nun globo celeste en 1612, obra do cartógrafo flamengo-neerlandés Petrus Plancius.Aínda que non ten estrelas brillantes, os propietarios de telescopios quererán visitar algúns cúmulos estelares abertos de calidade, especialmente a nebulosa Roseta.

note: Description of Modern constellation Lynx
en: The constellation of Lynx was introduced by Polish astronomer Jan Hevelius in the late 17th century. You need the eyes of a Lynx to see it.
gl: A constelación do Lince foi introducida polo astrónomo polaco Jan Hevelius a finais do século XVII. Necesítanse os ollos dun lince para vela.

note: Description of Modern constellation Shield
en: _Scutum_, the constellation of the shield, was introduced by Polish astronomer Jan Hevelius in the late 17th century to pay homage to his king, Jan Sobieski.
gl: _Scutum_, a constelación do escudo, foi introducida polo astrónomo polaco Jan Hevelius a finais do século XVII para render homenaxe ó seu rei, Jan Sobieski.

note: Description of Modern constellation Fox
en: Originally introduced as the constellation of _Vulpecula cum Ansere_, the Fox with the Goose, by Polish astronomer Jan Hevelius in the 17th century, nowadays we only see the little fox here. 
    
    It is host to the famous Dumbbell planetary nebula, M27, and the Coathanger asterism, both visible in binoculars.
gl: Introducida orixinalmente como a constelación de _Vulpecula cum Ansere_, o Raposo co Ganso, polo astrónomo polaco Jan Hevelius no século XVII, hoxe en día só vemos aquí o pequeno raposo.Acolle a famosa nebulosa planetaria Dumbbell, M27, e o asterismo Coathanger, ambos visibles con prismáticos.

note: Description of Modern constellation Lizard
en: The constellation of _Lacerta_, the Lizard, was introduced by Polish astronomer Jan Hevelius in the late 17th century.
gl: A constelación de _Lacerta_, o Lagarto, foi introducida polo astrónomo polaco Jan Hevelius a finais do século XVII.

note: Description of Modern constellation Sextant
en: Polish astronomer Jan Hevelius placed the _sextans_, one of his observational instruments, into the sky in his atlas of 1687. This was not the mirror sextant later used for marine navigation!
gl: O astrónomo polaco Jan Hevelius situou _sextans_, un dos seus instrumentos de observación, no ceo no seu atlas de 1687. Este non era o sextante de espello que se empregaría máis tarde para a navegación marítima!

note: Description of Modern constellation Air Pump
en: The Air Pump, a scientific development of the 17th century, was formed as constellation _Antlia Pneumatica_ by French astronomer-geodesist Abbé Nicolas-Louis de la Caille in the mid-18th century.
gl: A Bomba de Aire, un desenvolvemento científico do século XVII, foi formada como a constelación _Antlia Pneumatica_ polo astrónomo e xeodesista francés Abbé Nicolas-Louis de la Caille a mediados do século XVIII.

note: Description of Modern constellation Engraving Tool
en: This dim and small constellation was introduced as _Caelum Sculptorium_ by French astronomer Abbé Nicolas-Louis de la Caille in the 1750s. It commemorates an engraver's chisel, an essential tool for mapmaking.
gl: Esta constelación tenue e pequena foi introducida como _Caelum Sculptorium_ polo astrónomo francés Abbé Nicolas-Louis de la Caille na década de 1750. Conmemora o cicel dun gravador, unha ferramenta esencial para a cartografía.

note: Description of Modern constellation Drawing Compass
en: French astronomer Abbé Nicolas-Louis de la Caille introduced _Circinus_, the Drawing Compass, to join Triangulum Australe and Norma as scientific instruments for geometrical construction.
gl: O astrónomo francés Abbé Nicolas-Louis de la Caille introduciu _Circinus_, o Compás de Debuxo, para unir Triangulum Australe e Norma como instrumentos científicos para a construción xeométrica.

note: Description of Modern constellation Carpenter's Square
en: A carpenter's square, helpful to draw right angles was important enough for Abbé Nicolas-Louis de la Caille to depict it as _Norma_ among his new constellations on the southern hemisphere, adjacent to other draughtsman's tools, Triangulum Australe and Circinus.
gl: Unha escadra de carpinteiro, útil para debuxar ángulos rectos, foi o suficientemente importante para que o abate Nicolas-Louis de la Caille o representase como _Norma_ entre as súas novas constelacións no hemisferio sur, adxacentes a outras ferramentas de debuxante, Triangulum Australe e Circinus.

note: Description of Modern constellation Furnace
en: _Fornax_, a chemical oven was one of the scientific instruments placed into the southern sky by French astronomer Abbé Nicolas-Louis de la Caille. 
    
    With only five stars brighter than 5th magnitude, it is better known for its richness in galaxies.
gl: _Fornax_, un forno químico, foi un dos instrumentos científicos colocados no ceo meridional polo astrónomo francés Abbé Nicolas-Louis de la Caille.Con só cinco estrelas máis brillantes que a magnitude 5, é máis coñecido pola súa riqueza en galaxias.

note: Description of Modern constellation Clock
en: In 1756, French astronomer Abbé Nicolas-Louis de la Caille placed _Horologium_, a pendulum clock with seconds hand, among the stars. An accurate clock of this kind was an important scientific instrument of his era, the Age of Enlightenment.
gl: En 1756, o astrónomo francés Abbé Nicolas-Louis de la Caille colocou _Horologium_, un reloxo de péndulo con segundero, entre as estrelas. Un reloxo preciso deste tipo foi un instrumento científico importante da súa época, a Idade das Luces.

note: Description of Modern constellation Microscope
en: French astronomer Abbé Nicolas-Louis de la Caille created 14 new constellations in the southern sky in which he mostly commemorated scientific instruments of his time, the mid-18th century. _Microscopium_, the Microscope, just south of Capricornus, consists of dim stars only.
gl: O astrónomo francés Abbé Nicolas-Louis de la Caille creou 14 novas constelacións no ceo meridional, nas que principalmente conmemoraba instrumentos científicos da súa época, mediados do século XVIII. _Microscopium_, o microscopio, xusto ó sur de Capricornio, consta só de estrelas tenues.

note: Description of Modern constellation Telescope
en: Next to the Microscope, French astronomer Abbé Nicolas-Louis de la Caille placed _Telescopium_ in his mid-18th century maps which introduced 14 new constellations, mostly commemorating scientific instruments. In his own imagination it was a long-focal-length aerial telescope, but later the constellation was cut back to its present size. It has only seven stars brighter than magnitude 5.
gl: Xunto ó microscopio, o astrónomo francés Abbé Nicolas-Louis de la Caille situou o _Telescopium_ nos seus mapas de mediados do século XVIII, que introduciron 14 novas constelacións, a maioría conmemorando instrumentos científicos. Na súa propia imaxinación, era un telescopio aéreo de longa distancia focal, pero máis tarde a constelación reduciuse ó seu tamaño actual. Só ten sete estrelas máis brillantes que a magnitude 5.

note: Description of Modern constellation Table Mountain
en: French astronomer Abbé Nicolas-Louis de la Caille observed the southern sky in the mid-18th century from the Cape of Good Hope. He commemorated the Table Mountain in his constellation of _Mensa_, which includes the Large Magellanic Cloud resembling the cloud "table cloth" frequently forming around the top of the mountain.
gl: O astrónomo francés Abbé Nicolas-Louis de la Caille observou o ceo meridional a mediados do século XVIII dende o Cabo de Boa Esperanza. Conmemorou a Montaña da Mesa na súa constelación de _Mensa_, que inclúe a Gran Nube de Magallanes, que se asemella a un "mantel de mesa" de nubes que se forma con frecuencia arredor do cumio da montaña.

note: Description of Modern constellation Octant
en: The Octant was a tool for marine navigation, similar to the sextant, developed by John Hadley in 1730. In his series of constellations commemorating scientific instruments, French astronomer Abbé Nicolas-Louis de la Caille placed _Octans_ right next to the Southern Celestial Pole. It only shows dim stars.
gl: O octante era unha ferramenta para a navegación mariña, semellante ó sextante, desenvolvida por John Hadley en 1730. Na súa serie de constelacións que conmemoraban instrumentos científicos, o astrónomo francés Abbé Nicolas-Louis de la Caille colocou  _Octans_ xusto a carón do Polo Sur Celeste. Só ten estrelas tenues.

note: Description of Modern constellation Painter's Easel
en: The full name of this constellation was _Equuleus Pictoris_, or the Painter's Easel, when French astronomer Abbé Nicolas-Louis de la Caille introduced it in the mid-18th century. The name was shortened to _Pictor_.
    
    In 1983, the IRAS Infrared Astronomical Satellite discovered a debris disk around the star Beta Pictoris. Later observations even showed two disks and several exoplanets.
gl: O nome completo desta constelación era _Equuleus Pictoris_, ou o caballete do pintor, cando o astrónomo francés Abbé Nicolas-Louis de la Caille a presentou a mediados do século XVIII. O nome acurtouse a _Pictor_.En 1983, o satélite astronómico infravermello IRAS descubriu un disco de restos arredor da estrela Beta Pictoris. Observacións posteriores incluso mostraron dous discos e varios exoplanetas.

note: Description of Modern constellation Reticle
en: A constellation _Rhombus_ had already been introduced in the early 17th century. More than a century later, French astronomer Abbé Nicolas-Louis de la Caille changed it to the present constellation of _Reticulum_, again commemorating a scientific instrument. The rhomboidal reticle, or net, was a device placed in the eyepiece's focal plane to allow more precise measurements.
gl: A principios do século XVII xa se introducira unha constelación chamada _Rhombus_. Máis dun século despois, o astrónomo francés Abbé Nicolas-Louis de la Caille cambiouna pola constelación actual de _Reticulum_, en conmemoración de novo dun instrumento científico. A retícula romboidal, ou rede, era un dispositivo colocado no plano focal do ocular para permitir medicións máis precisas.

note: Description of Modern constellation Sculptor
en: French astronomer Abbé Nicolas-Louis de la Caille created the _Apparatus Sculptoris_, the sculptor's studio in the 1750s, later shortened to Sculptor. 
    
    While the constellation only hosts dim stars, deep-sky observers will enjoy galaxies: The Sculptor Galaxy (NGC 253), NGC 55 or even the Sculptor Dwarf galaxy.
gl: O astrónomo francés Abbé Nicolas-Louis de la Caille creou o _Apparatus Sculptoris_, o estudo do escultor na década de 1750, posteriormente abreviado como Sculptor.Aínda que a constelación só alberga estrelas tenues, os observadores do ceo profundo gozarán de galaxias: a Galaxia Escultor (NGC 253), NGC 55 ou mesmo a Galaxia Anana Escultor.

note: Description of Modern constellation Mariner Compass
en: French astronomer Abbé Nicolas-Louis de la Caille created 14 new constellations in the southern sky in which he mostly commemorated scientific instruments of his time, the 18th century. _Pyxis_, the Mariner Compass, can be seen as a valuable addition to the old Ship Argo, which de la Caille has however broken up into three pieces: Carina (the keel), Vela (the sails), and Puppis (the stern).
gl: O astrónomo francés Abbé Nicolas-Louis de la Caille creou 14 novas constelacións no ceo meridional nas que principalmente conmemoraba instrumentos científicos da súa época, o século XVIII. _Pyxis_, o Compás Mariño, pode considerarse unha valiosa adición ó antigo barco Argo, que de la Caille, con todo, dividiu en tres pezas: Carina (a quilla), Vela (as velas) e Puppis (a popa).

note: Modern sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: Kunitzsch, P.; Smart T. (2006). "A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations" (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, MA: Sky Pub. ISBN 978-1-931559-44-7.
     - [#2]: Allen, R. H. (1963). "Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning" (rep. ed.). New York, NY: Dover Publications Inc. ISBN 0-486-21079-0.
     - [#3]: [2000, A&AS, 143, 9, "The SIMBAD astronomical database", Wenger et al.](http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000A%26AS..143....9W)
     - [#4]: [Final Results of NameExoWorlds Public Vote Released](http://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau1514/)
     - [#5]: [STARS by Jim Kaler, Prof. Emeritus of Astronomy, University of Illinois](http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/sowlist.html)
     - [#6]: [IAU Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN)](http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~emamajek/WGSN/IAU-CSN.txt)
     - [#7]: [Covington, Michael (2002). "Celestial Objects for Modern Telescopes: Practical Amateur Astronomy". Cambridge University Press.](https://books.google.com/books?id=ql7wLq1fP5QC&pg=PA209)
     - [#8]: ["61 Cyg (Piazzi's Flying Star)". Science&Space News. Retrieved June 1, 2015.](http://news.sky-map.org/starview?object_type=1&object_id=2282&object_name=HD+201091&locale=EN)
     - [#9]: [Kruger 60](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruger_60)
     - [#10]: [List of Named Stars in Alphabetical Order](https://web.archive.org/web/20220701073320/http://www.astro.wisc.edu/~dolan/constellations/starname_list.html)
     - [#11]: [Jack W. Rhoads (1971). "Reduced Star Catalog Containing 537 Named Stars", Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology; November 15, 1971](https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19720005197)
     - [#12]: [IAU Naming Stars](https://www.iau.org/public/themes/naming_stars/)
     - [#13]: [Bright Star Catalogue, 5th Revised Ed. (Hoffleit+, 1991)](http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=V/50)
     - [#14]: Piazzi, G, ed. (1814). "Praecipuarum Stellarum Inerrantium Positiones Mediae Ineunte Saeculo XIX: ex Observationibus Habitis in Specula Panormitana ab anno 1792 ad annum 1813". Palermo. p. 21.
     - [#15]: Kunitzsch, P. (1959). "Arabische Sternnamen in Europa". Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. p. 155.
     - [#16]: Laffitte, R. (2005). "Héritages arabes: Des noms arabes pour les étoiles" (2éme revue et corrigée ed.). Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geunthner / Les Cahiers de l'Orient. p. 229.
     - [#17]: Burritt, E. H. (1835). "Atlas, Designed to Illustrate the Geography of the Heavens" (new ed.). New York: F. J. Huntington. plate III.
     - [#18]: Burnham, Robert Jr. (1978, 1979). "Burnham's Celestial Handbook: An Observer's Guide to the Universe Beyond the Solar System", Vol. 1, 2, 3. NY: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0486235677, 978-0486235684, 978-0486236735
     - [#19]: [Iota Ursae Majoris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iota_Ursae_Majoris)
     - [#20]: [Falkner, David E. (2011). "The Mythology of the Night Sky: An Amateur Astronomer's Guide to the Ancient Greek and Roman Legends", Patrick Moore's Practical Astronomy, Springer. ISBN 1-4614-0136-4](https://books.google.com/books?id=tyj8UUE968wC)
     - [#21]: Peters, C. A. F. (1853). "On the Parallax of Argelander's Star". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 14, p.49. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/14.2.49
     - [#22]: Maddocks, Hugh C. (1991). "Deep-Sky Name Index 2000.0". Foxon-Maddocks Associates. ISBN 0-9628305-0-X.
     - [#23]: Josef Klepesta, Antonin Rükl (1977). "Constellations: A concise guide in colour". ISBN 0600008932.
     - [#24]: Oswald Thomas (1945). "Atlas der Sternbilder". Das Bergland-Buch, Salzburg.
     - [#25]: Fred Schaaf (2019). "An Assortment of Asterisms". Sky & Telescope, p.45 (Nov 2019)
     - [#26]: Gary Seronik (2017). "Binocular Highlights Revised & Expanded: 109 Celestial Sights for Binocular Users". F W Publications Inc. ISBN 9781940038445
     - [#27]: Tony Flanders (2019). "Constellation Close-up: Centaurus and Crux". Sky & Telescope, pp.22-27 (Apr 2019).
     - [#28]: Sue French (2019). "Deep-Sky Wonders: Heavenly Hero". Sky & Telescope, pp.54-56 (Jul 2019).
     - [#29]: [Software Bisque: A Complete List of Asterisms](https://www.bisque.com/tom/asterisms/list.asp)
     - [#30]: [University of Northern Iowa, EARTHSCI 1100 - Astronomy, Asterisms.](https://sites.uni.edu/morgans/astro/asterisms.html)
     - [#31]: [Horvatin - Obsolete Constellations, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University.](https://web.pa.msu.edu/people/horvatin/Astronomy_Facts/obsolete_pages/triangulum_minor.htm)
     - [#32]: [Donald H. Menzel (1964). A Field Guide to the Stars and Planets by Donald H. Menzel, Collins books - St. James's Place, London. ISBN: 0395934311, ISBN13: 9780395934319](http://www.arvindguptatoys.com/arvindgupta/menzel-fieldguide.pdf)
     - [#33]: [James B. (Jim) Kaler. Professor Emeritus of Astronomy, University of Illinois.](http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/6tri.html)
     - [#34]: [Astronomy Club of Tulsa - Observer, December 2008.](http://www.astrotulsa.com/cms_files/200812.pdf)
     - [#35]: [Baylor University, School of Engineering and Computer Science, Astronomy observing log.](http://cs.baylor.edu/~hamerly/personal/astro/log.html)
     - [#36]: [IAU100 NameExoWorlds](http://nameexoworlds.iau.org/)
     - [#37]: [The Washington Double Star Catalog (Mason+ 2001-2020)](https://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=B/wds)
     - [#38]: [Patrick Moore, Paul Doherty, H. J. P. Arnold, The Photographic Atlas of the Stars, CRC Press LLC, 1999. ISBN 0750306548 (EXCLUDED (too many typos))](https://books.google.com/books?id=YjcvJUfnWBAC&pg=PA97#v=onepage&q&f=false)
     - [#39]: [Guy Consolmagno, Dan M. Davis, Turn Left at Orion, Cambridge University Press, 2019. ISBN 9781108558464](https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108558464)
     - [#40]: Delporte, Eugene (1930). "Delimitation scientifique des constellations (tables et cartes)". Cambridge.
     - [#41]: facsimile: Uranometria von Johannes Bayer, Kunstschätzeverlag, Gerchsheim, 2010
     - [#42]: facsimile: Die große Flamsteed Edition - Himmelskartographie nach John Flamsteed von 1776 bis 1805, Albireo Verlag, Köln, 2017
     - [#43]: Latußeck, Arndt and Hoffmann, Susanne M: "Ein nützliches Unternehmen", Albireo Verlag, Köln, 2017
     - [#44]: [Constellation english names. IAU Constellations Page](https://www.iau.org/public/themes/constellations/)
     - [#45]: [IAU Working Group Star Names. WGSN](https://www.iau.org/science/scientific_bodies/working_groups/280/)
     - [#46]: Grasshoff, Gerd: The History of Ptolemy's Star Catalogue, Springer, New York, 1990
     - [#47]: Hoffmann, Susanne M.: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, Wiesbaden / New York, 2017
     - [#48]: [Constellation. Article on Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation)
     - [#49]: [Star Catalogue. Article on Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_catalogue)
     - [#50]: [Constellation image library of the U.S. Naval Observatory and the Space Telescope Science Institute. Johannes Hevelius Engravings.](http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/)
     - [#51]: Santiago Paolantonio, Beatriz García (2019). "Uranometría Argentina and the constellation boundaries". Under One Sky: The IAU Centenary Symposium. Cambridge. p. 505.
     - [#52]: Meade Instruction Manual 7" LX200 Maksutov-Cassegrain Telescope; 8", 10", and 12" LX200 Schmidt-Cassegrain Telescopes
     - [#53]: [Mike Wall (2013). "Strange 'Methuselah' Star Looks Older Than the Universe". Space.com](https://www.space.com/20112-oldest-known-star-universe.html)
     - [#54]: [Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI). "Hubble finds 'birth certificate' of oldest known star." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 7 March 2013](www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/03/130307145103.htm)
     - [#55]: [Atlas Coeli Skalnaté Pleso 1950.0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skalnate_Pleso_Atlas_of_the_Heavens)
     - [#56]: [Karlseiche](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlseiche)
     - [#57]: [Mural Quadrant](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauerquadrant_(Sternbild))
     - [#58]: WAA/Alexander Pikhard. Own creation, 2001. https://www.waa.at/bericht/2001/06_sofiexp/20010612/bb20010612.html.
gl:  - [#1]: Kunitzsch, P.; Smart T. (2006). "A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations" (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, MA: Sky Pub. ISBN 978-1-931559-44-7.
     - [#2]: Allen, R. H. (1963). "Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning" (rep. ed.). New York, NY: Dover Publications Inc. ISBN 0-486-21079-0.
     - [#3]: [2000, A&AS, 143, 9, "The SIMBAD astronomical database", Wenger et al.](http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000A%26AS..143....9W)
     - [#4]: [Final Results of NameExoWorlds Public Vote Released](http://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau1514/)
     - [#5]: [STARS by Jim Kaler, Prof. Emérito de Astronomía, Universidade de Illinois](http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/sowlist.html)
     - [#6]: [IAU Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN)](http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~emamajek/WGSN/IAU-CSN.txt)
     - [#7]: [Covington, Michael (2002). "Celestial Objects for Modern Telescopes: Practical Amateur Astronomy". Cambridge University Press.](https://books.google.com/books?id=ql7wLq1fP5QC&pg=PA209)
     - [#8]: ["61 Cyg (Piazzi's Flying Star)". Science&Space News. Retrieved June 1, 2015.](http://news.sky-map.org/starview?object_type=1&object_id=2282&object_name=HD+201091&locale=EN)
     - [#9]: [Kruger 60](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruger_60)
     - [#10]: [List of Named Stars in Alphabetical Order](https://web.archive.org/web/20220701073320/http://www.astro.wisc.edu/~dolan/constellations/starname_list.html)
     - [#11]: [Jack W. Rhoads (1971). "Reduced Star Catalog Containing 537 Named Stars", Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology; November 15, 1971](https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19720005197)
     - [#12]: [IAU Naming Stars](https://www.iau.org/public/themes/naming_stars/)
     - [#13]: [Bright Star Catalogue, 5th Revised Ed. (Hoffleit+, 1991)](http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=V/50)
     - [#14]: Piazzi, G, ed. (1814). "Praecipuarum Stellarum Inerrantium Positiones Mediae Ineunte Saeculo XIX: ex Observationibus Habitis in Specula Panormitana ab anno 1792 ad annum 1813". Palermo. p. 21.
     - [#15]: Kunitzsch, P. (1959). "Arabische Sternnamen in Europa". Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. p. 155.
     - [#16]: Laffitte, R. (2005). "Héritages arabes: Des noms arabes pour les étoiles" (2éme revue et corrigée ed.). Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geunthner / Les Cahiers de l'Orient. p. 229.
     - [#17]: Burritt, E. H. (1835). "Atlas, Designed to Illustrate the Geography of the Heavens" (new ed.). New York: F. J. Huntington. plate III.
     - [#18]: Burnham, Robert Jr. (1978, 1979). "Burnham's Celestial Handbook: An Observer's Guide to the Universe Beyond the Solar System", Vol. 1, 2, 3. NY: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0486235677, 978-0486235684, 978-0486236735
     - [#19]: [Iota Ursae Majoris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iota_Ursae_Majoris)
     - [#20]: [Falkner, David E. (2011). "The Mythology of the Night Sky: An Amateur Astronomer's Guide to the Ancient Greek and Roman Legends", Patrick Moore's Practical Astronomy, Springer. ISBN 1-4614-0136-4](https://books.google.com/books?id=tyj8UUE968wC)
     - [#21]: Peters, C. A. F. (1853). "On the Parallax of Argelander's Star". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 14, p.49. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/14.2.49
     - [#22]: Maddocks, Hugh C. (1991). "Deep-Sky Name Index 2000.0". Foxon-Maddocks Associates. ISBN 0-9628305-0-X.
     - [#23]: Josef Klepesta, Antonin Rükl (1977). "Constellations: A concise guide in colour". ISBN 0600008932.
     - [#24]: Oswald Thomas (1945). "Atlas der Sternbilder". Das Bergland-Buch, Salzburg.
     - [#25]: Fred Schaaf (2019). "An Assortment of Asterisms". Sky & Telescope, p.45 (Nov 2019)
     - [#26]: Gary Seronik (2017). "Binocular Highlights Revised & Expanded: 109 Celestial Sights for Binocular Users". F W Publications Inc. ISBN 9781940038445
     - [#27]: Tony Flanders (2019). "Constellation Close-up: Centaurus and Crux". Sky & Telescope, pp.22-27 (Apr 2019).
     - [#28]: Sue French (2019). "Deep-Sky Wonders: Heavenly Hero". Sky & Telescope, pp.54-56 (Jul 2019).
     - [#29]: [Software Bisque: A Complete List of Asterisms](https://www.bisque.com/tom/asterisms/list.asp)
     - [#30]: [University of Northern Iowa, EARTHSCI 1100 - Astronomy, Asterisms.](https://sites.uni.edu/morgans/astro/asterisms.html)
     - [#31]: [Horvatin - Obsolete Constellations, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University.](https://web.pa.msu.edu/people/horvatin/Astronomy_Facts/obsolete_pages/triangulum_minor.htm)
     - [#32]: [Donald H. Menzel (1964). A Field Guide to the Stars and Planets by Donald H. Menzel, Collins books - St. James's Place, London. ISBN: 0395934311, ISBN13: 9780395934319](http://www.arvindguptatoys.com/arvindgupta/menzel-fieldguide.pdf)
     - [#33]: [James B. (Jim) Kaler. Professor Emeritus of Astronomy, University of Illinois.](http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/6tri.html)
     - [#34]: [Astronomy Club of Tulsa - Observer, December 2008.](http://www.astrotulsa.com/cms_files/200812.pdf)
     - [#35]: [Baylor University, School of Engineering and Computer Science, Astronomy observing log.](http://cs.baylor.edu/~hamerly/personal/astro/log.html)
     - [#36]: [IAU100 NameExoWorlds](http://nameexoworlds.iau.org/)
     - [#37]: [The Washington Double Star Catalog (Mason+ 2001-2020)](https://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=B/wds)
     - [#38]: [Patrick Moore, Paul Doherty, H. J. P. Arnold, The Photographic Atlas of the Stars, CRC Press LLC, 1999. ISBN 0750306548 (EXCLUDED (too many typos))](https://books.google.com/books?id=YjcvJUfnWBAC&pg=PA97#v=onepage&q&f=false)
     - [#39]: [Guy Consolmagno, Dan M. Davis, Turn Left at Orion, Cambridge University Press, 2019. ISBN 9781108558464](https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108558464)
     - [#40]: Delporte, Eugene (1930). "Delimitation scientifique des constellations (tables et cartes)". Cambridge.
     - [#41]: facsímil: Uranometria von Johannes Bayer, Kunstschätzeverlag, Gerchsheim, 2010
     - [#42]: facsímil: Die große Flamsteed Edition - Himmelskartographie nach John Flamsteed von 1776 bis 1805, Albireo Verlag, Köln, 2017
     - [#43]: Latußeck, Arndt and Hoffmann, Susanne M: "Ein nützliches Unternehmen", Albireo Verlag, Köln, 2017
     - [#44]: [Constellation english names. IAU Constellations Page](https://www.iau.org/public/themes/constellations/)
     - [#45]: [IAU Working Group Star Names. WGSN](https://www.iau.org/science/scientific_bodies/working_groups/280/)
     - [#46]: Grasshoff, Gerd: The History of Ptolemy's Star Catalogue, Springer, New York, 1990
     - [#47]: Hoffmann, Susanne M.: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, Wiesbaden / New York, 2017
     - [#48]: [Constellation. Article on Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation)
     - [#49]: [Star Catalogue. Article on Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_catalogue)
     - [#50]: [Constellation image library of the U.S. Naval Observatory and the Space Telescope Science Institute. Johannes Hevelius Engravings.](http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/)
     - [#51]: Santiago Paolantonio, Beatriz García (2019). "Uranometría Argentina and the constellation boundaries". Under One Sky: The IAU Centenary Symposium. Cambridge. p. 505.
     - [#52]: Meade Instruction Manual 7" LX200 Maksutov-Cassegrain Telescope; 8", 10", and 12" LX200 Schmidt-Cassegrain Telescopes
     - [#53]: [Mike Wall (2013). "Strange 'Methuselah' Star Looks Older Than the Universe". Space.com](https://www.space.com/20112-oldest-known-star-universe.html)
     - [#54]: [Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI). "Hubble finds 'birth certificate' of oldest known star." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 7 March 2013](www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/03/130307145103.htm)
     - [#55]: [Atlas Coeli Skalnaté Pleso 1950.0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skalnate_Pleso_Atlas_of_the_Heavens)
     - [#56]: [Karlseiche](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlseiche)
     - [#57]: [Mural Quadrant](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauerquadrant_(Sternbild))
     - [#58]: WAA/Alexander Pikhard. Own creation, 2001. https://www.waa.at/bericht/2001/06_sofiexp/20010612/bb20010612.html.

note: Modern sky culture authors section in markdown format Modern (IAU) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: Stellarium's team
gl: Equipo de Stellarium

note: Modern (Chinese) sky culture name
en: Modern (Chinese)
gl: Moderna (Chinesa)

note: Modern (Chinese) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Modern (Chinese) Skyculture is a combination of Chinese traditions and Western constellations. The Chinese use combinations of modern constellations and Chinese star names in astronomy. This is the skyculture that the Chinese actually use now, with a great practical value.
gl: A cultura do ceo moderna (chinesa) é unha combinación de tradicións chinesas e constelacións occidentais. Os chineses usan combinacións de constelacións modernas e nomes de estrelas chinesas en astronomía. Esta é a cultura do ceo que realmente usan agora os chineses, cun gran valor práctico.

note: Modern (Chinese) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Constellations
    
    The modern Chinese use the constellations of the International Astronomical Union. The traditional Chinese constellations have no specific boundaries between them. They only represent the corresponding set of bright stars, and do not have the role of dividing the celestial sphere into different areas, so they are no longer applicable in astronomy.
    
    ### Star names
    
    The Chinese now use traditional star names instead of Western star names. More than 3,000 stars have traditional Chinese star names. When a foreign astronomical book is translated into Chinese, the star names will also be translated into traditional Chinese star names. There are some special stars that use the names of Western stars, such as Proxima, Van Maanen's star, which can usually only be seen with a telescope, but with special astronomical significance.
    
    For a detailed introduction to traditional Chinese constellations and traditional Chinese names, see *Chinese traditional Skyculture for Stellarium*.
    
    ### External links
    
     - [Chinese constellations ](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellations) Wikipedia
     - [traditional Chinese star names](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_star_names) Wikipedia
     - [constellations](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation) Wikipedia
     - [Constellation image library](http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/) of the U.S. Naval Observatory and the Space Telescope Science Institute. Johannes Hevelius Engravings.
gl: ### Constelacións
    
    Os chineses modernos usan as constelacións da Unión Astronómica Internacional. As constelacións tradicionais chinesas non teñen límites específicos entre elas. Só representan o correspondente conxunto de estrelas brillantes, e non teñen a función de dividir a esfera celeste en diferentes áreas, polo que xa non son aplicables en astronomía.
    
    ### Nomes de estrelas
    
    Os chineses empregan agora nomes estelais tradicionais en vez de nomes de estrelas occidentais. Máis de 3.000 estrelas teñen nome de estrelas tradicionais chinesas. Cando un libro astronómico estranxeiro é traducido ó chinés, os nomes de estrelas tamén se traducen a nomes de estrelas tradicionais chinesas. Hai algunhas estrelas especiais que usan os nomes das estrelas occidentais, como Proxima, a estrela de Van Maanen, que normalmente só se pode ver cun telescopio, pero con especial significación astronómica.
    
    Para unha detallada introdución ás constelación tradicionais chinesas e ós nomes chineses, ver *Cultura do ceo chinesa tradicional para Stellarium*.
    
    ### Ligazóns externas
    
     - [Constelacións chinesas ](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellations) Wikipedia
     - [Nomes de estrelas chinesas tradicionais ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_star_names) Wikipedia
     - [constelacións](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation) Wikipedia
     - [Constellation image library](http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/) of the U.S. Naval Observatory and the Space Telescope Science Institute. Johannes Hevelius Engravings.

note: Modern (Chinese) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This skyculture was contributed by Stellarium user *Sun Shuwei* [sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com](mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com).
    
    Constellation art，Constellation lines based on *Modern Skyculture for Stellarium*.
    
    Asterism lines and traditional Chinese star names based on *Chinese Traditional Skyculture for Stellarium*.
gl: A esta cultura do ceo para Stellarium contribuíu *Sun Shuwei* [sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com](mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com).
    
    Debuxos de constelacións，Liñas de constelación baseadas na *Moderna cultura do ceo de Stellarium*.
    
    As liñas de asterismo e os nomes de estrelas tradicionais chineses baseados na *Cultura do ceo Tradicional Chinesa de Stellarium*.

note: Modern (O. Hlad) sky culture name
en: Modern (O. Hlad)
gl: Moderna (O. Hlad)

note: Modern (O. Hlad) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: Another (rather similar) Czech and Slovak references are: [#2], [#3].
    
    ![](illustrations/hvezdna_obloha_2000.png) ![](illustrations/obloha_na_dlani.png)
    
    Constellation lines are designed so they mostly connect stars with Greek-letter (α, β, γ, ...) designations, brightest, or at least similarly bright stars, and especially if they form a mnemotechnic figure (like 'W' in case of Cas, or 'hurdles-runner' instead of Vir). We usually do *not* use 5th magnitude stars, because they are difficult to spot in towns affected by light pollution. The resulting figures are also a bit simpler and easier-to-remember for children. We use these constellations at the Observatory and Planetarium Hradec Králové ([http://www.astrohk.cz](http://www.astrohk.cz)).
    
    Notes: UMa is taken from Pittich and Kalmančok (1981); M81 and M82 galaxies are just behind Bear's head. Gem is a similar case. Cam seems upside-down with respect to a mythological figure, but HIP 29997, 33694 stars are indeed brighter.
    
    ### Updates
    
    Version 1.0 for Stellarium 0.13.1
    
    Future updates should be available at [http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/](http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/)
gl: Outras referencias similares Checas e Eslovacas son: [#2], [#3].
    
    ![](illustrations/hvezdna_obloha_2000.png) ![](illustrations/obloha_na_dlani.png)
    
    As liñas de constelación están deseñadas para conectar as estrelas con letras gregas (α, β, γ, ...), as estrelas máis brillantes ou as de brillo semellante, e especialmente se forman unha figura mnemotécnica (como "W" no caso. de Cas, ou "saltador de obstáculos" en vez de Vir). Adoitamos *non* usar estrelas de 5ª magnitude, porque son difíciles de detectar en cidades afectadas pola contaminación lumínica. As cifras resultantes tamén son un pouco máis sinxelas e fáciles de recordar para os nenos. Empregamos estas constelacións no Observatorio e no Planetario Hradec Králové ([http://www.astrohk.cz](http://www.astrohk.cz)).
    
    Notas: UMa está tomado de Pittich e Kalmančok (1981); As galaxias M81 e M82 están xusto detrás da cabeza do Oso. Gem é un caso similar. Cam parece cara arriba abaixo con respecto a unha figura mitolóxica, pero as estrelas HIP 29997, 33694 son realmente máis brillantes.
    
    ### Actualizacións
    
    Versión 1.0 para Stellarium 0.13.1
    
    Futuras actualizacións estarán dispoñibles en [http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/](http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/)

note: Modern (IAU) sky culture name
en: Modern (IAU)
gl: Moderna (IAU)

note: Modern (IAU) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: The modern sky culture divides the celestial sphere into 88 areas of various sizes called constellations, each with precise boundary, issued by the International Astronomical Union in 1922. These constellations have become the standard way to describe the sky, replacing similar sets in other sky cultures exhaustively in daily usage.
    
    The constellations in use today are based mainly on ancient Greek constellations depicted by Ptolemy in his book the Almagest during the 2nd century CE. In the subsequent centuries, this book has been translated from Greek into Arabic (6th to 9th century) and later to medieval Latin. In the Arabic more than in the Latin tradition, the Ptolemaic figures were enriched and transformed by native Arabic constellations and star names.
    
    In the 16-18th centuries, European astronomers suggested new constellations to fill the gaps between northern constellations (e.g. the constellation of "the lynx" for an area close to the Great Bear but with stars so faint that you would need the eyes of a lynx to see them) and also created new constellations in the southern part of the sky which had not been visible to Ptolemy. These new constellations were usually named after new technical inventions of the early modern period (e.g. a chemical furnace, a balloon, an air pump) or exotic animals (e.g. a chamaeleon, a tucan, a paradise bird). Among them several constellations were also named with political consideration to honor certain kings or patrons.
    
    In the beginning of the 20th century, the IAU (International Astronomical Union) aimed for a large clean-up: in 1922, it officially accepted the list of 88 constellation names. In 1928 it also defined precise constellation boundaries [#4] still in use today.
    
    ### Constellations
    
    These constellations are based mainly on the Ptolemaic tradition which had been used in all three Abrahamitic religions and, thus, was common in the Near East, in Europe and its colonies on all continents. However, between the ancient Greek constellations there were gaps of areas with only faint stars belonging to no constellation.[#5] In the Modern Epoch, several astronomers suggested constellation figures for these gaps, among them several political constellations to the honor of certain kings or patrons. In the late 19th century, the astronomical research community aimed for a huge clean-up to avoid ambiguities in assigning stars to constellations.
    
    In 1922, the IAU officially approved the list of 88 constellation names and their official abbreviations with three letters. The only remaining political constellation is Scutum, the shield of a Polish king but without mentioning the political reference anymore. The Belgian priest E. Delporte got the task to define constellation boundaries according to coordinates. In 1928, he finished the work, based on an atlas from Argentina [#6], and the IAU accepted his delimitations [#4].
    
    These "constellations" are naked areas in the sky without any stick figures or depictions [#1]. The borders simply follow the lines of right ascension and declination from the epoch 1875.0. Precession causes a slowly increasing deviation from the originally rectilinear grid. These constellations became the standard way to describe the sky, replacing similar sets in other sky cultures exhaustively in daily usage.
    
    #### Constellation Figures
    
    In star maps it is common to mark line "patterns" that represent the shapes that give the name to the constellations. However, the IAU defines a constellation by its boundary (indicated by sky coordinates) and not by its pattern and the same constellation may have several variants in its representation.
    
    This sky culture uses constellation figures were produced in collaboration with "Sky and Telescope" magazine (Roger Sinnott and Rick Fienberg) and published at IAU official website [#1]. Alan MacRobert's constellation patterns, were influenced by those of H. A. Rey but in many cases were adjusted to preserve earlier traditions.
    
    ### Proper names of stars
    
    Ptolemy's star catalogue had the layout of a table listing the description of the star's position in the constellation's figure, the ecliptical coordinates, and the magnitude e.g.: "The star at the tip of the tail of Ursa Minor", "Gem 0 1/6, +66", "Mag 3".
    
    In most cases, the star names evolved by astronomer's systematical abbreviations of these descriptions, e.g., a first astronomer abbreviated in a text "tip of the tail", a next astronomer drew a map with less space and wrote only "tail" next to the star and this name remained. Over centuries, these descriptions were translated into Arabic and Latin, and in some cases the translators or scribes made mistakes because of misreading or misspelling of the Arabic words (e.g. the Arabic "yad al gauza", the hand of the giant woman, was mangled to the common term "Betelgeuse").
    
    However, there are also a few original Greek words like the red star "Antares", the counterpart of Ares (Mars), and even a few original Babylonian terms like "Shargaz", the Sting, in Scorpius. Our modern, most recent IAU star names [#7] are a renewed mixture, also with influences or even politically wanted additions of star names from the non-Ptolemaic sky cultures, e.g. the traditional Pingsing, a Chinese star name for a star in Hydra (its meaning is only "star", a reminescence to his lonely position), or newly adopted star names from Polynesian, Hawaiian, or Aboriginal cultures for names of stars with exoplanets.
    
    The IAU is the only scientifically accepted authority to assign new names to stars. Commercial exploits like "star name registries", who sell stars for commemorative purposes or as gifts, only sell printed pieces of paper. These names are not approved and never used by scientists.
    
    ### Proper names of deep-sky objects
    
    Uranometria 2000.0 is an atlas of the 2000.0 era starry sky prepared by the Dutch artist Wil Tirion and published in 1987 by the American publishing house Willmann-Bell, specializing in astronomical literature.
    
    The Atlas of Tirion, respected by astronomers for its accuracy and beauty, is provided with detailed tables and various indexes. The second volume contains three transparent overlays designed for precise measurements. Uranometria 2000.0 contains more than 280,000 stars and more than 30,000 deep-sky objects - in particular, all the objects of the Messier and NGC catalogs.
    
    The second (corrected and most complete) three-volume edition of "Uranometria 2000.0", was published in 2001 under the name "Uranometria 2000.0 Deep Sky Atlas" and contains 280035 stars of both hemispheres up to 9.75<sup>m</sup> in size on a scale of 1.85 cm per declination degree on 220 spreads of A3 format. Particular attention in the atlas is paid to deep-sky objects, there are more than 30 thousand of them in the second edition - many times more than in any other paper atlas.
    
    The third volume of "Uranometria 2000.0" is a guide to deep-sky objects - Deep Sky Field Guide, consisting of tables with scientific data and proper names on objects depicted in the first two volumes [#3].
gl: A cultura do ceo moderna divide a esfera celeste en 88 áreas de varios tamaños chamadas constelacións, cada unha cun límite preciso, definidas pola Unión Astronómica Internacional en 1922. Estas constelacións convertéronse na forma estándar de describir o ceo, substituíndo conxuntos similares noutras culturas do ceo no uso diario.
    
    As constelacións que se usan hoxe en día baséanse principalmente nas antigas constelacións gregas representadas por Ptolomeo no seu libro O Almaxesto durante o século II d.C. Nos séculos posteriores, este libro foi traducido do grego ó árabe (século VI ó IX) e posteriormente ó latín medieval. Na tradición árabe máis ca na latina, as figuras ptolemaicas foron enriquecidas e transformadas por constelacións árabes nativas e nomes de estrelas.
    
    Nos séculos XVI-XVIII, os astrónomos europeos suxeriron novas constelacións para encher os ocos entre as constelacións do norte (por exemplo, a constelación do "lince" para unha zona próxima á Osa Maior pero con estrelas tan débiles que se necesitarían os ollos dun lince para velas) e tamén creou novas constelacións na parte sur do ceo que non eran visibles para Ptolomeo. Estas novas constelacións adoitan recibir o nome de novos inventos técnicos do período moderno (por exemplo, un forno químico, un globo, unha bomba de aire) ou animais exóticos (por exemplo, un camaleón, un tucán, un paxaro do paraíso). Entre elas tamén se nomearon varias constelacións con consideración política para honrar a determinados reis ou patróns.
    
    A principios do século XX, a IAU (Unión Astronómica Internacional) tiña como obxectivo unha gran limpeza: en 1922, aceptou oficialmente a lista de 88 nomes de constelacións. En 1928 tamén definiu os límites precisos das constelacións [#4] aínda en uso hoxe en día.
    
    ### Constelacións
    
    Estas constelacións baséanse principalmente na tradición ptolemaica que fora usada nas tres relixións abrahamitas e, polo tanto, era común no Próximo Oriente, en Europa e as súas colonias en todos os continentes. Non obstante, entre as antigas constelacións gregas había ocos de áreas con só estrelas tenues que non pertencen a ningunha constelación.[#5] Na Época Moderna, varios astrónomos suxeriron figuras de constelación para estas lagoas, entre elas varias constelacións políticas en honor de certos reis ou mecenas. A finais do século XIX, a comunidade de investigación astronómica tiña como obxectivo unha gran limpeza para evitar ambigüidades na asignación de estrelas ás constelacións.
    
    En 1922, a IAU aprobou oficialmente a lista de 88 nomes de constelacións e as súas abreviaturas oficiais con tres letras. A única constelación política que queda é Scutum, o escudo dun rei polaco pero sen mencionar xa a referencia política. O sacerdote belga E. Delporte recibiu a tarefa de definir os límites das constelacións segundo as coordenadas. En 1928, rematou a obra, baseada nun atlas da Arxentina [#6], e a IAU aceptou as súas delimitacións [#4].
    
    Estas "constelacións" son áreas baleiras do ceo sen figuras nin representacións [n.º 1]. As fronteiras simplemente seguen as liñas de ascensión recta e declinación da época 1875.0. A precesión provoca unha desviación que aumenta lentamente da cuadrícula orixinariamente rectilínea. Estas constelacións convertéronse na forma estándar de describir o ceo, substituíndo conxuntos similares noutras culturas do ceo no uso diario.
    
    #### Figuras de constelacións
    
    Nos mapas estelares é habitual marcar "patróns" de liñas que representan as formas que dan nome ás constelacións. Porén, a IAU define unha constelación polo seu límite (indicado polas coordenadas do ceo) e non polo seu patrón e a mesma constelación pode ter varias variantes na súa representación.
    
    Esta cultura do ceo utiliza figuras de constelación producidas en colaboración coa revista "Sky and Telescope" (Roger Sinnott e Rick Fienberg) e publicadas no sitio web oficial da IAU [#1]. Os patróns de constelación de Alan MacRobert, foron influenciados polos de H. A. Rey pero en moitos casos foron axustados para preservar tradicións anteriores.
    
    ### Nomes propios de estrelas
    
    O catálogo de estrelas de Ptolomeo tiña o deseño dunha táboa que enumeraba a descrición da posición da estrela na figura da constelación, as coordenadas eclípticas e a magnitude, por exemplo: "A estrela na punta da cola da Osa Menor", "Gem 0 1/6". , +66", "Mag 3".
    
    Na maioría dos casos, os nomes das estrelas evolucionaron polas abreviaturas sistemáticas dos astrónomos destas descricións, por exemplo, un primeiro astrónomo abreviou nun texto "punta da cola", un seguinte astrónomo debuxou un mapa con menos espazo e escribiu só "cola" xunto á estrela e este nome quedou. Ó longo dos séculos, estas descricións foron traducidas ó árabe e ó latín, e nalgúns casos os tradutores ou escribas cometían erros debido á mala lectura ou á ortografía das palabras árabes (por exemplo, o árabe "yad al gauza", a man da muller xigante, foi desprazado ó termo común "Betelgeuse").
    
    Non obstante, tamén hai algunhas palabras gregas orixinais como a estrela vermella "Antares", a contraparte de Ares (Marte), e mesmo algúns termos babilónicos orixinais como "Shargaz", o aguillón, en Scorpius. Os nosos nomes de estrelas modernos e máis recentes da IAU [n.° 7] son unha mestura renovada, tamén con influencias ou incluso adicións de nomes de estrelas desexadas politicamente das culturas do ceo non ptolemaica, por ex o tradicional Pingsing, un nome de estrela chinés para unha estrela en Hidra (o seu significado é só "estrela", unha reminiscencia da súa posición solitaria), ou os nomes de estrelas recentemente adoptados das culturas polinesias, hawaianas ou aborixes para nomes de estrelas con exoplanetas.
    
    A IAU é a única autoridade cientificamente aceptada para asignar novos nomes ás estrelas. Explotacións comerciais como os "rexistros de nomes de estrelas", que venden estrelas con fins conmemorativos ou como agasallos, só venden anacos de papel impreso. Estes nomes non están aprobados e nunca os usan os científicos.
    
    ### Nomes propios dos obxectos do ceo profundo
    
    Uranometria 2000.0 é un atlas das estrelas do ceo da era 2000.0 elaborado polo artista holandés Wil Tirion e publicado en 1987 pola editorial estadounidense Willmann-Bell, especializada en literatura astronómica.
    
    O Atlas de Tirion, respectado polos astrónomos pola súa precisión e beleza, está provisto de táboas detalladas e varios índices. O segundo volume contén tres superposicións transparentes deseñadas para medicións precisas. Uranometria 2000.0 contén máis de 280.000 estrelas e máis de 30.000 obxectos do ceo profundo, en particular, todos os obxectos dos catálogos Messier e NGC.
    
    A segunda edición (corrixida e completa) de tres volumes de "Uranometria 2000.0", publicouse en 2001 baixo o nome "Uranometria 2000.0 Deep Sky Atlas" e contén 280.035 estrelas de ambos hemisferios de ata 9,75<sup>m</sup> de tamaño nunha escala de 1,85. cm por grao de declinación en 220 extensións de formato A3. No atlas préstase especial atención ós obxectos do ceo profundo, hai máis de 30 mil deles na segunda edición, moitas veces máis ca en calquera outro atlas de papel.
    
    O terceiro volume de "Uranometria 2000.0" é unha guía de obxectos do ceo profundo - Deep Sky Field Guide, que consta de táboas con datos científicos e nomes propios dos obxectos representados nos dous primeiros volumes [#3].

note: Modern (IAU) sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [The Constellations](https://iauarchive.eso.org/public/themes/constellations/)
     - [#2]: [IAU Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN)](https://exopla.net/star-names/modern-iau-star-names/)
     - [#3]: [Uranometria 2000.0 Deep Sky Field Guide. ISBN: 0-943396-73-5](https://shopatsky.com/products/uranometria-2000-0-atlas-deep-sky-field-guide)
     - [#4]: Delporte, Eugene (1930). "Delimitation scientifique des constellations (tables et cartes)". Cambridge.
     - [#5]: Hoffmann, Susanne M.: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, Wiesbaden / New York, 2017
     - [#6]: Santiago Paolantonio, Beatriz García (2019). "Uranometría Argentina and the constellation boundaries". Under One Sky: The IAU Centenary Symposium. Cambridge. p. 505.
     - [#7]: [IAU Working Group Star Names. WGSN](https://iau.org/WG280/WG280/Home.aspx)
gl:  - [#1]: [The Constellations](https://iauarchive.eso.org/public/themes/constellations/) - [#2]: [IAU Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN)](https://exopla.net/star-names/modern-iau-star-names/) - [#3]: [Uranometria 2000.0 Deep Sky Field Guide. ISBN: 0-943396-73-5](https://shopatsky.com/products/uranometria-2000-0-atlas-deep-sky-field-guide) - [#4]: Delporte, Eugene (1930). "Delimitation scientifique des constellations (tables et cartes)". Cambridge. - [#5]: Hoffmann, Susanne M.: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, Wiesbaden / New York, 2017 - [#6]: Santiago Paolantonio, Beatriz García (2019). "Uranometría Argentina and the constellation boundaries". Under One Sky: The IAU Centenary Symposium. Cambridge. p. 505. - [#7]: [IAU Working Group Star Names. WGSN](https://iau.org/WG280/WG280/Home.aspx)

note: Modern (Journey to the West) sky culture name
en: Modern (Journey to the West)
gl: Moderno (Viaxe a Occidente)

note: Modern (Journey to the West) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: *Journey to the West* is a classic of Chinese God and devil novels. It is written in the 16th-century Ming dynasty. It mainly chronicles the epic pilgrimage of the monk Xuanzang (Tang Monk) as he travels westward to obtain sacred Buddhist scriptures. He is accompanied by his three formidable disciples: the rebellious and powerful Monkey King, Sun Wukong; the humorous yet often gluttonous Zhu Bajie; and the steadfast Sha Wujing. Throughout their journey, they encounter a captivating array of celestial beings, demons, and deities, battling hardships and overcoming eighty-one tribulations to reach their ultimate goal.
    
    For a detailed introduction to *Journey to the West*, please refer to:
    
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_to_the_West
    
    This sky culture is based on *Journey to the West*, in which the author replaces the figures of Greek mythology with characters, demons, and magical artifacts from the novel. For example, Sun Wukong substitutes for Hercules, and Zhu Bajie takes the place of Perseus. Similar to how Arab and Persian figures replaced Greco-Roman images in the Book of Fixed Stars, this can be seen as an effort to localize constellation imagery within a Chinese cultural context.
    Just to let you know, this unique sky culture is not related to the historical journey of Xuanzang to India, nor was it created in the 16th century when the novel was published. It never existed historically and is purely an artistic reinterpretation of modern constellations. When switching to "byname" display mode, you can still view the standard IAU constellation names（The *Journey to the West* sky culture includes 84 of the 88 IAU standard constellations. The four constellations Circinus, Pictor, Pyxis, and Telescopium have no corresponding figures or elements in the story.）
    
    The purpose of creating this sky culture is to attract more children—especially in China and East Asia—to learn about constellations. Journey to the West holds greater influence in these regions than Greek mythology, and the author hopes it will enhance beginners' interest and memorization, much like how H. A. Rey used imaginative constellation lines and English labels to make the stars more accessible.
gl: *Viaxe a Occidente* é un clásico das novelas chinesas sobre deuses e demos. Está escrita na dinastía Ming do século XVI. Narra principalmente a épica peregrinación do monxe Xuanzang (monxe Tang) mentres viaxa cara ó oeste para obter as sagradas escrituras budistas. Acompáñano os seus tres formidables discípulos: o rebelde e poderoso Rei Mono, Sun Wukong; o humorístico pero a miúdo larpeiro Zhu Bajie; e o firme Sha Wujing. Ó longo da súa viaxe, atópanse cunha fascinante variedade de seres celestiais, demos e divindades, loitando contra dificultades e superando oitenta e unha tribulacións para alcanzar o seu obxectivo final.Para obter unha introdución detallada a *Viaxe a Occidente*, consulta:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_to_the_WestEsta cultura do ceo baséase en *Viaxe a Occidente*, na que o autor substitúe as figuras da mitoloxía grega por personaxes, demos e artefactos máxicos da novela. Por exemplo, Sun Wukong substitúe a Hércules e Zhu Bajie ocupa o lugar de Perseo. Do mesmo xeito que as figuras árabes e persas substituíron as imaxes grecorromanas no Libro das estrelas fixas, isto pódese ver como un esforzo por localizar as imaxes das constelacións dentro dun contexto cultural chinés.Só para que o saibades, esta cultura do ceo única non está relacionada coa viaxe histórica de Xuanzang á India, nin se creou no século XVI, cando se publicou a novela. Nunca existiu historicamente e é puramente unha reinterpretación artística das constelacións modernas. Ó cambiar ó modo de visualización "por nome", aínda podedes ver os nomes estándar das constelacións da IAU (A cultura do ceo *Viaxe a Occidente* inclúe 84 das 88 constelacións estándar da IAU. As catro constelacións Circinus, Pictor, Pyxis e Telescopium non teñen figuras ou elementos correspondentes na historia).O propósito de crear esta cultura do ceo é atraer a máis nenos, especialmente na China e no leste de Asia, para que aprendan sobre as constelacións. *Viaxe a Occidente* ten maior influencia nestas rexións cá mitoloxía grega, e o autor agarda que mellore o interese e a memorización dos principiantes, do mesmo xeito que H. A. Rey empregou liñas de constelacións imaxinativas e etiquetas en inglés para facer as estrelas máis accesibles.

note: Modern (Journey to the West) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ![](illustrations/chart.png)
    
    If you wish to learn more about the *Journey to the West* sky culture or to own a beautifully illustrated constellation map based on the story, we highly recommend the books and celestial charts authored and illustrated by **Xu Gang**.
    
    https://item.jd.com/14924220.html
    
    https://item.jd.com/14406961.html
gl: ![](illustrations/chart.png)Se queres aprender máis sobre a cultura celeste de *Viaxe a Occidente* ou ter un mapa de constelacións fermosamente ilustrado baseado na historia, recomendámosche encarecidamente os libros e as cartas celestes escritos e ilustrados por **Xu Gang**.https://item.jd.com/14924220.htmlhttps://item.jd.com/14406961.html

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Yellow Wind Monster
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Ursa Minor*.
    
    A golden-furred marten spirit who captured Tang Monk and wounded Sun Wukong's eyes with his Samadhi Wind. Lingji Bodhisattva later subdued him.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Ursa Minor*.Un espírito de marta de pelaxe dourada que capturou o Monxe Tang e feriu os ollos de Sun Wukong co seu Vento Samadhi. O Bodhisattva Lingji someteuno máis tarde.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Black Bear Spirit
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Ursa Major*.
    
    A monster from Black Wind Mountain who stole Tang Monk's precious robe. He was later tamed by Guanyin and converted to Buddhism.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Ursa Major*.Un monstro do Monte do Vento Negro que roubou a preciosa túnica do Monxe Tang. Máis tarde foi domesticado por Guanyin e convertido ó budismo.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Dragon King of the Eastern Sea
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Draco*.
    
    The supreme ruler of the Four Seas and all aquatic creatures, appointed by the Jade Emperor.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Draco*.O gobernante supremo dos Catro Mares e de todas as criaturas acuáticas, nomeado polo Emperador de Xade.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Jade Emperor
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Cepheus*.
    
    The supreme ruler of Heaven.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Cefeus*.O gobernante supremo do Ceo.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Erlang Shen (Yang Jian)
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Bootes*.
    
    Also known as the True Lord Erlang, nephew of the Jade Emperor. A powerful deity who once captured Sun Wukong.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Bootes*.Tamén coñecido como o Verdadeiro Señor Erlang, sobriño do Emperador de Xade. Unha poderosa deidade que unha vez capturou a Sun Wukong.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Vairocana Hat
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Corona Borealis*.
    
    A monastic hat bestowed upon Tang Monk by Emperor Taizong of Tang, named for the Vairocana Buddha image adorning it.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Corona Borealis*.Un sombreiro monástico dado ó monxe Tang polo emperador Taizong de Tang, chamado así pola imaxe do Buda Vairocana que o adorna.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Great Sage Equalling Heaven (Sun Wukong)
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Hercules*.
    
    After defeating the Heavenly armies, Sun Wukong was given the hollow title "Great Sage Equalling Heaven." He was put in charge of the Peach Orchard but ended up stealing the peaches and ruining the Peach Banquet, leading to his rebellion.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Hercules*.Despois de derrotar os exércitos celestiais, Sun Wukong recibiu o título baleiro de "Gran Sabio Igual ó Ceo". Foi posto a cargo do Pomar dos Pexegos, pero acabou roubando os pexegos e arruinando o Banquete dos Pexegos, o que levou á súa rebelión.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Lute of the Heavenly King
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Lyra*.
    
    The lute held by Dhṛtarāṣṭra (the Heavenly King of the East).
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Lyra*.O laúde que sostén Dhṛtarāṣṭra (o Rei Celestial do Oriente).

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Mythical Azure Bird
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Cygnus*.
    
    A divine bird similar to a phoenix, often found in celestial mountains and blessed lands in *Journey to the West*.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Cygnus*.Unha ave divina semellante a un fénix, que se atopa a miúdo en montañas celestiais e terras benditas en *Viaxe a Occidente*.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Queen Mother of the West
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Cassiopeia*.
    
    The head of all female divinities. She hosts the Peach Banquet at the Jade Pool, which Sun Wukong famously disrupted.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Cassiopeia*.A xefa de todas as divindades femininas. Ela organizoua o Banquete do Pexego na Piscina de Xade, que Sun Wukong interrompeu.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Zhu Bajie
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Perseus*.
    
    In Chapter 79, Zhu Bajie kills a white-faced fox demon and drags it by the tail to present to the King of Bhīṣaṇa.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna de *Perseus*.No capítulo 79, Zhu Bajie mata un demo raposo de cara branca e arrástrao pola cola para presentalo ó rei de Bhīṣaṇa.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Keeper of the Heavenly Horses
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Auriga*.
    
    The lowly official title given to Sun Wukong when he was tricked into ascending to Heaven, tasked with tending horses.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Auriga*.O humilde título oficial que se lle deu a Sun Wukong cando foi enganado para ascender ó ceo, coa tarefa de coidar os cabalos.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Heavenly King Virūpākṣa
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Ophiuchus*.
    
    One of the Four Heavenly Kings, a divine general who guards the Heavenly Gate. His sacred treasure is the snake he holds.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Ophiuchus*.Un dos Catro Reis Celestiais, un xeneral divino que garda a Porta Celestial. O seu tesouro sagrado é a serpe que sostén.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Divine Serpent
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Serpens*.
    
    The magical implement of Virūpākṣa is a serpent imbued with immense spiritual power.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Serpens*.O instrumento máxico de Virūpākṣa é unha serpe imbuída dun inmenso poder espiritual.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Fire Arrow
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Sagitta*.
    
    One of the fire tools of the Fire Virtue Star Officer, used to assist Sun Wukong in a fire attack.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Sagitta*.Unha das ferramentas de lume do Oficial da Estrela da Virtude de Lume, empregada para axudar a Sun Wukong nun ataque de lume.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Golden-Winged Great Peng
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Aquila*.
    
    A mighty demon who established himself as king in the Kingdom of Lion-Camel. He allied with the Lion and Elephant demons to capture Tang Monk and was finally subdued by Buddha.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Aquila*.Un poderoso demo que se estableceu como rei no Reino do León-Camelo. Aliouse cos demos León e Elefante para capturar o Monxe Tang e finalmente foi sometido por Buda.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Zhu Bajie Transformed into a Catfish
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Delphinus*.
    
    Zhu Bajie transforms into a catfish and swims into the Hot-Filth Spring to harass the seven spider spirits.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Delphinus*.Zhu Bajie transfórmase nun peixe gato e nada cara á fonte de sucidade quente para acosar os sete espíritos araña.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Horse-Face
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Equuleus*.
    
    A denizen of the Underworld with a horse's head and a human body.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Equuleus*.Un habitante do inframundo con cabeza de cabalo e corpo humano.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Heavenly Steeds
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Pegasus*.
    
    Divine horses are kept in the Heavenly stables.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Pegasus*.Os cabalos divinos gárdanse nos estábulos celestiais.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Chang'e
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Andromeda*.
    
    A celestial maiden who resides in the Moon Palace.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Andromeda*.Unha doncela celestial que reside no Palacio da Lúa.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Black Vulture Flag
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Triangulum*.
    
    Owned by Zhenwu, the Celestial Honored One. In Chapter 33, Nezha unfurls this flag at the South Heaven Gate, blotting out the sun, moon, and stars.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Triangulum*.Posuída por Zhenwu, o Honrado Celestial. No capítulo 33, Nezha desprega esta bandeira na Porta Sur do Ceo, tapando o sol, a lúa e as estrelas.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Great Immortal Antelope
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Aries*.
    
    One of the three master magicians of Tarrycart. An antelope spirit who competes with Sun Wukong meets his end in a pot of boiling oil.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Aries*.Un dos tres mestres magos de Tarrycart. Un espírito antílope que compite con Sun Wukong atopa o seu fin nunha pota de aceite fervendo.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Bull Demon King
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Taurus*.
    
    Also known as the Great Sage Who Pacifies Heaven. A former sworn brother of Sun Wukong, his true form is a great white bull.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Taurus*.Tamén coñecido como o Gran Sabio que Pacifica o Ceo. Antigo irmán xurado de Sun Wukong, a súa verdadeira forma é a dun gran touro branco.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Golden Horn King & The Silver Horn King
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Gemini*.
    
    Two boys who tended Laozi's furnace. They stole five of Laozi's treasures and became demons on Earth.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna de *Gemini*.Dous rapaces que coidaban do forno de Laozi. Roubaron cinco dos tesouros de Laozi e convertéronse en demos na Terra.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Crab General
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Cancer*.
    
    A general serving under the Dragon King.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Cancer*.Un xeneral ó servizo do Rei Dragón.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Nine-Headed Lion
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Leo*.
    
    The mount of the Savior Celestial Honored One. He descended to the mortal world and was worshipped as a patriarch by other lions.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Leo*.O monte do Salvador Celestial Honrado. Descendeu ó mundo mortal e foi adorado como patriarca por outros leóns.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Queen of the Womanland
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Virgo*.
    
    The ruler of an all-female kingdom who wished to marry Tang Monk.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Virgo*.A gobernante dun reino exclusivamente feminino que desexaba casar co monxe Tang.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Luggage Pole
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Libra*.
    
    The pole carrying the luggage of the pilgrimage team.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna de *Libra*.O pau que leva a equipaxe do equipo de peregrinación.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Scorpion Spirit
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Scorpius*.
    
    A demoness who captured Tang Monk with a whirlwind as the pilgrimage team passed the Womanland.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Escorpio*.Unha demo que capturou o Monxe Tang cun remuíño mentres o equipo de peregrinación pasaba pola Terra das Mulleres.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Wooden Unicorn (Dou)
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Sagittarius*.
    
    One of the Twenty-Eight Lunar Mansions, who helped Sun Wukong capture three rhinoceros spirits.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna de *Sagittarius*.Unha das Vinte e Oito Mansións Lunares, que axudou a Sun Wukong a capturar tres espíritos rinoceronte.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Jade Dragon Transforming into a White Horse
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Capricornus*.
    
    The third son of the Dragon King of the Western Sea. As punishment, Guanyin transformed him into a white horse to carry Tang Monk. The image captures his hybrid dragon-horse form during transformation.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Capricornus*.O terceiro fillo do Rei Dragón do Mar Occidental. Como castigo, Guanyin transformouno nun cabalo branco para levar o Monxe Tang. A imaxe capta a súa forma híbrida de dragón-cabalo durante a transformación.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Guanyin (Avalokiteśvara)
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Aquarius*.
    
    The Bodhisattva who inspired the pilgrimage and frequently aided the team. Her vase can hold an entire ocean's worth of water.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Aquarius*.A Bodhisattva que inspirou a peregrinación e axudou con frecuencia ó equipo. O seu vaso pode conter o equivalente á auga dun océano enteiro.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Benborba & Baborben
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Pisces*.
    
    Two minor fiends under the Dragon King of the Green Wave Pool—a catfish and a black fish spirit—were captured by Sun Wukong.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna de *Pisces*.Dous demos menores baixo o Rei Dragón da Piscina de Ondas Verdes  —un peixe gato e un espírito peixe negro— foron capturados por Sun Wukong.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Water-Avoiding Golden-Eyed Beast
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Cetus*.
    
    The mount of the Bull Demon King, a mythical beast capable of traveling through the sky and sea.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Cetus*.A montura do Rei Demo Touro, unha besta mítica capaz de viaxar polo ceo e o mar.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Nezha
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Orion*.
    
    The Third Lotus Prince, son of Pagoda-Bearing Heavenly King Li. He assisted Sun Wukong in capturing the Bull Demon King.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna de *Orion*.O Terceiro Príncipe do Loto, fillo do rei celestial Li, portador de pagodas. Axudou a Sun Wukong a capturar o Rei Demo Touro.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Flowing-Sand River
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Eridanus*.
    
    The place where Sha Wujing was exiled, a river so wide and treacherous that goose down would sink.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna de *Eridanus*.O lugar onde Sha Wujing foi exiliado, un río tan ancho e traizoeiro que unha pluma de ganso afundiría.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Jade Hare
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Lepus*.
    
    The immortal hare of the Moon who pounds the elixir of life. She fled to the mortal world, disguised as a princess, and tried to marry Tang Monk.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Lepus*.A lebre inmortal da Lúa que machaca o elixir da vida. Fuxiu ó mundo mortal, disfrazada de princesa, e intentou casar co Monxe Tang.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Yellow Robe Monster
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Canis Major*.
    
    Originally, the Wood Wolf (Kui) of the Lunar Mansions. He became a demon to be with a mortal princess he loved.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Canis Major*.Orixinalmente, o Lobo de Bosque (Kui) das Mansións Lunares. Converteuse nun demo para estar cunha princesa mortal á que amaba.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Metal Dog (Lou)
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Canis Minor*.
    
    One of the Twenty-Eight Lunar Mansions.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Canis Minor*.Unha das vinte e oito mansións lunares.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Giant Red-Scaled Python
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Hydra*.
    
    A massive python that occupied Mount Seven Extremes.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Hydra*.Unha pitón enorme que ocupaba o Monte Sete Extremos.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Crystal Cup
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Crater*.
    
    The cup that Sha Wujing accidentally broke during a Peach Banquet, leading to his banishment.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Crater*.A copa que Sha Wujing rompeu accidentalmente durante un banquete de pexegos, o que levou ó seu desterro.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Fire Crow
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Corvus*.
    
    One of the fire tools of the Fire Virtue Star Officer.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Corvus*.Unha das ferramentas de lume do Oficial da Estrela da Virtude de Lume.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Wooden Dragon (Jiao)
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Centaurus*.
    
    One of the Twenty-Eight Lunar Mansions that helped capture the rhinoceros spirits.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Centaurus*.Unha das vinte e oito mansións lunares que axudaron a capturar os espíritos dos rinocerontes.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Iron-Backed Grey Wolf Fiend
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Lupus*.
    
    A minor fiend under the South Mountain King, appointed as a vanguard after capturing Tang Monk.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Lupus*.Un demo menor baixo o mando do Rei da Montaña do Sur, nomeado vangarda despois de capturar o Monxe Tang.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Flaming Mountains
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Ara*.
    
    A mountain range of fire was created when Sun Wukong kicked over Laozi's furnace, causing bricks to fall to Earth.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Ara*.Creouse unha cordilleira de lume cando Sun Wukong deu unha patada ó forno de Laozi, facendo que os ladrillos caesen á Terra.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Tight-Fillet
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Corona Australis*.
    
    A treasure from Buddha used by Tang Monk to subdue Sun Wukong. It tightens and causes an immense headache when the Tight-Fillet Spell is recited.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Corona Australis*.Un tesouro de Buda empregado polo monxe Tang para someter a Sun Wukong. Ténsase e causa unha inmensa dor de cabeza cando se recita o Feitizo de filete apretado.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Goldfish Monster
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Piscis Austrinus*.
    
    A goldfish from Guanyin's lotus pond that achieved powers by listening to sutras. He occupied the Tongtian River, and his weapon was an unopened lotus bud.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Piscis Austrinus*.Un peixe dourado do estanque de lotos de Guanyin que acadaba poderes escoitando sutras. Ocupaba o río Tongtian e a súa arma era un brote de loto sen abrir.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Hair of the Queen of Dharma-Defying Kingdom
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Coma Berenices*.
    
    To reform a king who vowed to kill 10,000 monks, Sun Wukong used magic to shave the heads of the entire royal court overnight.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Coma Berenices*.Para reformar un rei que xurou matar a 10.000 monxes, Sun Wukong usou a maxia para rapar as cabezas de toda a corte real durante a noite.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Demon-Subduing Pestle
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Crux*.
    
    A magical weapon of Nezha, sometimes depicted in a cross shape.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Crux*.Unha arma máxica de Nezha, ás veces representada en forma de cruz.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Parrot
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Columba*.
    
    A yellow-feathered, red-beaked, white parrot, the pet of Guanyin, is often seen accompanying her.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Columba*.Acompañándoa adoita verse un papagaio branco, de plumas amarelas e peteiro vermello, a mascota de Guanyin.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation White Deer
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Camelopardalis*.
    
    The mount of the Star of Longevity, who caused trouble in the Bhīṣaṇa Kingdom.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Camelopardalis*.O monte da Estrela da Lonxevidade, que causou problemas no Reino Bhīṣaṇa.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Great King One- Horned Rhinoceros
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Monoceros*.
    
    The Green Bull, the mount of Laozi, who stole the Vajra Noose and caused trouble on Earth.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Monoceros*.O Touro Verde, o monte de Laozi, que roubou a soga Vajra e causou problemas na Terra.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Moon Swallow (Wei)
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Apus*.
    
    One of the Twenty-Eight Lunar Mansions.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Apus*.Unha das vinte e oito mansións lunares.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Alligator Minister
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Chamaeleon*.
    
    A crocodile official in the Dragon Palace.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Chamaeleon*.Un crocodilo funcionario no Palacio do Dragón.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Mandarin Fish Matron
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Dorado*.
    
    A strategist who advised freezing the Tongtian River to capture Tang Monk.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Dorado*.Un estratega que aconsellou conxelar o río Tongtian para capturar o Monxe Tang.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Red-Crowned White Crane
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Grus*.
    
    The crane mount of Tai Bai Jin Xing, the Chinese deity of Venus.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Grus*.O monte da grúa de Tai Bai Jin Xing, a deidade chinesa de Venus.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation White-Spotted Snake Monster
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Hydrus*.
    
    A snake spirit disguised as a scholar, killed by Sun Wukong.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Hydrus*.Un espírito de serpe disfrazado de erudito, asasinado por Sun Wukong.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation King of Purpuria
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Indus*.
    
    A king was punished for hunting and harming a pair of peacocks, offspring of the Peacock Buddha Mother.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Indus*.Un rei foi castigado por cazar e ferir unha parella de pavos reais, descendentes da Nai Buda do Pavo Real.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Sleep-Inducing Insect
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Musca*.
    
    A small insect that causes drowsiness.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Musca*.Un pequeno insecto que causa somnolencia.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Male Peacock
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Pavo*.
    
    The offspring of the Peacock Buddha Mother, shot by the prince who would become the King of Purpuria.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Pavo*.A descendencia da Nai Buda Pavo Real, abatida polo príncipe que se convertería no rei de Purpuria.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Nine-Headed Monstrous Bird
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Phoenix*.
    
    A nine-headed monstrous bird who married the dragon princess and stole a sacred relic.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Phoenix*.Unha ave monstruosa de nove cabezas que casou coa princesa dragón e roubou unha reliquia sagrada.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Command Flag
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Triangulum Australe*.
    
    A triangular flag with the character "Ling" (Command), used by both heavenly troops and demons.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Triangulum Australe*.Unha bandeira triangular co carácter "Ling" (Comando), empregada tanto por tropas celestiais como por demos.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Thunder God
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Tucana*.
    
    The god of thunder, depicted with a bird-like beak.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Tucana*.O deus do trono, representado cun peteiro semellante ó dun paxaro.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Carp Commander
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Volans*.
    
    An aquatic officer in the Eastern Sea who presented a halberd to Sun Wukong.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Volans*.Un oficial acuático no Mar Oriental que lle presentou unha alabarda a Sun Wukong.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Howling Celestial Hound
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Canes Venatici*.
    
    Erlang Shen's sleek hound, which assisted in capturing Sun Wukong.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Canes Venatici*.O elegante sabuxo de Erlang Shen, que axudou a capturar a Sun Wukong.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Dragon Alligator
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Lacerta*.
    
    The nephew of the Dragon King of the Western Sea, who caused trouble in the Black River.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Lacerta*.O sobriño do Rei Dragón do Mar Occidental, que causou problemas no Río Negro.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Yellow Lion Spirit
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Leo Minor*.
    
    A lion spirit who stole the weapons of the pilgrims.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Leo Minor*.Un espírito león que roubou as armas dos peregrinos.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation South Mountain King
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Lynx*.
    
    A leopard spirit who captured Tang Monk using a clever stratagem.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Lynx*.Un espírito leopardo que capturou o Monxe Tang usando unha estrataxema intelixente.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Round Shield
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Scutum*.
    
    A common type of round shield in ancient times.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Scutum*.Un tipo común de escudo redondo na antigüidade.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Siming Spade
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Sextans*.
    
    The weapon of the Yellow Lion Spirit. "Siming" refers to the sun, moon, stars, and cosmos; its blade resembles a 60-degree arc.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Sextans*.A arma do Espírito León Amarelo. "Siming" refírese ó sol, á lúa, ás estrelas e ó cosmos; a súa lámina semella un arco de 60 graos.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Nine-Tailed Vixen
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Vulpecula*.
    
    The adoptive mother of the Golden and Silver Horn Kings, killed instantly by Sun Wukong.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Vulpecula*.A nai adoptiva dos Reis do Corno de Ouro e do Corno de Prata, asasinada ó instante por Sun Wukong.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Wind Bag
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Antlia*.
    
    A sack controlled by the Wind Mother, capable of releasing great gales.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Antlia*.Un saco controlado pola Nai do Vento, capaz de liberar grandes vendavais.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Thunder God's Wedge
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Caelum*.
    
    The tool used by the Duke of Thunder to create thunder.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Caelum*.A ferramenta empregada polo Duque do Trono para crear tronos.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Eight-Trigram Furnace
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Fornax*.
    
    Laozi's alchemical furnace was used to refine elixirs. Sun Wukong was trapped inside for 49 days.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Fornax*.O forno alquímico de Laozi utilizouse para refinar os elixires. Sun Wukong estivo atrapado dentro durante 49 días.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Watchman's Clapper (Bangzi)
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Horologium*.
    
    A bamboo or wooden clapper used by minor fiends for alarms or telling time.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Horologium*.Un badalo de bambú ou madeira usado por demos menores para alarmas ou para dar a hora.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Ling Sacred Mountain
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Mensa*.
    
    Located in the Western Paradise, it is the site of the Temple of Great Thunderclap, where Buddha resides—the final destination of the pilgrimage.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Mensa*.Situado no Paraíso Occidental, é o lugar onde se atopa o Templo do Gran Trono, onde reside Buda —o destino final da peregrinación.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Demon-Revealing Mirror
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Microscopium*.
    
    A treasure of Heavenly King Li that reveals a demon's true form.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Microscopium*.Un tesouro do Rei Celestial Li que revela a verdadeira forma dun demo.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Ferule
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Norma*.
    
    Used by the Patriarch Bodhi to hit Sun Wukong three times, hinting at a secret midnight lesson.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Norma*.Usada polo patriarca Bodhi para golpear Sun Wukong tres veces, insinuando unha lección secreta de medianoite.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Old Man of the South Pole
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Octans*.
    
    The Star of Longevity, whose identity is fused with the star Canopus. It is also known as the "South Pole Star" because Canopus was the southernmost bright star observable in ancient China.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Octans*. A Estrela da Lonxevidade, cuxa identidade se fusiona coa estrela Canopus. Tamén se coñece como a "Estrela do Polo Sur" porque Canopus era a estrela brillante máis meridional observable na antiga China.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Spider Web
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Reticulum*.
    
    Web spun by the spider spirits, used to trap Tang Monk and Zhu Bajie.
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Reticulum*.Tea tecida polos espíritos araña, usada para atrapar o Monxe Tang e Zhu Bajie.

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Jade Seal of Passage
en: Corresponding to the modern constellation *Sculptor*.
    
    A jade seal used to stamp the Travel Rescript (passport).
gl: Correspondente á constelación moderna *Sculptor*.Un selo de xade empregado para selar o Rescripto de Viaxe (pasaporte).

note: Description of Modern (Journey to the West) constellation Giant Soft- Shelled Turtle
en: Corresponding to the modern constellations *Carina, Puppis, Vela*.
    
    A 1,300-year-old turtle that carried the pilgrims across the Tongtian River.
gl: Correspondente ás constelacións modernas *Carina, Puppis, Vela*.Unha tartaruga de 1.300 anos que levou os peregrinos a través do río Tongtian.

note: Modern (Journey to the West) sky culture references section in markdown format
en: - [#1]: Xu Gang. (2025). Monkey King Star Quest: A Guide to the Constellations （《大闹星空：读西游识星座》 ）. Beijing: Posts & Telecom Press. ISBN 9787115653604.
     
    - [#2]: Xu Gang. (2025). Monkey King Star Quest: Celestial Chart （《大闹星空：西游星座图》）. Beijing: Posts & Telecom Press. ISBN：9787115658395.
gl: - [#1]: Xu Gang. (2025). Monkey King Star Quest: A Guide to the Constellations （《大闹星空：读西游识星座》 ）. Beijing: Posts & Telecom Press. ISBN 9787115653604. - [#2]: Xu Gang. (2025). Monkey King Star Quest: Celestial Chart （《大闹星空：西游星座图》）. Beijing: Posts & Telecom Press. ISBN：9787115658395.

note: Modern (Journey to the West) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed to Stellarium by **Xu Gang, He Yuan and Sun Shuwei**.
    
    Paintings & Text: Xu Gang（徐刚）, xg0205@163.com
    
    Stellarium Integration: He Yuan（何原）, heyuan9965@126.com
    
    Revision & Pinyin Transliteration: Sun Shuwei（孙殳玮）, sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com
gl: Esta cultura do ceo foi achegada a Stellarium por **Xu Gang, He Yuan e Sun Shuwei**.Pinturas e texto: Xu Gang（徐刚）, xg0205@163.comIntegración de Stellarium: He Yuan（何原）, heyuan9965@126.comRevisión e transliteración en pinyin: Sun Shuwei（孙殳玮）, sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com

note: Modern (H.A. Rey) sky culture name
en: Modern (H.A. Rey)
gl: Moderna (H.A. Rey)

note: Modern (H.A. Rey) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: During the 19th century the use and further editions of richly illustrated atlases with sumptuously engraved mythological figures fell out of fashion. The stars of the constellations in atlases of that time started to be shown connected with line patterns ("stick figures"), which however appear sometimes only to have been used to indicate which stars belong to which constellation. Over several decades the figures had ceased to resemble the figures they were named after and appeared incomprehensible to beginning stargazers in the middle of the 20th century.
gl: Durante o século XIX estaba de moda o uso de edicións de atlas ricamente ilustrados con figuras mitolóxicas suntuosamente gravadas. As estrelas das constelacións nos atlas daquela época comezaron a mostrarse relacionadas con patróns de liña ("figuras de pau"), que ás veces só parecen usarse para indicar a que estrelas pertencen as constelacións. Durante varias décadas, as figuras deixaron de semellarse ás figuras que lles daban nome e parecían incomprensibles nos inicios e mediados do século XX.

note: Modern (H.A. Rey) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: <img src="illustrations/Rey_cover.png" width="150" align="right"/> H. A. Rey (Hans Augusto Reyersbach) (1898-1977), an artist and author of children's books of German descent but emigrated to the USA, published his answer to this problem in 1952 with the book *The Stars - A New Way To See Them*[#1][#2].
    
    ### The Constellations
    
    In this book, which has become very popular especially in the US, Rey connected the stars of every constellation "in such a way that the resulting shape makes sense." What surprised him was "that nobody has done it before. The basic idea is so simple."
    
    Rey's new stick figures make it indeed very simple to recognize the depicted constellation figures. Rey's work does not include figurative artwork, therefore this sky culture deliberately only comes with Rey's original stick figures. The constellation names were also always given in English by Rey. If you switch to "Native" name display mode, you may see exactly the spelling used in his book. Also the stars named here are limited to those included in the book.
    
    ### Rey's Figures and the Classic Constellations
    
    Rey's constellations adhere to the tradition of the Western sky culture and describes the 88 officially acknowledged constellations, with addition of asterisms of the two Dippers and the "Great Square" (of Pegasus). However, at several points Rey's figures deviate from the canonical figures described since Ptolemy's Almagest (2nd century AD), where also positions of the stars in their constellations had been described in their names. For example,
    
     - Rey inverted the figure of the Great Bear (*Ursa Major*) to look like a polar bear scenting prey. This on one hand does not have the usual problem to explain its long tail. On the other hand, the bear is not shown to walk around the pole in this orientation.
     - The Bull (*Taurus*), only the front of which is shown with long upright horns in usual depictions, is shown with a complete body including its tail, with horns stretched wide like those of a buffalo. Its bright eye *Aldebaran* now lies in its neck.
     - The head of *Hercules* is usually next to the head of *Ophiuchus*, the serpent holder, and the four stars known as "keystone" form his body. Rey makes his head out of the keystone, and the star that usually marks the hero's head is now one of his feet.
     - The Whale (*Cetus*) has been turned around, its former mouth now forming a tail fin.
     - *Pegasus* exchanged feet and head.
     - *Bootes*, the herdsman, is shown sitting and smoking a pipe (no trace of political correctness in a children's book of the 1950s... :-)
    
    ### External links
    
     - [H.A.Rey (Wikipedia)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._A._Rey)
gl: <img src="illustrations/Rey_cover.png" width="150" align="right"/> H. A. Rey (Hans Augusto Reyersbach) (1898-1977), artista e autor de libros infantís de orixe alemá pero emigrado ós EUA, publicou a súa resposta a este problema en 1952 co libro *The Stars - A New Way To See Them*[#1][#2].
    
    ### As constelacións
    
    Neste libro, que se popularizou especialmente en Estados Unidos, Rey conectou as estrelas de cada constelación "de tal xeito que a forma resultante tivese sentido". O que o sorprendeu foi "que ninguén o fixera antes. A idea básica é tan sinxela".
    
    As novas figuras de Rey fan que sexa moi sinxelo recoñecer as figuras das constelacións representadas. A obra de Rey non inclúe obras de arte figurativas, polo que esta cultura do ceo vén deliberadamente só coas figuras orixinais de Rey. Rey tamén deu os nomes das constelacións en inglés. Se cambias ó modo de visualización de nomes "Nativos", pode que vexas exactamente a grafía empregada no seu libro. Tamén as estrelas nomeadas aquí se limítan ás incluídas no libro.
    
    ### Figuras de Rey e constelacións clásicas
    
    As constelacións de Rey adhírense á tradición da cultura do ceo occidental e describen as 88 constelacións oficialmente recoñecidas, engadindo asterismos dos dous culleróns e a "Praza Grande" (de Pegasus). Non obstante, en varios puntos as figuras de Rey desvíanse das figuras canónicas descritas desde o Almagest de Ptolomeo (século II d.C), onde tamén se describiron posicións das estrelas nas súas constelacións cos seus nomes. Por exemplo,
    
     - Rey inverteu a figura do Gran Oso (*Ursa Maior*) para parecer un oso polar cheirando presas. Isto por unha banda evita o problema habitual de explicar a súa longa cola. Por outra banda, non se mostra que o oso camiñe arredor do polo nesta orientación.
     - O Touro (*Taurus*), só na parte frontal amosa longos cornos en vertical; en representacións habituais móstrase cun corpo completo incluída a súa cola, con cornos estirados coma os dun búfalo. O seu brillante ollo *Aldebaraá* agora está no pescozo.
     - A cabeza de *Hércules* está usualmente xunto a cabeza de *Ophiuchus*, o portador da serpente e as catro estrelas coñecidas como "pedra mestra" forman o seu corpo. Rey pon a cabeza fóra da pedra clave e a estrela que adoita marcar a cabeza do heroe é agora un dos seus pés.
     - A Balea (*Cetus*) virouse, coa súa antiga boca formando agora unha aleta.
     - *Pegasus* mudou os pés e a cabeza.
     - *Bootes*, o pastor, móstrase sentado e fumando unha pipa (nin rastro de corrección política nun libro infantil da década de 1950 ... :-)
    
    ### Ligazóns externas
    
     - [H.A.Rey (Wikipedia)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._A._Rey)

note: Modern (H.A. Rey) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture used to be for a long time an easy user-installable addon example contributed by Mike Richards. It has been reworked following the 41st reprint and completed with this description by Georg Zotti.
gl: Esta cultura do ceo foi durante moito tempo un sinxelo exemplo de adición instalable polo usuario achegada por Mike Richards. Foi reelaborada tras a 41ª reimpresión e completada con esta descrición por Georg Zotti.

note: Modern (Sky & Telescope) sky culture name
en: Modern (Sky & Telescope)
gl: Moderna (Sky & Telescope)

note: Modern (Sky & Telescope) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Modern sky culture is used internationally by modern astronomers, and is the official scheme of The International Astronomical Union. It has historical roots in Ancient Greek astronomy, with influences from Islamic astronomy. The constellation figures and star names come from Sky & Telescope's definitions, and should be familiar to users of Sky & Telescope's Pocket Sky Atlas, Sky Atlas 2000.0, and the figures in Sky & Telescope magazine.
gl: A cultura do ceo moderno é utilizada internacionalmente polos astrónomos modernos, e é o esquema oficial da Unión Astronómica Internacional. Ten raíces históricas na astronomía grega antiga, con influencias da astronomía islámica. As figuras das constelacións e os nomes das estrelas proceden das definicións de Sky & Telescope, e deberían ser familiares para os usuarios de Pocket Sky Atlas de Sky & Telescope, Sky Atlas 2000.0 e as figuras da revista Sky & Telescope.

note: Modern (Sky & Telescope) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Constellations
    
    The modern culture divides the celestial sphere into 88 areas of various sizes called *constellations*, each with precise boundary, issued by the International Astronomical Union. These constellations have become the standard way to describe the sky, replacing similar sets in other sky cultures exhaustively in daily usage.
    
    Note: the Sky & Telescope sky culture does not provide constellation lines for Microscopium or Mensa.
    
    ### Star names
    
    The method used by Sky & Telescope to determine star names is detailed in the included *SnT_star_names.docx* file.
gl: ### Constelacións
    
    A cultura moderna divide a esfera celeste en 88 áreas de varios tamaños chamadas *constelacións*, cada unha cun límite preciso, emitido pola Unión Astronómica Internacional. Estas constelacións convertéronse na forma estándar de describir o ceo, substituíndo conxuntos similares noutras culturas celestes de forma exhaustiva no uso diario.
    
    Nota: a cultura celeste de Sky & Telescope non proporciona liñas de constelacións para Microscopium ou Mensa.
    
    ### Nomes das estrelas
    
    O método empregado por Sky & Telescope para determinar os nomes das estrelas detállase no ficheiro *SnT_star_names.docx* incluído.

note: Modern (Sky & Telescope) sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Sky & Telescope](https://www.skyandtelescope.com) homepage
     - [#2]: [Constellation](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation) article at Wikipedia
     - [#3]: [Star Catalogue](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_catalogue) article at Wikipedia
     - [#4]: [Official IAU constellation information](http://www.iau.org/public/constellations/)
     - [#5]: [ESO website as name reference](https://iauarchive.eso.org/public/themes/constellations/)
gl:  - [#1]: [Sky & Telescope](https://www.skyandtelescope.com) homepage
     - [#2]: [Constellation](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation) artigo en Wikipedia
     - [#3]: [Star Catalogue](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_catalogue) artigo en Wikipedia
     - [#4]: [Official IAU constellation information](http://www.iau.org/public/constellations/)
     - [#5]: [ESO website as name reference](https://iauarchive.eso.org/public/themes/constellations/)

note: Modern (Sky & Telescope) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: Paul Krizak <paul.krizak@gmail.com> and Jonathan E. Piskor <jonathan.e.piskor@gmail.com>, Extended by G. Zotti
gl: Paul Krizak <paul.krizak@gmail.com> e Jonathan E. Piskor <jonathan.e.piskor@gmail.com>, Ampliado por G. Zotti

note: Modern (Sternenkarten) sky culture name
en: Modern (Sternenkarten)
gl: Moderna (Sternenkarten)

note: Modern (Sternenkarten) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: ### Figures in the sky
    
    People have probably always looked up to the stars. Some of them might wonder, what those little dots of light meant, up there. In their thoughts they connected the stars to form images and thus created their very own constellations.
    
    Each culture had different ideas about what was going on in the night sky. And so each culture painted different figures in the sky. In the western world, a sky culture emerged that, along with other influences, was strongly influenced by Greek mythology. This western sky culture established itself as the standard in modern astronomy.
gl: ### Figuras no ceo 
    
    A xente probablemente sempre mirou para as estrelas. Algúns poderían preguntarse que significaban eses pequenos puntos de luz, alí arriba. Nos seus pensamentos conectaron as estrelas para formar imaxes e así crearon as súas propias constelacións. 
    Cada cultura tiña ideas diferentes sobre o que pasaba no ceo nocturno. E así cada cultura pintou diferentes figuras no ceo. No mundo occidental xurdiu unha cultura do ceo que, xunto con outras influencias, estivo fortemente influenciada pola mitoloxía grega. Esta cultura do ceo occidental estableceuse como o estándar da astronomía moderna.

note: Modern (Sternenkarten) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Division of the sky
    
    In 1922 the International Astronomical Union began to define this standard more precisely. 88 constellations were selected that covered the entire sky. The names and the boundaries of the 88 constellations were made binding, but not the historically created shapes of the constellations themselves.
    
    ### From image to constellation
    
    Greek mythology is rich in stories about gods and heroes. These stories have not been forgotten until today, among other things through the works of Hesiod and Homer. Atlases were created that showed the starry sky, illustrated with figures from Greek mythology. The stars in these figures were connected by lines, creating constellations. It was clear what these constellations were supposed to represent. But if you looked at the lines alone without the corresponding figures, the connection to the constellation was often no longer immediately understandable
    
    ### The stars, a new way to see them
    
    The children's book author H. A. Rey recognized this dilemma. He wondered why it had never occurred to anyone to draw the constellations so, that their shape made sense. He connected stars with lines and thus painted his own constellations. These constellations were intuitively recognizable, because the constellation lines themselves painted the images. H. A. Rey published his work under the title "The Stars. A New Way To See Them".
    
    ### The sky culture sternenkarten.com
    
    The sky culture sternenkarten.com is based on the idea of H. A. Rey to paint constellations in such a way, that they can be recognized intuitively. Some of the constellations, it contains, are more or less similar to those of H. A. Rey, others are based on the western standard sky culture. And still others have been completely redesigned.
    
    As far as possible, the following points have been implemented
    
     - Clear simple shapes
     - Intuitive recognizability
     - Recognizing is more important than the inclusion of many stars
     - Fainter stars are not considered because of the light pollution in the modern world
     - Triangles are easy to spot. That is why the characters wear triangular hats
    
    The following special features were built into the constellation culture:
    
     - The constellation Lynx uses a star from the constellation Great Bear
     - The constellation Snake is not divided into two parts. A complete snake is drawn
     - The star Alpheratz belongs to both the constellation Pegasus and the constellation Andromeda
    
    ### History of the sky culture sternenkarten.com
    
     - 2015: Photographing the night sky that can be seen from Germany.
     - 2015: Development of the sky culture sternenkarten.com
     - 2015: Drawing the constellations in the photos
     - 2016: Publication of the sky culture on the Internet
     - 2020: Adding to Kstars
     - 2021: Expanding with the constellations of the southern hemisphere
    
    Documentation: [Meine kleinen Sternenkarten](https://sternenkarten.com/die-sternbilder/)
gl: ### División do ceo
    
    En 1922 a Unión Astronómica Internacional comezou a definir este estándar con máis precisión. Seleccionáronse 88 constelacións que cubrían todo o ceo. Os nomes e os límites das 88 constelacións fixéronse vinculantes, pero non as formas historicamente creadas das propias constelacións.
    
    ### Da imaxe á constelación
    
    A mitoloxía grega é rica en historias sobre deuses e heroes. Estas historias non foron esquecidas ata hoxe, entre outras cousas debido ás obras de Hesíodo e Homero. Creáronse atlas que mostraban o ceo estrelado, ilustrado con figuras da mitoloxía grega. As estrelas destas figuras estaban conectadas por liñas, creando constelacións. Estaba claro o que debían representar estas constelacións. Pero ó mirar as liñas só, sen as figuras correspondentes, a conexión coa constelación moitas veces xa non era inmediatamente comprensible.
    
    ### As estrelas, unha nova forma de velas
    
    O autor de libros infantís H. A. Rey recoñeceu este dilema. Preguntouse por que nunca se lle ocorrera a ninguén debuxar as constelacións para que a súa forma tivese sentido. Conectou estrelas con liñas e así pintou as súas propias constelacións. Estas constelacións eran intuitivamente recoñecibles, porque as propias liñas das constelacións pintaban as imaxes. H. A. Rey publicou o seu traballo baixo o título "As estrelas. Unha nova forma de velas".
    
    ### A cultura do ceo sternenkarten.com
    
    A cultura do ceo sternenkarten.com baséase na idea de H. A. Rey de pintar constelacións de tal xeito que se poidan recoñecer intuitivamente. Algunhas das constelacións, que contén, son máis ou menos semellantes ás de H. A. Rey, outras están baseadas na cultura do ceo estándar occidental. E aínda outras foron completamente redeseñadas.
    
    Na medida do posible, aplicáronse os seguintes criterios
    
    - Limpiar formas sinxelas
    - Recoñecemento intuitivo
    - Recoñecer é máis importante cá inclusión de moitas estrelas
    - Non se consideran as estrelas máis débiles debido á contaminación lumínica no mundo moderno
    - Os triángulos son doados de detectar. Por iso os personaxes levan sombreiros triangulares
    
    As seguintes características especiais foron incorporadas á cultura da constelación:
    
    - A constelación Lynx usa unha estrela da constelación da Osa Maior
    - A constelación da Serpe non está dividida en dúas partes. Debúxase unha serpe completa
    - A estrela Alpheratz pertence tanto á constelación de Pegaso como á constelación de Andrómeda.
    
    ### Historia da cultura do ceo sternenkarten.com
    
    - 2015: Fotografando o ceo nocturno que se pode ver desde Alemaña.
    - 2015: Desenvolvemento da cultura do ceo sternenkarten.com
    - 2015: Debuxo das constelacións nas fotos
    - 2016: Publicación da cultura do ceo en Internet
    - 2020: Engadindo a Kstars
    - 2021: Expansión coas constelacións do hemisferio sur
    
    Documentación: [Meine kleinen Sternenkarten](https://sternenkarten.com/die-sternbilder/)

note: Mongolian sky culture name
en: Mongolian
gl: Mongol

note: Mongolian sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Mongolian constellations and cosmogony were inherited from the occidental civilisation notably by the contact with Alexander the Great and was largely influenced by Chinese civilisation and Buddhist religion, resulting in numerous myths and beliefs linked with what surrounds them. The local wild and fauna are the main themes of this skyculture. The wealth of Mongolian cosmogony is probably to link with the observation conditions for whom they benefit even now. In the past, the necessity for them to move and to get one's bearing even during the night and at different seasons, by searching the weather's mildness, is probably one of the element which developed their imagination facing the sky.
gl: As constelacións e a cosmogonía mongolas foron herdadas da civilización occidental, sobre todo polo contacto con Alexandre Magno e foron influenciadas en gran medida pola civilización chinesa e a relixión budista, dando lugar a numerosos mitos e crenzas vinculadas co que as rodea. A vida salvaxe e a fauna locais son os principais temas desta cultura celeste. A riqueza da cosmogonía mongol probablemente debe vincularse coas condicións de observación das que se benefician aínda agora. Antigamente, a necesidade de moverse e orientarse mesmo durante a noite e nas diferentes estacións, buscando o bo tempo, é probablemente un dos elementos que desenvolveu a súa imaxinación de cara ó ceo.

note: Mongolian sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Constellations
    
     Generally, stars represent animals turning around the North Star which is symbolized by the Golden Nail (*Altan Hadaas*). Almost all Mongolian asterisms are similar to those that we know. However some have other names like *Num Sum* (The Bow and the Arrow) for the constellation Swan, or *Doloon Burkhan* for the seven stars of the Big Dipper. The summer triangle made up of Vega, Deneb and Altair stars refers to three stags (*Gurvan Maral Od* in Mongolian). And Cassiopeia represents, in the Mongolian imagination, the Five Stars Woman (*Hun Tavan Od*).
    
    ### Planets and Stars
    
     Originally, Tibeto-Mongolian astrology calculates the positions of each of the planets visible with the naked eye. Because planets beyond Saturn are not visible without telescope (the instrument which appeared long time after the creation of their astrology), the Mongolians have attributed one of the five planets for each day of the week, completing with the Sun (*Nar*) for Sunday and the Moon (*Sar*) for Monday. The names of the Solar System's planets and Pluto have some peculiarities in Mongolian. Mercury is named *Bud* (associated with Wednesday), Venus, *Sugar* (associated with Friday), the Earth, *Delkhii*, Mars, *Angarag* (associated with Tuesday), Jupiter, *Barhasbadi* (associated with Thursday), Saturn, *Sanchir* (associated with Saturday), Uranus, *Tengeriin-van*, Neptune, *Dalai-van* and at last Pluto, *Dalkhii-van*. We can see that the three last, invisible to the naked eye and discovered long time after the others, have the characteristic to have the particle *-van* at the end of the name, indicating the princely status in Mongolian. Earth and Pluto are named similarly, except that this last one has this particle. It is possible to translate from Mongolian Pluto like "The princely ground" (ground and not Earth because it means here the surface on which we walk, not the Earth. Uranus, *Tengeriin-van*, could be translated as "princely sky", and Neptune, *Dalai-van*, as the "princely ocean". Nevertheless, this particle has no real equivalent in English, and translations above are presented to give an idea of the planet name's meaning. However, the names of the celestial bodies specified here come from Sanskrit (language spoken in India) and are largely used in the current language in Mongolia but in an unofficial way.
    
     It is also very interesting to see the tight link between terms designating other celestial bodies and their beliefs: indeed, *Tengeriin Zadas* appoints the Milky Way. We could literally translate this as the "Sky Line" (*Tengeriin* for the sky, which also means the god of the sky, and *Zadas* for the line). Well known in Mongolian star lore concerns Alcor, the star located above Mizar in the Greater Bear. It symbolises the recover and protection star. It was placed here by *Tengeriin* (god of heaven) to protect Mizar. To become an archer for Genghis Khan (13th century), it seemed that one had to be able to discern these two stars with the naked eye.
    
     From a historic point of view, this excellent knowledge of the sky goes back to *Ulug Beg* (AD1394-1449; *Taraghay* by his real name), astronomer, mathematician and viceroy in Samarkand whose empire spread as far as Central Asia. Turning away from his royal obligations, he examined celestial bodies and astronomical questions of his time. He is the first to extremely precisely measure Saturn's revolution period (*Sanchir*) with a sextant of 40 meters radius.
    
    ### Myths and Legends
    
    ### The Greater Bear
    
     Mongolians are particularly attached to the Great Bear. This constellation is limited for them to the seven Dipper stars making the bear's tail and body, but the legend concerning it is probably the most famous in Mongolia.
    
    > Once upon a time, there were eight orphan brothers gifted with outstanding capabilities living within a kingdom. The king and the queen lived within it peacefully. One day, a monster came and kidnapped the queen. The king asked the eight brothers to bring her back and said: "If one of you succeeds to rescue my beloved, I will give to him a golden arrow". The orphans went together to assist their queen. They searched the monster during two days and three nights, when in the middle of the third night, they found and killed the monster. They brought back the queen in the castle.
    >
    > The king did not split the arrow in eight parts, he decided to throw it into the sky. The first to catch it should keep it. The younger brother succeeded the test and changed immediately into the North Star (Polar Star). The seven others changed into the seven gods, the seven Buddhas visiting their younger brother every night. The name *Doloon burkhan* (the Seven Buddhas) come from this legend to appoint the Great Bear and the Golden Nail, *Altan Hadaas*, the Polar Star.
    
     A tradition, particularly delightful, concerns the link between Mongolian people and the Greater Bear as one star of this constellation is attributed to each of them. It depends on their birth year in the Chinese calendar. Chinese and Mongolian calendars have some similarities (the Mongolian calendar is a lunar calendar). Each year is symbolized by an animal, itself associated to a star of the constellation Greater Bear. The first, Dubhe, corresponds to the rat's year, the second, Merak, corresponds to the ox and so on until the end of the Great Bear's tail where Alkaid symbolizes the year of the horse. Then we come back to the first, the sheep year and we repeat the same way until the twelfth and latest year of the Chinese calendar, the one of the pig. Therefore, the two stars at the end of the tail are assigned one time only.
    
    [Note by G. Zotti: This is a variant of the old Seven Buddha Sutra described by *Elverskog* [#2]. There however, the association of the stars goes in an up-and-down movement, i.e., Dubhe/Rat, Merak/Ox, ... Mizar/Snake, Alkaid/Horse, Mizar/Goat, ... Merak/Pig.]
     <img src="illustrations/doloon_burkhan.png" width="550">
    
    ### Shooting stars
    
     Shooting stars have also a specific meaning: they are personified through their beliefs. When they see these shooting stars they imagine that it is a star which falls from the sky and which symbolizes somebody who just died. Whereas occidental people make a wish, Mongolians say: "Phew, it is not me!"
    
    ### Neglected Legends
    
     Three legends just as rich in meaning concern the Sun, eclipses and *Hun Tavan Od* (Cassiopeia). However, they are nowadays neglected and almost forgotten by most Mongolians:
    
    #### Sun
    
    > At the origin of the world, there was only one man and vast particularly dry meadows, burned by the seven suns which lit the world. This man, a very good archer, made the promise to the gods that he pierced all these suns without missing a target even once. If he should fail, he would cut himself all the fingers one by one and leave to live in a hole like a marmot (groundhog) to ward off the curse that would weigh on him. He took his bow, pulled a first arrow and hit his target. A second, a third until the sixth which destroyed the suns. He finished by pulling his seventh arrow towards the last sun, when a swallow flew off and passed through its direction. The bird was hit. The man had not reached his goal, so he left towards exile in a hole, cut his fingers and turned into a marmot. The swallow had just saved our Sun, otherwise all life would have disappeared from the world's surface.
    
     We have to see here a parallel with the number seven, important in the Mongolian culture like all odd numbers. They bring luck in the buddhist religion.
    
    #### Eclipses
    
    > At that time lived a scary monster named *Raah* which frightened the entire world. He devoured all who were in its way. The god *Orchiwaani* owned a magic spring: whoever drank from it became immortal. One day, *Raah* stole the spring and drunk. The Moon and the Sun caught the monster in the act and reported to *Orchiwaani*. Seething with rage to hear about this piece of news he went to fight the monster. He cut its head many times but it grew again immediately because *Raah* had become immortal. He thought then to cut its tail in order to allow all that it ate to leave again directly. Just as *Orchiwaani* would seize the monster to finish it off, it escaped and disappeared between the Moon and the Sun. Then *Orchiwaani* asked the Moon, who recaptured *Raah* and cut its rump and its tail. In revenge, the monster comes back sometimes to eat the Moon or the Sun which exit immediately, giving rise to moon and solar eclipses.
    
    When there is an eclipse, Mongolians know that it means that *Raah* devours the Moon or the Sun and they make a lot of noise so that the monster liberates the eclipsed star. In the 13th century, Guillaume de Rubruck wrote:
    
    > "Some [Mongolian people] have knowledge in astronomy and predict them [to other Mongolian people] the Lunar and Solar eclipses and, when it is about to produce one, everybody stocks up on food because they do not pass the door of their habitation. And while the eclipse happened, they play the drum and instruments and do big noise and clamors. When the eclipse is finished, they devote themselves to beverage and festivity and do big party."
    
    (Source: [#1])
    
    Eclipse travelers in 2008 still witnessed drivers and cooks hiding in their tents and making noise with the pots. It seemed authentic, not a show for the tourists. Also note the similarity of *Raah* with Indian *Rahu*.
    
    #### Cassiopeia (*Hun Tavan Od*)
    
    Cassiopeia (*Hun Tavan Od*) symbolises unity, brotherhood, solidarity for the Mongolians. The constellation's five stars represent unity of the five children of Genghis Khan's wife, Oulin.
    
    > Them did not get well along with each other and squabbled all the time. Their mother decided to strongly tie five ropes, and each one should try to untie a knot. If they succeeded, it meant that they didn't remain united with each other, and that the brotherhood didn't gather in hard times. Conversely, if the knots withstood the test, the five brothers would remain united and close for the rest of their lives and would be victorious at the time of wars.
    
    ### Other Beliefs Linked to the Sky
    
    According to a Mongolian legend, a woman devoting herself to count one hundred stars in the sky will dream about her future husband.
    
     Sometimes, Mongolians honor the Greater Bear (*Doloon Burkhan*) by throwing milk in its direction. Milk, of white color, symbolizes purity in Mongolia. They pray so that something may be fulfilled, but for several persons, not for just one person, because this would bring bad luck. Milk can be replaced by vodka which, even if it is colorless, symbolizes the dark color and the strength for Mongolians. By doing this, it avoids bad luck, quarrels, fear and fends off evil spirits.
    
    ### Conclusion
    
     The constellations are inspired by occidental ones, but the Mongolian cosmogony, briefly exposed here, highlights a notable identity of beliefs which are associated with it. Mongolian culture and knowledge transmission is essentially oral, and so few written traces exist about these subjects. It is therefore particularly hard to relate their cosmogony with high fidelity and precision. In order to preserve knowledge about this cosmogony, every observation, suggestions or collaboration are welcome!
    
    ### Acknowledgements and Further Reading
    
     - Bayrlalaa (thank you) to Mongolians, for their kindness and their help in the gathering of these informations about their culture and their cosmogony
     - [L'Uranoscope de France](http://uranoscope.free.fr)
     - [ L'Association Française d'Astronomie / The French Astronomy Association](http://www.afanet.fr)
     - [OutOfNowhere](http://www.outofnowhere.asia)
gl: ### Constelacións 
    
    Xeralmente, as estrelas representan animais que xiran arredor da Estrela Polar que está simbolizada pola Unlla Dourada (*Altan Hadaas*). Case todos os asterismos mongois son similares ós que coñecemos. Non obstante, algúns teñen outros nomes como *Num Sum* (O arco e a frecha) para a constelación do Cisne, ou *Doloon Burkhan* para as sete estrelas da Osa Maior. O triángulo de verán composto polas estrelas Vega, Deneb e Altair refírese a tres cervos (*Gurvan Maral Od* en mongol). E Casiopea representa, no imaxinario mongol, a Muller das Cinco Estrelas (*Hun Tavan Od*).
    
    ### Planetas e estrelas 
    
    Orixinalmente, a astroloxía tibeto-mongol calcula as posicións de cada un dos planetas visibles a simple vista. Debido a que os planetas máis aló de Saturno non son visibles sen telescopio (un instrumento que apareceu moito tempo despois da creación da súa astroloxía), os mongois atribuíron un dos cinco planetas para cada día da semana, completando co Sol (*Nar*) para o domingo e a Lúa (*Sar*) para o luns. Os nomes dos planetas do Sistema Solar e de Plutón teñen algunhas peculiaridades en mongol. Mercurio chámase *Bud* (asociado ó mércores), Venus, *Sugar* (asociado ó venres), a Terra, *Delkhii*, Marte, *Angarag* (asociado ó martes), Xúpiter, *Barhasbadi* (asociado ó xoves), Saturno, *Sanchir* (asociado ó sábado), Uranus, *Dalaiptune,*Dalaengeriinune,*Dalai-van* e por último Plutón, *Dalkhii-van*. Podemos ver que os tres últimos, invisibles a simple vista e descubertos moito tempo despois dos outros, teñen a característica de ter a partícula *-van* ó final do nome, indicando o estado de principe en mongol. A Terra e Plutón reciben o mesmo nome, agás que este último ten esta partícula. Pódese traducir do mongol Plutón como "A terra do príncipe" (terra e non Terra porque aquí significa a superficie pola que camiñamos, non a Terra. Urano, *Tengerin-van*, podería traducirse como "ceo do príncipe", e Neptuno, *Dalai-van*, como o "océano do príncipe". Con todo, esta partícula non ten un significado real e equivalente de planeta en galego. Porén, os nomes dos corpos celestes aquí especificados proceden do sánscrito (lingua falada na India) e úsanse en gran parte na lingua actual en Mongolia pero de forma non oficial. 
    
    Tamén é moi interesante ver a estreita ligazón entre os termos que designan outros corpos celestes e as súas crenzas: de feito, *Tengerin Zadas* nomea a Vía Láctea. Poderiamos traducir isto literalmente como a "Liña do ceo" (*Tengerin* para o ceo, que tamén significa o deus do ceo, e *Zadas* para a liña). Ben coñecido na tradición estelar mongol ten que ver con Alcor, a estrela situada por riba de Mizar na Osa Maior. Simboliza a estrela de recuperación e protección. Foi colocado aquí por *Tengerin* (deus do ceo) para protexer a Mizar. Para converterse nun arqueiro de Genghis Khan (século XIII), seica había que ser capaz de discernir estas dúas estrelas a simple vista. 
    
    Desde un punto de vista histórico, este excelente coñecemento do ceo remóntase a *Ulug Beg* (1394-1449 d. C.; *Taraghay* polo seu verdadeiro nome), astrónomo, matemático e virrei de Samarcanda cuxo imperio se estendeu ata Asia Central. Afastándose das súas obrigas reais, examinou os corpos celestes e as cuestións astronómicas do seu tempo. É o primeiro en medir con extrema precisión o período de revolución de Saturno (*Sanchir*) cun sextante de 40 metros de radio.
    
    ### Mitos e lendas
    
    ### A Osa Maior 
    
    Os mongoles están especialmente apegados á Osa Maior. Esta constelación limítase para eles ás sete estrelas da Culler que forman a cola e o corpo do oso, pero a lenda sobre ela é probablemente a máis famosa de Mongolia.
    
    > Había unha vez oito irmáns orfos dotados de capacidades sobresalientes que vivían nun reino. O rei e a raíña vivían nel en paz. Un día veu un monstro e secuestrou a raíña. O rei pediulle ós oito irmáns que a trouxesen de volta e dixo: "Se algún de vós logra rescatar a miña amada, dareille unha frecha de ouro". Os orfos foron xuntos para axudar a súa raíña. Buscaron o monstro durante dous días e tres noites, cando no medio da terceira noite, o atoparon e mataron. Trouxeron de volta á raíña no castelo.
    >
    > O rei non partiu a frecha en oito partes, decidiu botala ó ceo. O primeiro en collela debe gardala. O irmán máis novo conseguina e mudou inmediatamente na Estrela do Norte (Estrela Polar). Os outros sete transformáronse nos sete deuses, os sete Budas visitaban o seu irmán menor todas as noites. O nome *Doloon burkhan* (os Sete Budas) provén desta lenda para nomear a Osa Maior e a Unlla de Ouro, *Altan Hadaas*, a Estrela Polar.
    
     Unha tradición, especialmente deliciosa, refírese ó vínculo entre o pobo mongol e a Osa Maior, xa que se atribúe a cada pobo unha estrela desta constelación. Depende do ano de nacemento no calendario chinés. Os calendarios chinés e mongol teñen algunhas semellanzas (o calendario mongol é un calendario lunar). Cada ano está simbolizado por un animal, asociado a unha estrela da constelación da Osa Maior. O primeiro, Dubhe, corresponde ó ano da rata, o segundo, Merak, corresponde ó boi e así ata o final do rabo da Osa Maior onde Alkaid simboliza o ano do cabalo. Despois volvemos ó primeiro, o ano das ovellas e repetimos igual ata o duodécimo e último ano do calendario chinés, o do porco. Polo tanto, as dúas estrelas ó final da cola son asignadas só unha vez.
    
    [Nota de G. Zotti: Esta é unha variante do antigo Sutra dos Sete Budas descrito por *Elverskog* [#2]. Alí, porén, a asociación das estrelas vai nun movemento de arriba abaixo, é dicir, Dubhe/Rata, Merak/Boi, ... Mizar/Serpe, Alkaid/Cabalo, Mizar/Cabra, ... Merak/Porco.]
     <img src="illustrations/doloon_burkhan.png" width="550">
    
    ### Estrelas fugaces 
    
    As estrelas fugaces tamén teñen un significado específico: son personificadas de acordo coas súas crenzas. Cando ven estas estrelas fugaces imaxinan que é unha estrela que cae do ceo e que simboliza que alguén acaba de morrer. Mentres os occidentais piden un desexo, os mongois din: "Uf, non son eu!"
    
    ### Lendas esquecidas
    
    Tres lendas igualmente ricas en significado concernen ó Sol, as eclipses e a *Hun Tavan Od* (Casiopea). Non obstante, hoxe en día están case esquecidas pola maioría dos mongois:
    
    #### Sol
    
    > Na orixe do mundo, só había un home e vastas pradeiras especialmente secas, queimadas polos sete soles que iluminaban o mundo. Este home, moi bo arqueiro, prometeulles ós deuses que atravesaría todos estes soles sen saltar ningún nin unha soa vez. Se fallaba, cortaríase todos os dedos un por un e marcharía a vivir nun burato coma unha marmota para afastar a maldición que pesaría sobre el. Colleu o seu arco, tirou unha primeira frecha e alcanzou o seu obxectivo. Un segundo, un terceiro ata o sexto, que destruíu os soles. Rematou tirando a súa sétima frecha cara ó último sol, cando unha andoriña voou e interpúxose. O paxaro foi alcanzado. O home non conseguira o seu obxectivo, polo que marchou cara ó exilio nun burato, cortouse os dedos e converteuse nunha marmota. A andoriña acababa de salvar o noso Sol, se non, toda a vida tería desaparecido da superficie do mundo. 
    
    Temos que ver aquí un paralelismo co número sete, importante na cultura mongol como todos os números impares. Traen sorte na relixión budista.
    
    #### Eclipses
    
    > Daquela vivía un monstro aterrador chamado *Raah* que amedrentaba o mundo enteiro. Devoraba ​​a todos os que atopaba no seu camiño. O deus *Orchiwaani* posuía un manancial máxico: quen bebía del convertíase en inmortal. Un día, *Raah* roubou o manancial e bebeu. A Lúa e o Sol pillaron ó monstro in fraganti e informaron a *Orchiwaani*. Fervendo de rabia ó escoitar esta noticia foi loitar contra o monstro. Cortoulle a cabeza moitas veces, pero volveulle crecer inmediatamente porque *Raah* se fixera inmortal. Pensou entón en cortarlle o rabo para que todo o que comía saíse de novo directamente. Xusto cando *Orchiwaani* se dispoñía a capturar o monstro para acabar con el, este escapou e desapareceu entre a Lúa e o Sol. Entón *Orchiwaani* preguntoulle á Lúa, que capturou a *Raah* e cortoulle o rabo. En vinganza, o monstro volve ás veces para comer a Lúa ou o Sol, que saen ó pouco, dando lugar a eclipses de lúa e sol.
    
    Cando hai unha eclipse, os mongois saben que significa que *Raah* devora a Lúa ou o Sol e fan moito ruído para que o monstro libere a estrela eclipsada. No século XIII, Guillaume de Rubruck escribiu:
    
    > "Algúns [mogois] teñen coñecementos en astronomía e predinlles [a outros pobos mongois] as eclipses de Lúa e de Sol e, cando está a piques de se producir un, todo o mundo se abastece de alimentos porque non pasan pola porta da súa vivenda. E mentres ocorre o eclipse, tocan o tambor e os instrumentos e fan moito ruído e clamores. Cando o eclipse remata dedícanse á bebida e fan unha gran festa".
    
    (Fonte: [#1])
    
    Os viaxeiros da Eclipse en 2008 aínda foron testemuñas de condutores e cociñeiros agochados nas súas tendas e facendo ruído coas potas. Parecía auténtico, non un espectáculo para os turistas. Téñase en conta tamén a semellanza de *Raah* co indio *Rahu*.
    
    #### Casiopea (*Hun Tavan Od*)
    
    Casiopea (*Hun Tavan Od*) simboliza a unidade, a fraternidade, a solidariedade para os mongois. As cinco estrelas da constelación representan a unidade dos cinco fillos da muller de Genghis Khan, Oulin.
    
    > Non se levaban ben entre si e rifaban todo o tempo. A súa nai decidiu amarrar con forza cinco cordas, e cada un debería tentar desatar o nó. Se o conseguían, significaba que non se mantiveron unidos entre si, e que a irmandade non se reuniu nos tempos difíciles. Pola contra, se os nós resistían a proba, os cinco irmáns permanecerían unidos durante o resto da súa vida e sairían vitoriosos nos tempos das guerras.
    
    ### Outras crenzas vinculadas ó ceo
    
    Segundo unha lenda mongol, unha muller que conta cen estrelas no ceo soñará co seu futuro marido. 
    
    Ás veces, os mongoles honran á Osa Maior (*Doloon iBurkhan*) botando leite na súa dirección. O leite, de cor branca, simboliza a pureza en Mongolia. Rezan para que algo se cumpra, pero por varias persoas, non por unha soa, porque iso traería mala sorte. O leite pode ser substituído por vodka que, aínda que sexa incoloro, simboliza a cor escura e a forza para os mongois. Ó facelo, evitan a mala sorte, as pelexas, o medo e afástase ós malos espíritos.
    
    ### Conclusión 
    
    As constelacións están inspiradas nas occidentais, pero a cosmogonía mongol, brevemente exposta aquí, destaca unha notable identidade de crenzas que se asocian a ela. A cultura e a transmisión do coñecemento mongol son esencialmente orais, polo que hai poucos rastros escritos sobre estes temas. Polo tanto, é especialmente difícil relacionar a súa cosmogonía con alta fidelidade e precisión. Para preservar o coñecemento desta cosmogonía, todas as observacións, suxestións ou colaboracións son benvidas!### Agradecementos e lecturas complementarias - Bayrlalaa (grazas) ós mongois, pola súa amabilidade e a súa axuda na recollida destas informacións sobre a súa cultura e a súa cosmogonía. - [ L'Association Française d'Astronomie / A Asociación Francesa de Astronomía](http://www.afanet.fr) - [OutOfNowhere](http://www.outofnowhere.asia)

note: Mongolian sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: *Les astres chez les Turcs et les Mongols* by Jean-Paul Roux (French). *Revue de l'histoire des religions*, tome 195 n°2, 1979. pp; 153-192.
     - [#2]: [Johan Elverskog: The Mongolian Big Dipper Sutra. ](https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8974/2867) Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 29 Nr1 2006(2008), pp87-123.
gl:  - [#1]: *Les astres chez les Turcs et les Mongols* de Jean-Paul Roux (French). *Revue de l'histoire des religions*, tome 195 n°2, 1979. pp; 153-192.
     - [#2]: [Johan Elverskog: The Mongolian Big Dipper Sutra. ](https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8974/2867) Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 29 Nr1 2006(2008), pp87-123.

note: Mongolian sky culture authors section in markdown format
en:  This skyculture is a contribution from two users of Stellarium, **Anthony Lagain** (anthony.lagain(at)gmail.com) and **Batiste Rousseau** (batiste.rousseau(at)gmail.com) mainly based on oral tales of numerous Mongolians met during a two months stay in Mongolia. To learn more about them: [www.souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com](http://souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com/) (in French).
gl:  A esta cultura do ceo contribuíron dous usuarios de Stellarium, **Anthony Lagain** (anthony.lagain(at)gmail.com) e **Batiste Rousseau** (batiste.rousseau(at)gmail.com) baseándose principalmente en contos orais de numerosos mongois coñecidos durante unha estadía de dous meses en Mongolia. Para saber máis sobre eles: [www.souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com](http://souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com/) (en Francés).

note: Navajo sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Navajo are the largest Native American tribe in the United States; the Navajo Nation extends across northeastern Arizona, southeastern Utah, and northwestern New Mexico.
gl: Os Navajo son a maior tribo nativo americana dos Estados Unidos; a nación navajo esténdese polo nordés de Arizona, o sueste de Utah e o noroeste de Novo México.

note: Navajo sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by *Karrie Berglund* of Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. based primarily on the book **Star Trails-Navajo** by Don Childrey.
gl: A esta cultura do ceo contribuíu *Karrie Berglund* de Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc.baseándose primariamente no libro **Star Trails-Navajo** de Don Childrey.

note: Norse sky culture name
en: Norse
gl: Nórdico

note: Norse sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Norse Constellations](http://digitaliseducation.com/resources-norse.html)
gl:  - [#1]: [Constelacións nórdicas](http://digitaliseducation.com/resources-norse.html)

note: Norse sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user *Jonas Persson*, jonas.persson(at)mna.hkr.se
gl: A esta cultura do ceo para Stellarium contribuíu *Jonas Persson*, jonas.persson(at)mna.hkr.se

note: Norse (Edda) sky culture name
en: Norse (Edda)
gl: Nórdico (Edda)

note: Norse (Edda) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: In the 13th century, Snorri Sturluson provided the most comprehensive documentation of myths from Old Norse culture that we know of today in his Edda. In this sky culture, the Eddic myths are to be brought into the sky in the form of constellations. Since there are no records of constellations from this time and region, the reconstruction of these constellations is not always certain (in some cases even speculative). In our visualisations we follow various literary scholars who found parallels to Norse mythology in the Edda.
gl: No século XIII, Snorri Sturluson proporcionou a documentación máis completa dos mitos da cultura nórdica antiga que coñecemos hoxe na súa Edda. Nesta cultura celeste, os mitos eddos deben ser traídos ó ceo en forma de constelacións. Dado que non hai rexistros de constelacións desta época e rexión, a reconstrución destas constelacións non sempre é correcta (nalgúns casos incluso é especulativa). Nas nosas visualizacións seguimos a varios estudosos literarios que atoparon paralelismos coa mitoloxía nórdica na Edda.

note: Norse (Edda) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: The Eddic myths were widespread in the North Germanic cultural area, which encompasses present-day Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Iceland). They were written down in the 13th century in Iceland, predominantly in two literary works, the Prose Edda and the Poetic Edda, this way representing the most important sources of our knowledge on Norse mythology. The culture referred to here therefore includes the North Germanic peoples from the 13th century and earlier. An important factor in observing the sky at this latitude is the brightness of the midnight sun in summer. During several weeks, the sky at Iceland's latitude does not get dark or only for a very short time, which severely limits the possibility of observing stars during this period. Given the fact that Snorri’s Edda was written in Iceland and under the assumption that some of the myths describe celestial phenomena, this plays an important role in the localization of assumed constellations: for instance, the modern constellation of Scorpius, the Scorpion, is hardly visible, so, it won't be identified with any Norse constellation. More information and discussion of each one of the (hypothetical) constellations will be given in the All Skies Encyclopaedia.
    
    ### Sky
    
    The origin of the Eddic myths remains disputed (Jonsson 1994 [#3], p. 41). In recent decades, some attempts have been made to map the sagas of the Edda onto constellations in the night sky. However, this fact does not negate Snorri's statement that the phenomena he describes are quite literally located in the sky (Sigurdson 2022 [#7], p. 239). Snorri Sturluson provides a systematic, sequential description of mythological cosmogony in his Edda. Gangleri, the protagonist of Gylfaginning, is told that in the beginning lights were assigned a staðr (place) and a path in the sky. Their movements marked the passage of time. The Sun is given salir (halls) and the stars staðir (places) by the gods (Æsir). These are the key terms in Gylfaginning for celestial locations and phenomena (Sigurdson 2022 [#7], p. 239). After that several places in the sky are described, some of which can be found here as constellations. The sky itself was created by the Æsir from the skull of the primeval giant Ymir, whom they had slain (Sturluson 2017 [#9], p. 21). Subsequently, they took sparks that had flown from Muspelheim, the realm of fire, and set them in the sky as stars (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 22).
    
    ### Constellations
    
    Although many Eddic constellations are based on on many assumptions and guesses, those that are also mentioned in the Rimtöl-gloss (Úlfs Keptr, Asar Bardagi, Fiskikarlar) are described with more certainty. The only constellations the Edda specifically describes as stars are Aurvandils tá and Þjaza augu. 
    
    ### Moon and Sun
    
    Due to the geographical latitude at which many inhabitants of ancient Scandinavia lived, summers are very bright and winters very dark. At the latitude of Iceland, there are even several weeks in summer during which hardly any stars can be observed at night. Likewise, there are several weeks in winter when the sun is barely visible and the moon rises only a few degrees above the horizon (or not at all, depending on its orbit's position). Under these unreliable conditions, it is unlikely that Old Norse peoples maintained detailed calendars based on the sun or the moon. In Eddic mythology, the sun and the moon are personified as the children of Mundilfari. The son, Mani, steers the course of the moon, and the daughter, Sol, that of the sun (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 24). Neither may ever stop on their paths, for both are pursued by wolves that wish to devour them. The wolf chasing the sun is called Sköll, and the one chasing the moon is called Hati. When Ragnarök begins, the downfall of the gods, both will be devoured by the wolves (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 25).
    
    ### Planets
    
    Due to the lack of reliable sources, planets are excluded from this sky culture. 
    
    ### Zodiac
    
    Considering that some parts of the zodiac are not visible at all throughout the year at Iceland’s latitude, and that almost no constellations can be observed during the summer, no attempt has been made here to include a zodiac. The same goes for a lunar system.
    
    ### Milky Way
    
    In this model, the Milky Way serves as the embodiment of the world tree Yggdrasil. This ash tree is the largest and best of all trees, and its branches spread across the entire world (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 28). It has three roots, and beneath each one is a spring. Several literary scholars believe that locating Yggdrasil in the sky would be useful for understanding the topography of the Eddic myths. However, this is contradicted by the description of animals living in the tree (Lorenz 1984 [#5], p. 241). If we assume that the animals mentioned, such as squirrels and eagles, are also celestial objects/ constellations, then Yggdrasil forms a super-constellation containing these constellations, and equating it with the Milky Way becomes rather inevitable. Sigurdson (2022) [#7] and Jonsson (1994) [#3] also believe that this translucent white tree in the sky should be understood as a mythical analogue of the Milky Way (Sigurdson 2022 [#7], p. 238). 
    
    ![](illustrations/MilkyWay_Edda.png)
gl: Os mitos eddos estaban moi estendidos na área cultural xermánica setentrional, que abrangue a actual Escandinavia (Dinamarca, Noruega, Suecia, Islandia). Foron escritos no século XIII en Islandia, principalmente en dúas obras literarias, a Edda en prosa e a Edda poética, representando así as fontes máis importantes do noso coñecemento sobre a mitoloxía nórdica. Polo tanto, a cultura á que nos referimos aquí inclúe os pobos xermánicos setentrionais do século XIII e anteriores. Un factor importante para observar o ceo a esta latitude é o brillo do sol de medianoite no verán. Durante varias semanas, o ceo á latitude de Islandia non se escurece ou só durante un período moi curto, o que limita gravemente a posibilidade de observar estrelas durante este período. Dado que a Edda de Snorri foi escrita en Islandia e baixo a suposición de que algúns dos mitos describen fenómenos celestes, isto xoga un papel importante na localización das supostas constelacións: por exemplo, a constelación moderna de Scorpius, o Escorpión, é apenas visible, polo que non se identificará con ningunha constelación nórdica. Máis información e debate sobre cada unha das constelacións (hipotéticas) darase na Enciclopedia de Todos os Ceos.### CeoA orixe dos mitos eddos segue sendo controvertida (Jonsson 1994 [#3], p. 41). Nas últimas décadas, fixéronse algúns intentos de mapear as sagas da Edda en constelacións no ceo nocturno. Non obstante, este feito non nega a afirmación de Snorri de que os fenómenos que describe están literalmente situados no ceo (Sigurdson 2022 [#7], p. 239). Snorri Sturluson proporciona unha descrición sistemática e secuencial da cosmogonía mitolóxica na súa Edda. A Gangleri, o protagonista de Gylfaginning, cóntalle que no principio as luces recibiron un staðr (lugar) e un camiño no ceo. Os seus movementos marcaban o paso do tempo. Os deuses (Æsir) danlle ó Sol salir (salas) e ás estrelas staðir (lugares). Estes son os termos clave no Gylfaginning para localizacións e fenómenos celestes (Sigurdson 2022 [#7], p. 239). Despois diso descríbense varios lugares no ceo, algúns dos cales pódense atopar aquí como constelacións. O propio ceo foi creado polos Æsir a partir do cranio do xigante primixenio Ymir, a quen mataran (Sturluson 2017 [#9], p. 21). Posteriormente, tomaron faíscas que voaran desde Muspelheim, o reino do lume, e colocáronas no ceo como estrelas (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 22).### ConstelaciónsAínda que moitas constelacións eddas se basean en moitas suposicións e conxecturas, as que tamén se mencionan no Rimtöl-gloss (Úlfs Keptr, Asar Bardagi, Fiskikarlar) descríbense con máis certeza. As únicas constelacións que a Edda describe especificamente como estrelas son Aurvandils tá e Þjaza augu.### Lúa e SolDebido á latitude xeográfica na que vivían moitos habitantes da antiga Escandinavia, os veráns son moi luminosos e os invernos moi escuros. Na latitude de Islandia, hai incluso varias semanas no verán durante as que case non se poden observar estrelas pola noite. Do mesmo xeito, hai varias semanas no inverno nas que o sol apenas é visible e a lúa sae só uns graos por riba do horizonte (ou non sae en absoluto, dependendo da posición da súa órbita). Nestas condicións pouco fiables, é pouco probable que os pobos nórdicos antigos mantivesen calendarios detallados baseados no sol ou na lúa. Na mitoloxía edda, o sol e a lúa personifícanse como os fillos de Mundilfari. O fillo, Mani, dirixe o curso da lúa, e a filla, Sol, o do sol (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 24). Ningún dos dous pode deterse nos seus camiños, xa que ambos son perseguidos por lobos que desexan devoralos. O lobo que persegue o sol chámase Sköll, e o que persegue a lúa chámase Hati. Cando comece o Ragnarök, a caída dos deuses, ambos serán devorados polos lobos (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 25).### PlanetasDebido á falta de fontes fiables, os planetas están excluídos desta cultura do ceo.### ZodíacoTendo en conta que algunhas partes do zodíaco non son visibles en absoluto durante todo o ano na latitude de Islandia, e que case non se poden observar constelacións durante o verán, non se fixo aquí ningún intento de incluír un zodíaco. O mesmo ocorre cun sistema lunar.### Vía LácteaNeste modelo, a Vía Láctea serve como a encarnación da árbore do mundo Yggdrasil. Este freixo é o máis grande e mellor de todas as árbores, e as súas pólas esténdense por todo o mundo (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 28). Ten tres raíces e, debaixo de cada unha, hai un manancial. Varios estudosos literarios cren que localizar Yggdrasil no ceo sería útil para comprender a topografía dos mitos éddicos. Non obstante, isto contradícese coa descrición dos animais que viven na árbore (Lorenz 1984 [#5], p. 241). Se asumimos que os animais mencionados, como os esquíos e as aguias, tamén son obxectos/constelacións celestes, entón Yggdrasil forma unha superconstelación que contén estas constelacións, e equiparala coa Vía Láctea faise bastante inevitable. Sigurdson (2022) [#7] e Jonsson (1994) [#3] tamén cren que esta árbore branca translúcida no ceo debería entenderse como un análogo mítico da Vía Láctea (Sigurdson 2022 [#7], p. 238).![](illustrations/MilkyWay_Edda.png)

note: Description of Norse (Edda) constellation Aurwandill's Toe
en: Aurvandils tá (Aurwandill’s toe) is the toe of the hero Aurwandill, which froze when he was carried by Thor across the icy river Eliwagar. Thor broke off the toe, cast it into the sky, and thereby transformed it into an asterism (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 111). Persson (2017) [#6] suggests Corona Borealis as the corresponding constellation. On the one hand, its shape resembles that of a toe; on the other, as a spring constellation, it allows an interpretation of the toe as a symbol of the victory of spring over winter (Persson 2017 [#6]).
gl: Aurvandils tá (a deda de Aurwandill) é o dedo do heroe Aurwandill, que se conxelou cando Thor o levou a través do río xeado Eliwagar. Thor rompeu o dedo, lanzouno ó ceo e transformouse nun asterismo (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 111). Persson (2017) [#6] suxire Corona Borealis como a constelación correspondente. Por unha banda, a súa forma parécese á dunha deda do pé; por outra, como constelación de primavera, permite interpretar o dedo como símbolo da vitoria da primavera sobre o inverno (Persson 2017 [#6]).

note: Description of Norse (Edda) constellation Thiazi's Eyes
en: Þjaza augu (Thiazi’s eyes) are the eyes of the giant Thiazi, who abducted the goddess Idun. The Æsir fought and killed Thiazi, and when his daughter sought revenge, Odin, as a sign of respect, cast Thiazi’s eyes into the sky, transforming them into stars (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 83). There is no concrete evidence as to which stars these might be, but the two bright and closely positioned stars Castor and Pollux are obvious candidates.
gl: Þjaza augu (os ollos de Thiazi) son os ollos do xigante Thiazi, que secuestrou á deusa Idun. Os Æsir loitaron e mataron a Thiazi, e cando a súa filla buscou vinganza, Odín, como sinal de respecto, lanzou os ollos de Thiazi ó ceo, transformándoos en estrelas (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 83). Non hai probas concretas de que estrelas poderían ser, pero as dúas estrelas brillantes e situadas moi preto, Cástor e Pólux, son candidatas obvias.

note: Description of Norse (Edda) constellation Bifröst
en: Bifrǫst (bifrost) is the bridge that extends from the Earth to the heavens (Edda, 1997/2017, p. 26). The Æsir ride across Bifrǫst daily to the well of Urðr at the World Tree and hold council there (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 29). In literary scholarship, Bifrǫst is identified as a rainbow by day and as the Milky Way by night (Persson [#6], 2017). However, the Milky Way is already well represented by Yggdrasil, and the translation of Bifrǫst as “shimmering road” (Persson [#6], 2017) could equally well be interpreted as a stellar formation. The arc-shaped group of stars from Pegasus to Deneb in the Milky Way closely resembles a bridge leading the Æsir to the well of Urðr at Yggdrasil.
gl: Bifrǫst (bifrost) é a ponte que se estende dende a Terra ata os ceos (Edda, 1997/2017, p. 26). Os Æsir cabalgan a través de Bifrǫst diariamente ata o pozo de Urðr na Árbore do Mundo e alí celebran consello (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 29). Na literatura, Bifrǫst identifícase como un arco da vella de día e como a Vía Láctea de noite (Persson [#6], 2017). Non obstante, a Vía Láctea xa está ben representada por Yggdrasil, e a tradución de Bifrǫst como "estrada brillante" (Persson [#6], 2017) podería interpretarse igualmente como unha formación estelar. O grupo de estrelas en forma de arco dende Pegaso ata Deneb na Vía Láctea parécese moito a unha ponte que leva os Æsir ata o pozo de Urðr en Yggdrasil.

note: Description of Norse (Edda) constellation Heimdall's Castle
en: Himinbjǫrg (Heimdall’s castle) is the structure standing on Bifröst and inhabited by the Æsir Heimdall, who has keen eyesight and guards the bridge against giants (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 39). The quadrilateral formed by Algenib, Markab, Alpheratz, and Scheat at the long arc conveys a clear image of a structure atop a bridge.
gl: Himinbjǫrg (castelo de Heimdall) é a estrutura que se ergue en Bifröst e habitada polo Æsir Heimdall, que ten unha vista aguda e garda a ponte contra os xigantes (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 39). O cadrado formado por Algenib, Markab, Alpheratz e Scheat no arco longo transmite unha imaxe clara dunha estrutura enriba dunha ponte.

note: Description of Norse (Edda) constellation Jaw of the Wolf
en: Úlfs Keptr (jaw of the wolf) is a constellation mentioned in the Rimtöl glosses and identified with the Hyades (Sigurðsson 2022  [#7], p. 241). Wolves play a significant role in Old Norse mythology, as they are foretold to devour the sun and moon at Ragnarök (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 25). The Hyades lie along the moon’s path, and their V-shaped arrangement naturally invites comparison with a jaw snapping at the moon. Holmberg (2022 [#2], p. 18) further proposes that this wolf-jaw constellation may already have been recorded on the Rök Runestone in the early 9th century.
gl: Úlfs Keptr (mandíbula do lobo) é unha constelación mencionada nas glosas de Rimtöl e identificada coas Híades (Sigurðsson 2022 [#7], p. 241). Os lobos desempeñan un papel importante na mitoloxía nórdica antiga, xa que se predixo que devorarían o sol e a lúa no Ragnarök (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 25). As Híades atópanse ó longo da traxectoria da lúa, e a súa disposición en forma de V invita naturalmente á comparación cunha mandíbula que se dirixe á lúa. Holmberg (2022 [#2], p. 18) propón ademais que esta constelación de mandíbula de lobo xa puido estar rexistrada na pedra rúnica de Rök a principios do século IX.

note: Description of Norse (Edda) constellation Thor's Chariot
en: Þórs vagn (Thor’s chariot) is the chariot of the thunder god Thor, drawn by two goats (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 35). Thor, alongside Odin, was one of the principal deities in Old Norse mythology. Due to his strong connection to weather, he was crucial not only for seafaring but also for agriculture (Lorenz 1984 [#5], p. 308). The shape of a chariot formed by the brightest stars of the Big Dipper lends itself well to association with Thor’s chariot. The Rimtöl gloss also records the constellation under the name Karlvagn or “man’s chariot” (Persson [#6], 2017).
gl: Þórs vagn (carro de Thor) é o carro do deus do trono Thor, tirado por dúas cabras (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 35). Thor, xunto con Odín, foi unha das principais divindades da mitoloxía nórdica antiga. Debido á súa forte conexión co tempo, era crucial non só para a navegación, senón tamén para a agricultura (Lorenz 1984 [#5], p. 308). A forma dun carro formado polas estrelas máis brillantes da Osa Maior préstase ben á asociación co carro de Thor. A glosa de Rimtöl tamén rexistra a constelación co nome de Karlvagn ou "carro do home" (Persson [#6], 2017).

note: Description of Norse (Edda) constellation Freyja's Chariot
en: Freyju vagn (Freyja’s chariot) is the chariot of the fertility goddess Freyja, drawn by cats. When Freyja rides to a battlefield, she receives half of the slain warriors, the other half going to Odin (Sturluson [#8] 2017, p. 38). In the Rimtöl gloss, the small chariot in Ursa Minor is referred to as Kvennavagn, or “woman’s chariot” (Persson [#6], 2017).
gl: Freyju vagn (carro de Freyja) é o carro da deusa da fertilidade Freyja, tirado por gatos. Cando Freyja cabalga cara a un campo de batalla, recibe a metade dos guerreiros asasinados, e a outra metade vai para Odín (Sturluson [#8] 2017, p. 38). Na glosa de Rimtöl, o pequeno carro da Osa Menor denomínase Kvennavagn, ou "carro da muller" (Persson [#6], 2017).

note: Description of Norse (Edda) constellation Freyr's Sickle
en: Freys sigð (Freyr’s sickle) belongs to the god Freyr, who governs rain and sunshine and thus the fertility of the earth. He is invoked for a good harvest (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 37). The star Spica (“ear of grain”) served as a calendar star for sowing and harvest in various cultures and periods. A constellation corresponding to a sickle located around Spica fits into Old Norse mythology, as Freyr is depicted on an 11th-century runestone (Gotland Runic Inscription 181). The depicted shape is an approximation, but it can be traced through the brightness of the stars forming the sickle.
gl: Freys sigð (a fouce de Freyr) pertence ó deus Freyr, que goberna a choiva e o sol e, polo tanto, a fertilidade da terra. É invocado para unha boa colleita (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 37). A estrela Spica (“espiga de gran”) serviu como estrela do calendario para a sementeira e a colleita en varias culturas e períodos. Unha constelación correspondente a unha fouce situada arredor de Spica encaixa na mitoloxía nórdica antiga, xa que Freyr está representado nunha pedra rúnica do século XI (Inscrición rúnica de Gotland 181). A forma representada é unha aproximación, pero pódese rastrexar a través do brillo das estrelas que forman a fouce.

note: Description of Norse (Edda) constellation Thor
en: Þórr (Thor) was, alongside Odin, a central deity in Norse mythology. The two objects associated with him in the Edda are his hammer Mjöllnir and his belt, which doubles his strength (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 35). The constellation Orion was well known in the Middle Ages, and in various cultures figures holding objects were interpreted within it. The three bright belt stars are particularly prominent and could represent Thor’s belt of strength. Objects interpreted elsewhere as a shepherd’s staff (Babylonian) or a piece of leather (Greek) could here symbolize Thor’s hammer.
gl: Þórr (Thor) foi, xunto con Odín, unha deidade central na mitoloxía nórdica. Os dous obxectos asociados con el na Edda son o seu martelo Mjöllnir e o seu cinto, que duplicaba a súa forza (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 35). A constelación de Orión era ben coñecida na Idade Media e, en varias culturas, interpretábanse figuras que sostiñan obxectos dentro dela. As tres estrelas brillantes do cinto son particularmente prominentes e poderían representar o cinto de forza de Thor. Os obxectos interpretados noutros lugares como un bastón de pastor (babilónico) ou un anaco de coiro (grego) poderían simbolizar aquí o martelo de Thor.

note: Description of Norse (Edda) constellation River Van
en: Ván is the river that flows from the mouth of Fenris after the Æsir bound him and inserted a sword into his jaws (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 44). Its proximity to Thor in this model is notable, as wading through rivers is a typical Thor motif (Lorenz [#5] 1984, p. 253).
gl: Ván é o río que flúe da desembocadura de Fenris despois de que os Æsir o ataran e lle inserisen unha espada nas mandíbulas (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 44). A súa proximidade a Thor neste modelo é notable, xa que vadear os ríos é un motivo típico de Thor (Lorenz [#5] 1984, p. 253).

note: Description of Norse (Edda) constellation The Asar Battlefield
en: Asar Bardagi (battlefield of the Æsir) is mentioned in the Rimtöl gloss and equated with the constellation Auriga. The Edda recounts multiple battles involving the Æsir and daily skirmishes among Odin’s warriors, the einherjar, in Valhalla (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 51). Holmberg (2022 [#2], p. 21) suggests possible references to the early 9th-century Rök Runestone, which also describes a battlefield, supporting the celestial interpretation.
gl: Asar Bardagi (campo de batalla dos Æsir) menciónase na glosa de Rimtöl e equipárase coa constelación de Auriga. A Edda relata múltiples batallas nas que participan os Æsir e escaramuzas diarias entre os guerreiros de Odín, os einherjar, no Valhalla (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 51). Holmberg (2022 [#2], p. 21) suxire posibles referencias á pedra rúnica de Rök de principios do século IX, que tamén describe un campo de batalla, o que apoia a interpretación celestial.

note: Description of Norse (Edda) constellation Fishermen
en: Fiskikarlar (the fishermen) is a constellation preserved in the Rimtöl gloss. The name “fishermen” likely refers to the fishing episode in the Edda, where Thor and the giant Hymir fish for the Midgard Serpent using the head of the ox Himinhjǫrð (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 66). The legend predates the Rimtöl gloss, recorded already in the 10th century (Krause 2010 [#4], p. 133). The identification of the constellation with Orion’s three belt stars fits the stellar culture, as Thor is both part of the fishermen in the myth and represented by the Orion constellation. Positioning the fishermen next to the Midgard Serpent and the ox’s head is consistent with representing the fishing episode in the sky.
gl: Fiskikarlar (os pescadores) é unha constelación conservada na glosa de Rimtöl. O nome "pescadores" probablemente se refire ó episodio de pesca da Edda, onde Thor e o xigante Hymir pescan a Serpe de Midgard usando a cabeza do boi Himinhjǫrð (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 66). A lenda é anterior á glosa de Rimtöl, rexistrada xa no século X (Krause 2010 [#4], p. 133). A identificación da constelación coas tres estrelas do cinto de Orión encaixa coa cultura estelar, xa que Thor forma parte dos pescadores do mito e está representado pola constelación de Orión. Colocar os pescadores xunto á Serpe de Midgard e á cabeza do boi é coherente coa representación do episodio de pesca no ceo.

note: Description of Norse (Edda) constellation Midgard Serpent
en: Jormungandr (Midgard Serpent) is the serpent that spans the world in Eddic myths. As Thor’s adversary, it appears in the fishing episode (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 66). It can be associated with a constellation similar to Hydra, but in this model, stars visible from Iceland are used. The position along the Milky Way is notable, as the dragon or snake Nidhögg lies beneath a root of Yggdrasil and gnaws at it (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 28). In this model, where the Milky Way represents Yggdrasil, Jormungandr could assume Nidhögg’s role.
gl: Jormungandr (Serpe de Midgard) é a serpe que percorre o mundo nos mitos éddicos. Como adversaria de Thor, aparece no episodio da pesca (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 66). Pode asociarse a unha constelación similar a Hidra, pero neste modelo utilízanse estrelas visibles desde Islandia. A posición ó longo da Vía Láctea é notable, xa que o dragón ou serpe Nidhögg xace debaixo dunha raíz de Yggdrasil e róea (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 28). Neste modelo, onde a Vía Láctea representa a Yggdrasil, Jormungandr podería asumir o papel de Nidhögg.

note: Description of Norse (Edda) constellation Ox Head
en: Himinhjǫrð (ox’s head) is the largest ox in Hymir’s herd, which Thor beheads to use as bait for fishing the Midgard Serpent (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 65). The bright star Procyon, situated between Thor and the Midgard Serpent, provides a suitable reference point.
gl: Himinhjǫrð (cabeza de boi) é o boi máis grande da manda de Hymir, a quen Thor decapita para usalo como cebo para pescar a serpe de Midgard (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 65). A brillante estrela Proción, situada entre Thor e a serpe de Midgard, proporciona un punto de referencia axeitado.

note: Description of Norse (Edda) constellation Ratatosk
en: Rátatǫskr is the squirrel that scurries along the World Tree, carrying messages between Nidhögg, the serpent, and the eagle (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 30). Cassiopeia lies on the Milky Way between the constellations representing the eagle and the serpent.
gl: Rátatǫskr é o esquío que corre pola Árbore do Mundo, levando mensaxes entre Nidhögg, a serpe, e a aguia (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 30). Casiopea atópase na Vía Láctea entre as constelacións que representan a aguia e a serpe.

note: Description of Norse (Edda) constellation Eagle Giant
en: Hræsvélgr (Hraesvelgr) is the giant in eagle form sitting at the edge of the sky, generating wind through the beating of his wings (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 33). The Edda also mentions an eagle perched in Yggdrasil (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 30). The constellation’s shape and position on the Milky Way fit this model, and the eagle is visible in the early evening during autumn, assigning Hraesvelgr a role as a sign of autumnal storms.
gl: Hræsvélgr (Hraesvelgr) é o xigante con forma de aguia que se atopa sentado na beira do ceo, xerando vento co bater das súas ás (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 33). A Edda tamén menciona unha aguia pousada en Yggdrasil (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 30). A forma e a posición da constelación na Vía Láctea encaixan neste modelo, e a aguia é visible ó comezo da noite durante o outono, o que lle asigna a Hraesvelgr un papel como sinal das tormentas outonais.

note: Description of Norse (Edda) constellation Boiling Well
en: Hvergelmir (the boiling well) is one of the springs under Yggdrasil’s three roots. Nidhögg also dwells there, gnawing at the root (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 28). The wells are represented by gaps in the bright band of the Milky Way, with a larger dark area near Alhena corresponding to the serpent’s proximity.
gl: Hvergelmir (o pozo fervendo) é unha das fontes baixo as tres raíces de Yggdrasil. Nidhögg tamén habita alí, roendo a raíz (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 28). Os pozos están representados por ocos na banda brillante da Vía Láctea, cunha área escura máis grande preto de Alhena que corresponde á proximidade da serpe.

note: Description of Norse (Edda) constellation Mimir's Well
en: Mímis brunnr (Mímir’s well) is the source of wisdom, from which Odin sacrificed his eye to drink (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 28). The wells are depicted by gaps in the bright band of the Milky Way, with the dark area near Vega serving as Mímir’s well, and Vega representing Odin’s sacrificed eye.
gl: Mímis brunnr (o pozo de Mímir) é a fonte da sabedoría, na que Odín sacrificou o seu ollo para poder beber dela (Sturluson 2017 [#8], p. 28). Os pozos represéntanse mediante ocos na banda brillante da Vía Láctea, coa zona escura preto de Vega servindo como pozo de Mímir e Vega representando o ollo sacrificado de Odín.

note: Norse (Edda) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed to Stellarium by Jakob Eyermann consulting with Susanne M. Hoffmann as part of a German studies term paper.
    
    ### About
    
    Sophie Marshall and Susanne M. Hoffmann served as mentors during the research process. Several constellations were taken from the Rimtöl gloss and thus from Jonas Persson's sky culture “Norse”.
gl: Esta cultura do ceo foi achegada a Stellarium por Jakob Eyermann en colaboración con Susanne M. Hoffmann como parte dun traballo de estudos alemáns.### Acerca deSophie Marshall e Susanne M. Hoffmann actuaron como mentores durante o proceso de investigación. Varias constelacións foron tomadas do glosario de Rimtöl e, polo tanto, da cultura do ceo "Norse" de Jonas Persson.

note: Northern Andes sky culture name
en: Northern Andes
gl: Andes do Norte

note: Northern Andes sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Northern Andes have a complex laboratory that teaches us about the different sciences that humanity has contemplated in its history; starting from observation to the various elements that surround us, with the need to ensure our survival as a species and lineage, the human being learned to understand the signals that the cosmos, plants, animals, the climate and other elements emit constantly. Then the wise learned to warn about the changes that affect living beings.
gl: Os Andes do Norte teñen un complexo laboratorio que nos ensina sobre as distintas ciencias que a humanidade contemplou na súa historia; partindo da observación dos diversos elementos que nos rodean, coa necesidade de asegurar a nosa supervivencia como especie e liñaxe, o ser humano aprendeu a comprender os sinais que o cosmos, plantas, animais, clima e outros elementos emiten constantemente. Entón o sabio aprendeu a decatarse dos cambios que afectan os seres vivos.

note: Northern Andes sky culture description section in markdown format
en: In order to replicate the ancestral measurements in the Andean observatories, we propose the use of a wide-mouth container; in the open we will place it and level properly. In order to create a star mirror we will fill it with water, in this reflection of the sky, the Andean sage can admire and record the movements of the sun, the moon, planets or the stars.
    
    The Stellarium simulator allows us to recreate these "cosmic mirrors" and analyze the specific stellar dynamics that are seen in the Northern Andes as well as the millenarian wise men in their patient observation through the ages. These beings have registered the cosmic movements in the current prehispanic heritage of the Andean peoples and produced graphic configurations, which after much joint work by several researchers in several generations at the beginning of the 21st century have been partially decoded.
    
    Here we tell what we found in the equatorial skies:
    
    ### The Sun (Punchao o Wilca)
    
    When we find ourselves in the center of the planet, the apparent movement that the sun makes through our annual journey around it is equidistant and proportional. At the equinoxes the sun will cross the center of the sky, on the solstice of June it will travel its southernmost road (it will go north) and on the solstice of December the northernmost path will be traveled (more to the south). These natural phenomena are the marks of the four main festivals that celebrate a specific part of the agricultural calendar because they are the points of inflection between the climatic seasons.
    
    According to the colonial chronicler Juan de Betanzos "the Indians knew the leap years"; thanks to the research of Gustavo Guayasamín, a cyclic movement is identified in a four-year interval in the sun; to observe it, we suggest placing ourselves at the March equinox (approximately the March equinoxes are the 21st day in the Gregorian calendar), at the solar daytime (12:20 in the civil time for the year 2018). We can then move forward in time thanks to the "Date / Time Window" from year to year and we will notice that the sun moves, returning to the point where the observation begins in periods of four years, for example: It starts in 2016, moves to the left of the spectator in 2017, continues moving to the left in 2018, also moves in 2019 and in 2020 returns to its initial position; then start the cycle again.
    
    ### Clear Constellations, Asterisms and Guidelines in the Andes.
    
    We consider that by means of "stellar mirrors" the sages could register the stellar traffic. Through this observation they noticed that during the nightfalls of each equinox and solstice, specific stars appear in the sky, as if they were marking the climatic changes to which we are exposed, so these cosmic signals were recorded in the Andean prehispanic patrimony giving rise to the Andean geometrical forms.
    
    #### March Equinox
    
    **"Antonio Quinatoa" Cross:** At dusk the first stars to appear are: Sirius - Procyon - Rigel - Betelgeuse, who form the cross named "Antonio Quinatoa". It is the constellation that governs the masculine cycle.
    
    #### September Equinox
    
    **Molestina Triangle:** The first stars to appear are: Altair - Vega - Antares who make up the triangle named "Molestina"
    
    **Constellation Daniela Alejandra Ayala:** Thanks to the hard work in the registration of the designs, we have identified the clear constellation named "Daniela Alejandra Ayala", cosmic set that accompanies the image of the "Mono Andino", will appear in the center of the sky at nightfall of the female equinox.
    
    #### June Solstice
    
    **South Cross:** The most outstanding stars in the evening of the Summer Solstice for the Northern Hemisphere are: Acrux, Mimosa, δ Crucis, ζ Crucis, λ Crucis and μ Crucis who form the "Southern Cross".
    
    #### December Solstice
    
    **The “Jorge Trujillo” Arrow:** The most outstanding stars in the evening of the winter solstice for the southern hemisphere are Caph - Shedar - Navi - κ Cas, they are part of the western constellation of Cassiopeia, the resulting form evokes the shape of an arrow that at the end of the December solstice It is in an East - West direction.
    
    The asterisms that we include are the first stars to appear at the end of each equinox or solstice. Like the constellations, these basic forms (diamond, square, triangle and arrow), mark the beginning or end of a cycle, apparently human beings discovered and recorded them before the forms in the dark constellations.
    
    ### The Sacred Beings in the Cosmos. The Dark Constellations.
    
    #### The Milky Way
    
    Our planet belongs to the galaxy of the Milky Way, whose shape is that of a large disk with two bulging arms; this form and the rotation of the earth means that at the evenings of the equinoxes and solstices we can appreciate a specific part of it, thus becoming a signal that the ancestors appreciated to measure the times. Called in the Andes as the "Muyun" for many peoples, it represents a gigantic life-giving serpent.
    
    Contrary to the West, the constellations are not made up of bright points or stars; the astral beings are housed in the "dark spots" existing in the brilliance of the Milky Way, so at each of the turning points in our annual path around the sun (Solstices and Equinoxes), we will find a guiding constellation in each "visible end" of the galaxy. As with lunar or solar movements, the movements of the constellations in the Northern Andes marked the beginning or end of specific eras, agricultural, civil, reproductive or festive. They determined the fate of beings, receiving respect and veneration for those who came for their wisdom; thus developing a religious thought similar to that of the sun or the moon throughout the continent.
    
    Here we describe the constellations decoded to date:
    
    #### Dark Constellations
    
    |Image|Description|
    |-----|-----------|
    |<img src="illustrations/jaguar.png" width="100" height="107" />|Estelina Quinatoa (The Jaguar): Constellation that governs the male cycle, also called "Wilca" or "Otorongo", indicates the arrival of the crops of tender grains.|
    |<img src="illustrations/mono.png" width="100" height="107" />|Mercedes Cotacachi (The Monkey): Constellation that governs the female cycle, indicates the arrival of rains and the start of agricultural processes.|
    |<img src="illustrations/sapo.png" width="100" height="107" />|Hernán Crespo Toral (The Frog): The "Hampatu" is the animal that has several stages, like the Andean thought, it appears on the night of the June solstice and it is related to the contact with the world of the dead.|
    |<img src="illustrations/guerrero.png" width="100" height="107" />|Ana Jaramillo de Velasteguí (The Warrior): Known as "the Man and the Spear" or "The Dancer", the constellation governs the December solstice.|
gl: Para replicar as medidas ancestrais nos observatorios andinos propoñemos o uso dun recipiente de boca ancha, ó aire libre, colocámolo e nivelámolo correctamente. Para crear un espello de estrelas enchémolo de auga, neste reflexo do ceo, o sabio andino pode admirar e rexistrar os movementos do sol, a lúa, os planetas ou as estrelas.
    
    O simulador Stellarium permítenos recrear estes "espellos cósmicos" e analizar a dinámica estelar específica que se pode ver nos Andes do Norte, tal e como fixeron os milenarios sabios na súa observación paciente a través dos tempos. Estas persoas rexistraron os movementos cósmicos do patrimonio prehispánico actual dos pobos andinos e produciron configuracións gráficas, que, despois de moito traballo conxunto de investigadores en varias xeracións, a principios do século XXI foron parcialmente descodificadas.
    
    Aquí contamos o que atopamos nos ceos ecuatoriais:
    
    ### O Sol (Punchao o Wilca)
    
    Se nos atopamos no centro do planeta, o aparente movemento que fai o sol na nosa viaxe anual arredor del é equidistante e proporcional. Nos equinoccios o sol atravesará o centro do ceo, no solsticio de xuño percorrerá os eu camiño máis meridional (irá cara o norte) e no solsticio de decembro percorrerá o camiño máis setentrional (máis ó sur). Estes fenómenos naturais son as marcas das catro principais festas que celebran unha parte específica do calendario agrícola porque son os puntos de inflexión coas estacións climáticas.
    
    Segundo o cronista colonial Juan de Betanzos "os indios coñecían os anos bisestos"; grazas á investigación de Gustavo Guayasamín, identifícase un movemento cíclico nun intervalo de catro anos no sol; para observalo, suxerimos situarnos no equinoccio de marzo (aproximadamente os equinoccios de marzo son o día 21 no calendario gregoriano), no día solar (12:20 na hora civil do ano 2018). Podemos avanzar no tempo grazas á "Ventá de Data/Tempo" de ano en ano e notaremos que o sol se move, volvendo ó punto en que a observación comeza en períodos de catro anos, por exemplo: Comeza en 2016 , móvese á esquerda do espectador en 2017, continúa avanzando cara á esquerda en 2018, tamén se move en 2019 e en 2020 volve á súa posición inicial; logo inicia o ciclo de novo.
    
    ### Limpar constelacións, asterismos e liñas guía nos Andes.
    
    Consideramos que mediante os "espellos estelares" os sabios poderían rexistrar o tráfico estelar. A través desta observación notaron que durante as noites de cada equinoccio e solsticio aparecen estrelas específicas no ceo, como se estivesen marcando os cambios climáticos ós que estamos expostos, polo que estes sinais cósmicos rexistráronse no patrimonio prehispánico andino dando lugar a as formas xeométricas andinas.
    
    #### Equinoccio de marzo
    
    **Cruz "Antonio Quinatoa":** Á noitiña as primeiras estrelas que aparecen son: Sirio - Procyon - Rigel - Betelgeuse, que forman a cruz chamada "Antonio Quinatoa". É a constelación que rexe o ciclo masculino.
    
    #### Equinoccio de setembro
    
    **Triángulo Molestina:** As primeiras estrelas en aparecer son: Altair - Vega - Antares que forman o triángulo chamado "Molestina"
    
    **Constelación Daniela Alejandra Ayala:** Grazas a un duro traballo no rexistro dos debuxos identificamos a constelación chamada "Daniela Alejandra Ayala", conxunto cósmico que acompaña a imaxe do "Mono Andino", e aparece no centro do ceo a noite do equinoccio feminino.
    
    #### Solsticio de xuño
    
    **Cruz do sur:** As estrelas máis destacadas da noite do solsticio de verán para o hemisferio norte son: Acrux, Mimosa, δ Crucis, ζ Crucis, λ Crucis e μ Crucis que forman a "Cruz do Sur".
    
    #### Solsticio de decembro
    
    **A frecha de “Jorge Trujillo”:** As estrelas máis destacadas na noite do solsticio de inverno para o hemisferio sur son Caph - Shedar - Navi - κ Cas, forman parte da constelación occidental de Casiopea, a forma resultante evoca a forma dunha frecha que ó final do Solsticio de decembro Está en dirección Leste - Oeste.
    
    Os asterismos que incluímos son as primeiras estrelas que aparecen ó final de cada equinoccio ou solsticio. Do mesmo xeito que as constelacións, estas formas básicas (diamante, cadrado, triángulo e frecha) marcan o comezo ou o final dun ciclo, ó parecer os seres humanos descubríronas e graváronas antes cás formas das constelacións escuras.
    
    ### Os Seres Sagrados no Cosmos. As constelacións escuras.
    
    #### A Vía Láctea
    
    O noso planeta pertence á galaxia da Vía Láctea, cuxa forma é a dun disco grande con dous brazos voluminosos; esta forma e a rotación da terra significa que polas noites dos equinoccios e dos solsticios podemos apreciar unha parte específica dela, converténdose así nun sinal que os antepasados apreciaron para medir o tempo. Chamada nos Andes o "Muyun", para moitos pobos representa unha xigantesca serpe que dá vida.
    
    En contraste con Occidente, as constelacións non están formadas por puntos brillantes ou estrelas; os seres astrais están aloxados nos "puntos escuros" existentes no brillo da Vía Láctea, polo que en cada un dos momentos de inflexión do noso camiño anual arredor do sol (Solsticios e equinoccios), atoparemos unha constelación guía en cada "final visible" da galaxia. Do mesmo xeito que cos movementos lunares ou solares os movementos das constelacións nos Andes do Norte marcaron o comezo ou o final de épocas específicas, agrícolas, civís, reprodutivas ou festivas. Determinaron o destino dos seres, recibindo respecto e veneración polos que acudiron á súa sabedoría, desenvolvendo así un pensamento relixioso similar ó do sol ou a lúa en todo o continente.
    
    Aquí describimos as constelacións decodificadas ata a data:
    
    #### Constelacións escuras
    
    |Image|Description|
    |-----|-----------|
    |<img src="illustrations/jaguar.png" width="100" height="107" />|Estelina Quinatoa (O xaguar): Constelación que goberna o ciclo masculino, tamén chamada "Wilca" ou "Otorongo", indica a chegada dos cultivos de grans tenros.|
    |<img src="illustrations/mono.png" width="100" height="107" />|Mercedes Cotacachi (O mono): A constelación que rexe o ciclo feminino, indica a chegada das choivas e o inicio dos procesos agrícolas.|
    |<img src="illustrations/sapo.png" width="100" height="107" />|Hernán Crespo Toral (A Ra): O "Hampatu" é o animal que ten varias etapas, como o pensamento andino, aparece na noite do solsticio de xuño e está relacionado co contacto co mundo dos mortos.|
    |<img src="illustrations/guerrero.png" width="100" height="107" />|Ana Jaramillo de Velasteguí (O guerreiro): coñecida como "o home e a lanza" ou "o bailarín", a constelación goberna o solsticio de decembro.|

note: Northern Andes sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: These constellations, asterisms and measurements are part of **the legacy of Ancestral Knowledge** protected and compiled by the **Clan Quinatoa, guardians of the millenary knowledge of the Lundauco Valley in Imbabura - Ecuador**
    .
    The astral information is based on the study of Andrés Alejandro Ayala Quinatoa in "Millenary Astronomy, what my teachers and ancestors taught me"; Servio Jr. Paladines collaborates for the computer integration.
    
    The present illustrations are inspired by the pre-Hispanic designs of the Pasto nation investigated by Estelina Quinatoa for the book "Ancestral Representations and Colors of the Cosmos" (Ministry of Culture and Heritage of Ecuador).
gl: Forman parte destas constelacións, asterismos e medicións**o legado de Coñecemento Ancestral**  protexido e compilado polo **Clan Quinatoa, gardiáns do coñecemento milenario do Val Lundauco en Imbabura - Ecuador**
    .
    A información astral baséase no estudo de Andrés Alejandro Ayala Quinatoa en "Astronomía milenaria, o que me ensinaron os meus mestres e devanceiros"; Servio Jr. Paladines colabora para a integración informática.
    
    As ilustracións presentes están inspiradas nos deseños prehispánicos da nación Pasto investigados por Estelina Quinatoa para o libro "Representacións ancestrais e cores do cosmos" (Ministerio de Cultura e Patrimonio do Ecuador).

note: Romanian sky culture name
en: Romanian
gl: Romanés

note: Romanian sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Considered as a whole, Romanian popular stellar mythology has three essential components.
gl: Considerada no seu conxunto, a mitoloxía estelar popular romanesa ten tres compoñentes esenciais.

note: Romanian sky culture description section in markdown format
en: The FIRST one - the ancestral pastoral-agricultural is pre-Christian, in which the sky seen both as an agrarian clock for specific activities and as an "exhibition" of agricultural tools used by peasants.
    
    The SECOND component - more recent - corresponding to the Christianization of Romanian geographical space and repositioning in the sky the Christian and pre-Christian elements where constellations are associated with cosmogonical and theogonical myths, so that the sky is seen more like a church.
    
    And the THIRD component - the origin of the Romanian people, projecting on the sky the synthesis of formation of this people (the conquest of Dacia by the Romans) through projection of dramatic scenes from this history of Dacians mixing with the Romans.
    
    **Note**: in Western Constellation Orion there are four Traditional Romanian Constellations that are overlapping.
gl: O PRIMEIRO compoñente - o ancestral pastoral-agrícola - é precristián, no que o ceo se ve tanto como un reloxo agrario para actividades específicas como unha "exposición" de ferramentas agrícolas utilizadas polos campesiños.
    
    O SEGUNDO compoñente - máis recente - corresponde á cristianización do espazo xeográfico romanés e ó reposicionamento no ceo dos elementos cristiáns e precristiáns onde as constelacións se asocian con mitos cosmogónicos e teogónicos, de xeito que o ceo se ve máis como unha igrexa.
    
    E o TERCEIRO compoñente - a orixe do pobo romanés, proxectando no ceo a síntese da formación deste pobo (a conquista de Dacia polos romanos) a través da proxección de escenas dramáticas desta historia de dacios mesturándose cos romanos.
    
    **Nota**: na constelación occidental de Orión hai catro constelacións tradicionais romanesas que se superpoñen.

note: Romanian sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Website for Tradițional Romanian Constellation](http://www.crt-ro.com)
     - [#2]: [On-line booklet in ro/en about 39 Traditional Romanian Constellations](http://www.slideshare.net/planetariubm/broura-constelaii-romanesti-tradiionale)
     - [#3]: [30 seconds movies made from scripts and with subtitle in English](http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwaYDxThuSyGt1Pw55UxfI9802pq5fFro)
     - [#4]: [Romanian peasants beliefs in stars and sky – Translation of texts adapted from Ion Ottescu](http://www.sarm.ro/newsite/index.php?id=1&zi=29&luna=12&an=2009&act=news)
     - [#5]: [PLANETARIUL BAIA MARE – MARAMURES](http://planetariubm.ro/)
gl: - [#1]: [Sitio web para a constelación tradicional romanesa](http://www.crt-ro.com)
    - [#2]: [Folleto en liña en ro/en sobre 39 constelacións tradicionais romanesas](http://www.slideshare.net/planetariubm/broura-constelaii-romanesti-tradiionale)
    - [#3]: [Vídeos de 30 segundos feitos a partir de guións e con subtítulos en inglés](http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwaYDxThuSyGt1Pw55UxfI9802pq5fFro)
    - [#4]: [Crenzas dos campesiños romaneses nas estrelas e no ceo – Tradución de textos adaptados de Ion Ottescu](http://www.sarm.ro/newsite/index.php?id=1&zi=29&luna=12&an=2009&act=news)
    - [#5]: [PLANETARIUL BAIA MARE – MARAMURES](http://planetariubm.ro/)

note: Romanian sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user [Mircea Lite](mailto:MirceaLite@yahoo.com) on behalf of Baia Mare Planetarium, as a result of a project called *Traditional Romanian Constellations* primarily based on the book *Romanian peasants beliefs in stars and sky* by Ioan Otescu.
    
    The Romanian constellation lines, images, scripts and texts for movies prepared by [Radu Lodina](mailto:rlodina@gmail.com) and [Ovidiu Ignat](mailto:OviIgnat@yahoo.com). Romanian constellation art done by Zamfir Somcutean.
    
    Thanks to Andrei Dorian Gheorghe and Alastair McBeth – SARM members
gl: Esta cultura do ceo foi achegada polo usuario de Stellarium [Mircea Lite] (mailto:MirceaLite@yahoo.com) en nome do Planetario de Baia Mare, como resultado dun proxecto chamado *Constelacións tradicionais romanesas* baseado principalmente no libro *Crenzas dos campesiños romaneses nas estrelas e no ceo* de Ioan Otescu.
    
    As liñas de constelacións romanesas, imaxes, guións e textos para películas foron preparados por [Radu Lodina] (mailto:rlodina@gmail.com) e [Ovidiu Ignat] (mailto:OviIgnat@yahoo.com). As ilustracións das constelacións romanesas foi feita por Zamfir Somcutean.
    
    Agradecementos a Andrei Dorian Gheorghe e Alastair McBeth, membros da SARM.

note: Ruanui sky: Tahiti and Society islands sky culture name
en: Ruanui sky: Tahiti and Society islands
gl: Ceo de Ruanui: Tahití e Society islands

note: Ruanui sky: Tahiti and Society islands sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: French Polynesia encompasses 118 islands scattered amidst a marine area of nearly 5 millions square kilometers. It is divided into 5 archipelagos: the Society archipelago, the Austral, the Tuamotu, the Gambier and the Marquesas archipelago. The Society archipelago, composed of 6 islands and 8 atolls, is divided into 2 subgroups, the Windward islands and the Leeward islands. This archipelago has developed its own sky culture with Tahiti at its centre. Tahiti being the biggest island (1500 square kilometers), it is also the economic and political centre. Ra'iatea was the religious centre with the archeological site of Taputapuatea, and Bora-Bora was famous for its knowledge and mastery of the art of navigation. It is therefore noteworthy to mention that the names of the stars can be different from one archipelago of French Polynesia to another, and that the sky culture presented here is that of the Society Islands.
gl: A Polinesia Francesa abrangue 118 illas espalladas nunha área mariña de case 5 millóns de quilómetros cadrados. Está dividida en 5 arquipélagos: o arquipélago Sociedade, o Austral, o Tuamotu, o Gambier e o arquipélago das Marquesas. O arquipélago da Sociedade, composto por 6 illas e 8 atois, divídese en 2 subgrupos, as illas de Barlovento e as illas de Sotavento. Este arquipélago desenvolveu a súa propia cultura do ceo con Tahití no seu centro. Sendo Tahití a illa máis grande (1500 quilómetros cadrados), tamén é o centro económico e político. Ra'iatea era o centro relixioso co sitio arqueolóxico de Taputapuatea, e Bora-Bora era famosa polo seu coñecemento e dominio da arte da navegación. Polo tanto, cómpre mencionar que os nomes das estrelas poden ser diferentes dun arquipélago da Polinesia Francesa a outro, e que a cultura do ceo que se presenta aquí é a das Illas da Sociedade.

note: Ruanui sky: Tahiti and Society islands sky culture description section in markdown format
en: The names of the stars in the Tahitian sky mainly come from the "genealogy of the stars", a text which was recited to the English missionary John Muggridge Orsmond in 1818 by Ruanui, an old lady from Bora Bora, in the leeward islands, northwest of Tahiti. It was enhanced thanks to the logbook of J.R. Forster, a naturalist on the 2nd expedition of Captain James Cook (1772-1776), but also thanks to accounts from Europeans living in Tahiti at the end of the 18th century such as J.Morisson (1789-1791) and lastly thanks to the many observations and records of the first missionnaries at the turn of the 19th century.
    
    The "Genealogy of the stars" was published later on by Teuira Henry, the granddaughter of J. M. Orsmond, in the book "Ancient Tahiti" (1928). This long poem, whose key asset was its transcription in the vernacular tongue by J.Orsmond in 1818, then translated in English, narrates the birth of the stars, the Moon, the Sun and the planets as a genealogy. Children of the divine couple Rua-tupua-nui and Atea, the astral bodies, take partners and give birth to other celestial bodies to populate the sky. Shell, egg or seed, the sky is seen as a creator space revealing divine manifestations such as clouds, swells, currents and winds and yielding the principle of life.
    
    ### Linking space, time and men: an "environmental" calendar
    
    Based on very precise observations, the experts of ancient times or tahu'a developed an acute knowledge of the stellar movement, linking closely the sky, the space and the time to the cycles of the environment, of the animals and of the plants. They were indissociable. This knowledge was passed down in the form of environmental calendars. Known and controlled by the elites, leaders and specialists, those calendars planned the propitiatory ceremonies and the community activities such as agriculture and fishing. They were set on the observation of the stars, planets and constellations, and related to the Sun's come and go movement between north and south, the shifting of the Moon, the seasons of the main winds and swells. The astral bodies, observed at night, after the sunset or before sunrise, were bearers of different functions which are available to us through their names which are oftentimes long, but which give each of them a proper identity. For example, the Pleiades, also called Matari'i in Tahiti, had a crucial cultural role and were used namely to divide the year into 2 seasons: from November to May, a hot and rainy season, known as the season of abundance, Matari'i I ni'a, and set on the fruiting of the breadfruit tree or 'uru and the return of the migrating pelagic fishes. The second season, cooler, drier, known as the season of restrictions, Matari'i i raro from May to November, during which the root crops / tubers were replacing the 'uru and the fishing in the lagoon replaced the offshore fishing.
    
    ### Explore, navigate and build alliances
    
    "Star navigation" was the subject of much research in order to determine how the reading of the sky allowed the Polynesian people to navigate with such accuracy during journeys over thousands of km between remote islands. Today the names of the stars and of the constellations are becoming keys to approach the ancient voyagers' vision of the sky: markers to reach a target island and to come back to one's island home, but also to make inter-islands alliances for in a broad sense, in the Polynesian mindset one always belongs to a network, whether it be one of men, of the divinities of the ocean or of the space. Jean-Claude Teriierooiterai, linguist and Tahitian anthropologist, spent some of his life trying to resolve this mystery. He suggested a classification of the names of the stars by their usage. Hence, the stars Pou (Pillars) were used to locate the meridians whereas the stars Ta'urua would indicate a Rua. The Rua of the stars correspond to a succession of stars rising on the horizon at an essentially identical declination and they would enable the voyager to steer a course (Thesis "Mythes, astronomie, découpage du temps et navigation traditionnelle : l'héritage océanien contenu dans les mots de la langue tahitienne", J-C Teriierooiterai, 2013).
    
    Today, the "Fa'afaite i te Ao Ma'ohi" association keeps these traditional navigation techniques alive by travelling between the polynesian islands on a traditional Polynesian double-hulled canoe.
    
    ### Constellations
    
    Some names of constellations managed to reach us thanks to the "Genealogy of the stars" by Ruanui and by the popular use, yet our knowledge of the asterisms of the Tahitian sky is only in its infancy. Therefore, we only mention a few names and representations on this topic. However it is interesting to notice that certain constellations of the Tahitian sky could get a different name depending on the season and on their observation. For example, the constellation of the Scorpio was visible shaped like a hook "Matau a Maui" (Maui's hook) at the beginning of the Matari'i i ni'a season. The same constellation is shaped like a "'Uo" (kite) during the Matari'i i raro season, which is also the season of the southeast wind, the Mara'amu and the season of the kites, hence lending it a different function.
    
    ### Nomenclature of the Tahitian sky on Stellarium
    
    One star having many functions, it could often have many names related to the context, the season or the inherent activities. Therefore the same name can correspond to several stars. For example in the reference book "Ancient Tahiti" in its English version, several texts describe "Ana roto" at times as Epi/Spica in Virgo (p361), at other times as Regulus in Leo (p174). A rigorous comparison study of the existing sources led the authors of this sky culture to prefer a "first name" for each star listed. That one will appear while navigating the Stellarium. By clicking on a given star you will be able to see all its other possible names. Libor Teaonui Prokop, well known in the Polynesian culture in Tahiti, also presented an alpha-numeric naming which allows to give a unique name to each star and summarize the different sources existing for that star. In this classification, for example, Regulus is called "A3a 'Ana roto" and Epi/Spica "A3b 'Ana roto". Whenever available, this naming will be visible by clicking on the star. A is the 1st letter of the word 'Ana (star): the number corresponds to the order of the 'Ana stars listed in the "Genealogy of the stars" in the book by Teuira HENRY p361, the letter corresponds to the selected source text. Hence "a" corresponds to the text on page 361 in the "Genealogy of the stars" in which the 'Ana are shiny stars located at the top of the pillars placed in order to support the sky. The letter "b" refers to the one on page 174 in which the stars 'Ana represent the body of the priests in office in the stone temple or marae. The functions of the 'Ana stars being different and not wanting to favor one text over another, we thought it appropriate to present this frame of reference. As they were discovering new islands further east, towards the Sun, going from Austronesians to Polynesians, those pioneers of celestial navigation had to adapt their knowledge of the sky to their new environment. The Tahitian sky is embedded in an oceanic culture scaled on the big Pacific Ocean yet it does retain its own personality. The understanding of the lengthy Tahitian names for the celestial bodies is an enrichment both identitarian and historical since this knowledge is associated with other sky cultures from Hawaii, New Zealand, Tonga and Anuta in order to push forward the knowledge of a common past.
gl: Os nomes das estrelas do ceo tahitiano proceden principalmente da "xenealoxía das estrelas", un texto que lle foi recitado ó misioneiro inglés John Muggridge Orsmond en 1818 por Ruanui, unha anciá de Bora Bora, nas illas de sotavento, ó noroeste de Tahití. Esta obra mellorouse grazas ó diario de navegación de J.R. Forster, naturalista da segunda expedición do capitán James Cook (1772-1776), pero tamén grazas ós relatos de europeos que viviron en Tahití a finais do século XVIII, como J. Morisson (1789-1791) e, finalmente, grazas ás numerosas observacións e rexistros dos primeiros misioneiros a principios do século XIX.
    
    A "Xenealoxía das estrelas" foi publicada posteriormente por Teuira Henry, neta de J.M. Orsmond, no libro "Ancient Tahiti" (1928). Este longo poema, cuxo activo fundamental foi a súa transcrición á lingua vernácula por J. Orsmond en 1818, logo traducida ó inglés, narra o nacemento das estrelas, a Lúa, o Sol e os planetas como unha xenealoxía. Fillos da parella divina Rua-tupua-nui e Atea, os corpos astrais, toman parella e dan a luz a outros corpos celestes para poboar o ceo. Cuncha, Ovo ou Semente, o ceo é visto como un espazo creador que revela manifestacións divinas como nubes, ondas, correntes e ventos e produce o principio da vida.
    
    ### Vinculando o espazo, o tempo e os homes: un calendario "ambiental"
    
    Baseándose en observacións moi precisas, os expertos da antigüidade ou tahu'a desenvolveron un coñecemento agudo do movemento estelar, vinculando estreitamente o ceo, o espazo e o tempo ós ciclos do medio ambiente, dos animais e das plantas. Eran indisociables. Este coñecemento transmitíase en forma de calendarios ambientais. Coñecidos e controlados polas elites, líderes e especialistas, eses calendarios planificaban as cerimonias propiciatorias e as actividades comunitarias como a agricultura e a pesca. Estaban centrados na observación das estrelas, planetas e constelacións, e estaban relacionados co movemento de ir e vir do Sol entre o norte e o sur, o desprazamento da Lúa, as estacións dos principais ventos e a oleaxe. Os corpos astrais, observados pola noite, despois do solpor ou antes do amencer, eran portadores de diferentes funcións que temos dispoñibles a través dos seus nomes, que a miúdo son longos, pero que lles dan a cada un deles unha identidade propia. Por exemplo, as Pléiades, tamén chamadas Matari'i en Tahití, tiñan un papel cultural crucial e usábanse concretamente para dividir o ano en 2 estacións: de novembro a maio, unha estación cálida e chuviosa, coñecida como a estación da abundancia, Matari'i I ni'a, e centrada na frutificación da árbore do pan ou 'uru e o regreso dos peixes peláxicos migratorios. A segunda estación, máis fresca e seca, coñecida como a estación das restricións, Matari'i i raro, de maio a novembro, durante a cal os tubérculos substituían o 'uru e a pesca na lagoa substituía a pesca de alta mar.
    
    ### Explorar, navegar e crear alianzas
    
    A "navegación estelar" foi obxecto de moitas investigacións para determinar como a lectura do ceo permitía ó pobo polinesio navegar con tanta precisión durante viaxes de miles de quilómetros entre illas remotas. Hoxe en día, os nomes das estrelas e das constelacións convértense en claves para achegarse á visión do ceo dos antigos viaxeiros: marcadores para chegar a unha illa obxectivo e regresar á propia illa, pero tamén para facer alianzas entre illas, xa que, nun sentido amplo, na mentalidade polinesia, sempre se pertence a unha rede, xa sexa de homes, de divindades do océano ou do espazo. Jean-Claude Teriierooiterai, lingüista e antropólogo tahitiano, pasou parte da súa vida intentando resolver este misterio. Suxeriu unha clasificación dos nomes das estrelas segundo o seu uso. Polo tanto, as estrelas Pou (Piares) usábanse para localizar os meridianos, mentres que as estrelas Ta'urua indicaban unha Rua. A Rua das estrelas corresponde a unha sucesión de estrelas que saen no horizonte cunha declinación esencialmente idéntica e permitían ó viaxeiro seguir un rumbo (Tese "Mythes, astronomie, découpage du temps et navigation traditionnelle: l'héritage océanien contenu dans les mots de la langue tahitienne", J-C Teriierooiterai, 2013).
    
    Hoxe en día, a asociación "Fa'afaite i te Ao Ma'ohi" mantén vivas estas técnicas de navegación tradicionais viaxando entre as illas polinesias nunha canoa tradicional polinesia de dobre casco.
    
    ### Constelacións
    
    Algúns nomes de constelacións chegaron ata nós grazas á "Xenealoxía das estrelas" de Ruanui e polo uso popular, pero o noso coñecemento dos asterismos do ceo tahitiano está só nos seus inicios. Polo tanto, só mencionamos uns poucos nomes e representacións sobre este tema. Non obstante, é interesante notar que certas constelacións do ceo tahitiano poderían recibir un nome diferente dependendo da estación e da súa observación. Por exemplo, a constelación de Escorpio era visible coa forma dun gancho "Matau a Maui" (gancho de Maui) ó comezo da estación Matari'i i ni'a. A mesma constelación ten forma de "'Uo" (cometa) durante a estación Matari'i i raro, que tamén é a estación do vento do sueste, o Mara'amu e a estación das cometas, polo que lle dá unha función diferente.
    
    ### Nomenclatura do ceo tahitiano en Stellarium
    
    Unha estrela ten moitas funcións, e a miúdo pode ter moitos nomes relacionados co contexto, a estación ou as actividades inherentes. Polo tanto, o mesmo nome pode corresponder a varias estrelas. Por exemplo, no libro de referencia "Ancient Tahiti" na súa versión inglesa, varios textos describen "Ana roto" ás veces como Epi/Spica en Virgo (p361), outras veces como Regulus en Leo (p174). Un rigoroso estudo comparativo das fontes existentes levou ós autores desta cultura do ceo a preferir un "nome propio" para cada estrela da lista. Ese aparecerá ó navegar polo Stellarium. Ó faceres clic nunha estrela determinada, poderás ver todos os seus outros nomes posibles. Libor Teaonui Prokop, ben coñecido na cultura polinesia en Tahití, tamén presentou unha nomenclatura alfanumérica que permite dar un nome único a cada estrela e resumir as diferentes fontes existentes para esa estrela. Nesta clasificación, por exemplo, Regulus chámase "A3a 'Ana roto" e Epi/Spica "A3b 'Ana roto". Sempre que estea dispoñible, esta denominación será visible facendo clic na estrela. A é a primeira letra da palabra 'Ana (estrela): o número corresponde á orde das estrelas 'Ana que aparecen na "Xenealoxía das estrelas" do libro de Teuira HENRY, páxina 361, e a letra corresponde ó texto fonte seleccionado. Polo tanto, "a" corresponde ó texto da páxina 361 da "Xenealoxía das estrelas", no que as 'Ana son estrelas brillantes situadas na parte superior dos piares colocados para soster o ceo. A letra "b" refírese á da páxina 174, na que as estrelas 'Ana representan o corpo dos sacerdotes no templo de pedra ou marae. Sendo as funcións das estrelas 'Ana diferentes e sen querer favorecer un texto sobre outro, consideramos oportuno presentar este marco de referencia. A medida que descubrían novas illas máis ó leste, cara ó Sol, pasando dos austronesios ós polinesios, aqueles pioneiros da navegación celeste tiveron que adaptar o seu coñecemento do ceo ó seu novo entorno. O ceo tahitiano está integrado nunha cultura oceánica asentada no gran océano Pacífico, pero conserva a súa propia personalidade. A comprensión dos longos nomes tahitianos para os corpos celestes é un enriquecemento tanto identitario como histórico, xa que este coñecemento está asociado con outras culturas do ceo de Hawai, Nova Zelandia, Tonga e Anuta para impulsar o coñecemento dun pasado común.

note: Ruanui sky: Tahiti and Society islands sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by a working group composed of Christine Briant, Libor Prokop, Regis Plichart and Thibaud Guillaud-Saumur, with the help of association "Fa'afaite i te Ao Ma'ohi" (Rereao Carlson, Titaua Teipoarii) for the Maui's Hook/Hiro's Kite constellation and the association "Te Fare Hiroà no Vavau" for the mention of Ruanui in the skyculture name. WALKER Maurani did the translation of this text from French to English.
gl: Esta cultura do ceo foi elaborada por un grupo de traballo composto por Christine Briant, Libor Prokop, Regis Plichart e Thibaud Guillaud-Saumur, coa axuda da asociación "Fa'afaite i te Ao Ma'ohi" (Rereao Carlson, Titaua Teipoarii) para a constelación do Gancho de Maui/Miñato de Hiro e a asociación "Te Fare Hiroà no Vavau" para a mención de Ruanui no nome da cultura do ceo. WALKER Maurani fixo a tradución deste texto do francés ó inglés.

note: Russian (Siberian) sky culture name
en: Russian (Siberian)
gl: Ruso (Siberiano)

note: Russian (Siberian) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The names of the constellations of Siberian peoples is rather poorly studied. This region has the large territory and the knowledge about constellations are difficult to reconcile in a single integrated picture. In this culture of the sky marked only specific names and objects, which typical for the whole of Siberia.
gl: Os nomes das constelacións de pobos siberianos están bastante mal estudados. Esta rexión ten un amplo territorio e o coñecemento sobre as constelacións é difícil de compatibilizar nun único cadro integrado. Nesta cultura do ceo marcáronse só nomes e obxectos específicos, típicos para toda Siberia.

note: Russian (Siberian) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Milky Way
    
    The names of the Milky Way are quite numerous, but they can be distinguished into two groups - the names coming from the past (e.g., *Goose Road*) and the name of a later period (*Mamay Road*). The names of the later period is clearly apparent connection to the memory of the Mongol-Tatar invasion to Russia.
    
    ### Pleiades
    
    The Pleiades has a many names and their more than the Milky Way names, but all of them in Siberia can be reduced to the notion for a star cluster as a bird's nest. Among these names *Duck Nest* is the most common.
    
    ### Ursa Major
    
    In Siberia often used name for this constellation is *Elk* (although in Eastern Siberia the name "Bear" is used more frequently).
    
    ### Orion
    
    In Siberia in the constellation of Orion is usually used only three stars of his belt, who called *Kichigi* (the Threshers) - is typical for north-eastern Russia image of the threshers, who are stand in the row. In the European part of Russia called Kichigi usually hides the Ursa Major constellation.
gl: ### Vía Láctea
    
    Os nomes da Vía Láctea son bastante numerosos, pero pódense dividir en dous grupos: os nomes que veñen do pasado (por exemplo,*Estrada da oca*) e o nome dun período posterior (*Estrada da nai*). Os nomes do período posterior son claramente aparentes conexións coa memoria da invasión mongol-tártara a Rusia.
    
    ### Pleiades
    
    As Pléiades teñen moitos nomes, máis cá Vía Láctea, pero todos eles en Siberia poden reducirse á idea dun cúmulo de estrelas como niño de paxaro. Entre estes nomes *Niño de pato* é o máis común.
    
    ### Ursa Major
    
    En Siberia, o nome usado para esta constelación é *Elk* (aínda que en Siberia oriental úsase con máis frecuencia o nome de "oso").
    
    ### Orion
    
    En Siberia, na constelación de Orión, adoitan usarse só as tres estrelas do seu cinto, que se chaman *Kichigi* (o tesouro) - é típico para a imaxe do noreste de Rusia das teseiras que están paradas na fila. Na parte europea de Rusia Kichigi adoita agochar a constelación de Ursa Maior.

note: Sami sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Sami people are considered to be the native population of northern Norway, Sweden, Finland and West Russia (the Kola Peninsula). More information can be found at [#1] and [#2].
gl: Considérase que os pobos sami son a poboación nativa do norte de Noruega, Suecia, Finlandia e Rusia occidental (península de Kola). Máis información pódese atopar en [#1] e no artigo de Wikipedia [#2].

note: Sami sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Sources
    
    Stellarium's Sami sky culture is based on the work of Bo Lundmark[#3], who based much of his work on the writings of the Sami artist and author Johan Turi.
    
    This sky culture is a conglomeration of at least three slightly different cultures from the people of the South-Sami, North-Sami and Russian Sami. Each of these groups have slightly different languages and as such there may be small differences with some references.
    
    Sami constellations can be observed on Sami artifacts connected to the old religion, suggesting that the night sky played an important cultural role for Sami peoples in years gone by.
    
    The Sami sky culture has a lot in common with other arctic and sub-arctic cultures in Eurasia. One unfortunate similarity is that much of the culture was lost before it was recorded properly.
    
    ### Constellations and Stars
    
    The Sami constellations are probably very old but were recorded in writing during the 19th century. In is unclear if the written record is complete. The constellations and stars included here are all connected to the dominant constellation, *Sarva* &mdash; the elk. Sarva is the Sami name for elk, an alternative name is *Sarvvis* &mdash; Bull elk. The origin of this constellation probably dates back to the old hunter culture before reindeer were domesticated.
    
    *Sarva* consists of the Western constellations Cassiopeia, Perseus and parts of Auriga. Constellations and stars surrounding Sarva represent hunters of the elk. *Favdna* (also transcribed as *Favtna*) is the star Arcturus, and represents the Hunter who aims at the elk with his bow and arrow (*Fauna davgge* &mdash; the Big Dipper). Favdna must aim well, for if he hits the Sky Support *Boahjenaste* (the star Polaris), legend has it that the world will come to an end.
    
    Favdna has a number of helpers: *Galla* (Procyon<sup>[1](#note1)</sup>) and his sons *Gallabarneck* (Orion's belt), the "Ski Runners", *Cuoigahægjek* (Castor and Pollux) and "The Runner" (Vega). The Pleiades are called *Rougot* (dog pack) or *Miese-cora* (calfpack).
    
    The Milky Way is called *Lodde-raiddaras* (lit. bird path) or *Jakke-mærka* (lit. year mark). The name used depends on the season. In the sky chart of Johan Turi, one can observe a star *Guovso-naste*, morning star, that can be identified as Venus, but this is not certain as it can also be identified as Altair, a star showing the morning is approaching (similar to Arcturus in the Norse skyculture).
    
    The Sami sky culture does not have a large number of constellations. This is thought to be mainly because of the high Northerly latitude of the Sami people's range. Two factors contribute to this: that the Southern sky stays below the horizon to a large extent, and that the Aurora Borealis is frequently bright enough to obscure many stars.
    
    ### Notes
    
     1. <a name="note1"/>The exact star which represents *Galla* is uncertain. it is probably Procyon, Rigel or Sirius - Procyon was chosen as Galla for this sky culture since Sirius is very hard to spot from the latitude where the Sami live.
gl: ### Fontes
    
    A cultura do ceo sami de Stellarium está baseada no traballo de Bo Lundmark [#3], que baseou boa parte do seu traballo nos escritos do artista e autor sami Johan Turi.
    
    Esta cultura do ceo é un conglomerado de polo menos tres culturas lixeiramente diferentes da xente do sur dos sami, do norte e dos sami rusos. Cada un destes grupos ten linguas lixeiramente diferentes e como tal pode haber pequenas diferenzas con algunhas referencias.
    
    As constelacións dos sami poden observarse en artefactos sami relacionados coa vella relixión, o que suxire que o ceo nocturno xogou un papel cultural importante para os pobos sami nos anos pasados.
    
    A cultura do ceo dos sami ten moito en común con outras culturas árticas e subárticas en Eurasia. Unha desgraciada semellanza é que se perdeu gran parte da cultura antes de que se rexistrase correctamente.
    
    ### Constelacións e estrelas
    
    As constelacións sami son probablemente moi antigas, pero rexistráronse por escrito durante o século XIX. Non está claro se o rexistro escrito está completo. As constelacións e estrelas incluídas aquí están todas relacionadas coa constelación dominante, *Sarva* &mdash; alce. Sarva é o nome sami para alce, un nome alternativo é *Sarvvis* &mdash; Alce macho. A orixe desta constelación remonta probablemente á antiga cultura de cazadores antes de que os renos fosen domesticados.
    
    *Sarva* consta das constelacións occidentais Casiopea, Perseo e partes de Auriga. Constelacións e estrelas que rodean Sarva representan os cazadores dos alces. *Favdna* (also transcribed as *Favtna*) é a estrela Arcturus e representa o Cazador que apunta aos alces co seu arco e frecha (*Fauna davgge* &mdash; o Gran Cullerón). Favdna debe apuntar ben, se lle dá ó Soporte do Ceo *Boahjenaste* (a estrela Polar), conta a lenda que o mundo chegará ao seu fin.
    
    Favdna ten moitos axudantes: *Galla* (Procyon<sup>[1](#note1)</sup>) e os seus fillos *Gallabarneck* (Cinto de Orión), os "Corredores do ceo", *Cuoigahægjek* (Castor e Pollux) e "O corredor" (Vega). As Pléiades chámanse *Rougot* (paquete de can) ou *Miese-cora* (paquete de becerro).
    
    A Vía Láctea chámase *Lodde-raiddaras* (lit. camiño do paxaro) ou *Jakke-mærka* (lit. marca do ano). O nome empregado depende da estación. Na gráfica de Johan Turi pódese observar unha estrela *Guovso-naste*, a estrela da mañá, que se pode identificar como Venus, pero isto non é certo, xa que tamén se pode identificar como Altair, unha estrela que se achega pola mañá (similar a Arcturus na cultura do ceo nórdica).
    
    A cultura do ceo sami non ten un gran número de constelacións. Crese que se debe principalmente á alta latitude norte á que están os sami. Dous factores contribúen a isto: que o ceo sur permaneza por baixo do horizonte en gran medida e que a Aurora Borealis sexa a miúdo brillante para ocultar moitas estrelas.
    
    ### Notas
    
     1. <a name="note1"/>Que estrela exacta representa *Galla* é descoñecido. Probablemente sexa Procyon, Rigel ou Sirius - Procyon foi escollido como Galla para esta cultura do ceo xa que Sirius é moi difícil de descubrir desde a latitude onde viven os sami.

note: Samoan sky culture name
en: Samoan
gl: Samoano

note: Samoan sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Formerly known as the *Navigator Islands*, the Samoan archipelago has been the launch site for countless ocean voyages since its settlement 3,000 years ago by the ancestors of today’s Polynesians. Like other Pacific Islander societies, the Samoans possessed an incredible body of astronomical knowledge, cultivated through generations of scientific observational study (tofāmamao). Over time, indigenous wayfinding science has been almost completely replaced by digital navigation technologies, but the names and stories attached to some celestial features have persisted through oral traditions and colonial era publications. Beside their value as nautical aids, the moon, stars, and planets also marked the lunar months, annual socioreligious festivals, and the timing of agricultural cycles.
gl: O arquipélago de Samoa, antes coñecido como *Illas do navegador*, foi o lugar de partida de innumerables viaxes oceánicas dende o seu nacemento hai 3.000 anos polos antepasados dos polinesios actuais. Do mesmo xeito que outras sociedades das illas do Pacífico, os samoanos posuían un corpo incrible de coñecemento astronómico, cultivado a través de xeracións de estudos observacionais científicos (tofāmamao). Ó longo do tempo, a ciencia de orientación indíxena foi substituída case por completo polas tecnoloxías de navegación dixital, pero os nomes e historias adxuntas a algunhas características celestes persistiron a través das tradicións orais e das publicacións da época colonial. Ademais do seu valor como axudas náuticas, a lúa, as estrelas e os planetas tamén marcaban os meses lunares, as festas sociorelixiosas anuais e o tempo dos ciclos agrícolas.

note: Samoan sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### General Terminology
    
    - _fētū_ - star
    - _lā_ - sun
    - _māsina_ - moon
    - _lagi_ - sky
    - _fuifuifētū_ - constellation ("star clusters")
    - _ʻemoʻemo, ʻemaʻema_ - twinkling
    - _liʻo_ - observed halo or reflective ring around star/moon
    - _pupula_ - light emitted by sun/star, reflected by moon
    - _vānimonimo/vāteatea/vāuliuli_ - outer space ("immeasurable space"/"expanse"/"dark void")
    - _fētūafi/fētūlele/fētūatiafi_ - meteor/shooting star ("fire star"/"flying star"/"fire-carrying star")
    - _pusaloa_ - comet ("smoke plume")
    - _nuanua_ - rainbow
    - _sopolagi_ - starpath/orbit
    - _sila_ - endpoint of starpath/orbit (point on the horizon where star/sun/moon/planet is seen to rise/set from)
    - _maluopeaua_ - the moment at which a star/moon/planet becomes visible at the horizon ("obscured in the sea mist")
    - _goto/ifo/paʻū_ - to set (descent of star/moon/sun/planet below the horizon)
    - _oso/aʻe/fānaʻe/aufasa_ - to rise (ascent of star/moon/sun /planet above the horizon)
    - _fetāileliʻi_ - navigational path formed by a series of constellations/stars rising in sequence
    - _gasetoto_ - solar eclipse
    - _gaseʻeleʻele_ - lunar eclipse
    - _pulou_ - zenith position
    - _pale/faliu_ - to descend from zenith position toward horizon
    - _itūlagi_ - spatial division of the sky/horizon
    - _tafatafailagi_ - horizon
    - _tilotilo_ - to catch a fleeting glance of star/moon during cloudy conditions
    - _gālouluvao_ - obstructed view of star/moon
    - _lagivalea_ - view of sky obstructed by clouds
    - _fanoloa_ - period of time when star/moon/planet is not visible
    - _lagi e mamā/lagilelei/lagimā_ - clear view of sky
    - _mataʻaga_ - the act of watching the sky for stars/signs
    - _vaʻaiiliu_ - to lay down in the hull to observe the sky above
    - _fotu_ - appearance of star/moon/sun/planet
    - _galo_ - disappearance of star/moon/sun/planet
    
    ### Planet Terminology
    
    #### Tupualēgase
    
    _Undying Mystery_ - Jupiter; associated with the ritual observance of the Amo o Ātua iā Tupualēgase (the Ātua chiefdomʻs annual celebration of the deity Tupualēgase, who is embodied by the planet Jupiter).
    
    #### Tapuʻitea
    
    _Forbidden Radiance__ - Venus; associated with the cannibal demigoddess Tapuʻitea who self-exiled herself to outer space to spare her son Toʻivā from her insatiable appetite; Toʻivā (abbreviation of Toʻivaitotonuoleʻatoatufuga) is also seen in the night sky as an adze-shaped constellation (Sickle of Leo); Venus is known to pass through Leo once (sometimes twice) a year, acknowledging the relationship between mother and son.
    
    #### Fētūao
    
    _Morning Star_ - Venus when seen before sunrise; associated with the legend of Tapuʻitea.
    
    #### Matamemea
    
    _Reddish Face/Surface_ - Mars.
    
    #### Tāʻelo
    
    _Brownish_ - Mercury.
    
    #### Fētūʻāsoa
    
    _Garland Star_ - Saturn.
    
    ### Star Terminology
    
    #### Matāliʻi
    
    _Face of Liʻi_ - Pleiades (grouping of seven stars representing eyes, ears, nostrils, and mouth of demigod Liʻi); associated with the legend of a Tanifā (Cetus) pursuing a canoe paddled by Liʻi; acronychal rising of Matāliʻi signaled the beginning of the new year (Vāipālolo season) and ushered in the festivities of the first fruits (Talomua) during the lunar months of Taumafamua and Toetaumafa. Note: for display clarity and ease of use Matāliʻi is assigned to the star Alcyone.
    
    #### Luatagata
    
    _Two Men_ - Alpha and Beta Centauri collectively; associated with the legend of Sumu (Crux, Southern Cross).
    
    #### Filo/Mea
    
    Alpha and Beta Centauri individually (no distinction between the two); associated with the legend of Sumu (Crux, Southern Cross).
    
    #### Suga/Pae
    
    M4 and M80 within Scorpius (no distinction between the two); associated with the legend of Toloa (head of Scorpius).
    
    #### Fētūsolonuʻu
    
    _Gliding Star_ - Sirius; considered zenith star for traveling between Sāmoa and Fiji.
    
    #### Telegese
    
    _Slow-Moving_ - Sirius; considered zenith star for traveling between Sāmoa and Fiji.
    
    #### Taʻulua
    
    _Two Salutations_ - refers to Sirius during the part of the year when it is visible both at sunrise and sunset (thus "greeted twice" on the same day).
    
    #### Taʻuluatuāfanua
    
    _Taʻulua Eastward_ - Sirius seen at sunrise.
    
    #### Taʻuluaalofi
    
    _Taʻulua Westward_ - Sirius seen at sunset.
    
    #### Aolele
    
    _Flying Cloud_ - Small Magellanic Cloud.
    
    #### Aotea
    
    _Pale Cloud_ - Large Magellanic Cloud.
    
    #### ʻAniva
    
    _Expanse_ - Milky Way.
gl: ### Terminoloxía xeral
    
    - _fētū_ - estrela
    - _lā_ - sol
    - _māsina_ - lúa
    - _lagi_ - ceo
    - _fuifuifētū_ - constelación ("cúmulos de estrelas")
    - _ʻemoʻemo, ʻemaʻema_ - escintilante
    - _liʻo_ - halo observado ou anel reflector arredor da estrela/lúa
    - _pupula_ - luz emitida polo sol/estrela, reflectida pola lúa
    - _vānimonimo/vāteatea/vāuliuli_ - espazo exterior ("espazo inconmensurable"/"expansión"/"baleiro escuro")
    - _fētūafi/fētūlele/fētūatiafi_ - meteoro/estrela fugaz ("estrela de lume"/"estrela voadora"/"estrela portadora de lume")
    - _pusaloa_ - cometa ("penacho de fume")
    - _nuanua_ - arco da vella
    - _sopolagi_ - ruta estelar/órbita
    - _sila_ - punto final da ruta estelar/órbita (punto no horizonte dende onde se ve saír/poñerse a estrela/sol/lúa/planeta)
    - _maluopeaua_ - o momento no que unha estrela/lúa/planeta se fai visible no horizonte ("escurecido pola néboa mariña")
    - _goto/ifo/paʻū_ - poñerse (descenso da estrela/lúa/sol/planeta por debaixo do horizonte)
    - _oso/aʻe/fānaʻe/aufasa_ - saír (ascenso da estrela/lúa/sol/planeta por riba do horizonte)
    - _fetāileliʻi_ - ruta de navegación formada por unha serie de constelacións/estrelas que saen en secuencia
    - _gasetoto_ - eclipse solar
    - _gaseʻeleʻele_ - eclipse lunar
    - _pulou_ - posición cenital
    - _pale/faliu_ - descender dende a posición cenital cara ó horizonte
    - _itūlagi_ - división espacial do ceo/horizonte
    - _tafatafailagi_ - horizonte
    - _tilotilo_ - botar unha fugaz ollada a unha estrela/lúa durante condicións nubradas
    - _gālouluvao_ - visión obstruída da estrela/lúa
    - _lagivalea_ - vista do ceo obstruída por nubes
    - _fanoloa_ - período de tempo no que a estrela/lúa/planeta non é visible
    - _lagi e mamā/lagilelei/lagimā_ - visión clara do ceo
    - _mataʻaga_ - acto de observar o ceo en busca de estrelas/signos
    - _vaʻaiiliu_ - deitarse no casco para observar o ceo de arriba
    - _fotu_ - aparición da estrela/lúa/sol/planeta
    - _galo_ - desaparición da estrela/lúa/sol/planeta
    
    ### Terminoloxía planetaria
    
    #### Tupualēgase
    
    _Misterio eterno_ - Xúpiter; asociado coa observancia ritual do Amo o Ātua iā Tupualēgase (a celebración anual da divindade Tupualēgase, representada polo planeta Xúpiter).
    
    #### Tapuʻitea
    
    _Resplandor Prohibido__ - Venus; asociada coa semideusa caníbal Tapuʻitea, que se autoexiliou ó espazo exterior para salvar o seu fillo Toʻivā do seu apetito insaciable; Toʻivā (abreviatura de Toʻivaitotonuoleʻatoatufuga) tamén se ve no ceo nocturno como unha constelación con forma de fouce (Fouce de León); sábese que Venus pasa por León unha vez (ás veces dúas) ó ano, recoñecendo a relación entre nai e fillo.
    
    #### Fētūao
    
    _Estrela da Mañá_ - Venus cando se ve antes do amencer; asociada coa lenda de Tapuʻitea.
    
    #### Matamemea
    
    _Cara/Superficie Avermellada_ - Marte.
    
    #### Tāʻelo
    
    _Marrón_ - Mercurio.
    
    #### Fētūʻāsoa
    
    _Estrela Garland_ - Saturno.
    
    ### Terminoloxía estelar
    
    #### Matāliʻi
    
    _Rostro de Liʻi_ - Pléiades (agrupación de sete estrelas que representan os ollos, as orellas, as fosas nasais e a boca do semideus Liʻi); asociadas coa lenda dun Tanifā (Cetus) perseguindo unha canoa remada por Liʻi; o surxir acrónico de Matāliʻi sinalaba o comezo do novo ano (temporada de Vāipālolo) e marcaba o comezo das festividades das primicias (Talomua) durante os meses lunares de Taumafamua e Toetaumafa. Nota: para maior claridade na visualización e facilidade de uso, Matāliʻi está asignado á estrela Alcyone.
    
    #### Luatagata
    
    _Dous homes_ - Alfa e Beta Centauri conxuntamente; asociadas coa lenda de Sumu (Crux, Cruz do Sur).
    
    #### Filo/Mea
    
    Alfa e Beta Centauri individualmente (sen distinción entre as dúas); asociadas coa lenda de Sumu (Crux, Cruz do Sur).
    
    #### Suga/Pae
    
    M4 e M80 dentro de Escorpio (sen distinción entre as dúas); asociadas coa lenda de Toloa (cabeza de Escorpio).
    
    #### Fētūsolonuʻu
    
    _Estrela Plana_ - Sirio; considerada a estrela cenital para viaxar entre Samoa e Fixi.
    
    #### Telegese
    
    _Movemento Lento_ - Sirio; considerada a estrela cenital para viaxar entre Samoa e Fixi.
    
    #### Taʻulua
    
    _Dous Saúdos_ - refírese a Sirio durante a parte do ano na que é visible tanto ó amencer comfa ó solpor (polo tanto, "saudado dúas veces" o mesmo día).
    
    #### Taʻuluatuāfanua
    
    _Taʻulua Cara ó leste_ - Sirius visto ó amencer.
    
    #### Taʻuluaalofi
    
    _Taʻulua Cara ó oeste_ - Sirius visto ó pór do sol.
    
    #### Aolele
    
    _Nube Voadora_ - Pequena Nube de Magallanes.
    
    #### Aotea
    
    _Nube Pálida_ - Gran Nube de Magallanes.
    
    #### ʻAniva
    
    _Expansión_ - Vía Láctea.

note: Description of Samoan constellation Triggerfish
en: ("Sumu") Crux/Southern Cross; associated with the legend of Filo and Mea (Alpha and Beta Centauri) fishing for the Sumu.
gl: ("Sumu") Crux/Cruz do Sur; asociada coa lenda de Filo e Mea (Alfa e Beta Centauri) pescando os Sumu.

note: Description of Samoan constellation Fishhook lure
en: ("Faipā") the entire hook shaped constellation of Scorpius; associated with the legend of ʻAloʻalolelā and the magic fishhook (pā).
gl: ("Faipā") a constelación de Escorpio enteira con forma de gancho; asociada coa lenda de `Aloʻalolelā e o anzol máxico (pā).

note: Description of Samoan constellation Wild duck
en: ("Toloa") asterism within Faipā, representing a flying duck (head of Scorpius); associated with the legend of Suga and Pae (M4 and M80) hunting the Toloa; the duckʻs head (Antares) is recorded as having been used to sail from Pukapuka to ʻUpolu when the star was "low in the sky to the westward".
gl: ("Toloa") asterismo dentro de Faipā, representando un pato voador (cabeza de Escorpio); asociado coa lenda de Suga e Pae (M4 e M80) cazando o Toloa; rexístrase que a cabeza do pato (Antares) foi utilizada para navegar de Pukapuka a 'Upolu cando a estrela estaba "baixa no ceo cara ó oeste".

note: Description of Samoan constellation Pigeon Perch
en: ("Tūlālupe") asterism within Faipā (distal tail of Scorpius); associated with the chiefly sport of pigeon snaring.
gl: (asterismo "Tūlālupe") dentro de Faipā (cola distal de Escorpio); asociado co deporte principal de atrapar pombas.

note: Description of Samoan constellation Sea monster
en: ("Tanifā") Cetus (tail of Cetus is the head of Tanifā), pursuing Liʻi (Pleiades).
gl: ("Tanifā") Cetus (a cola de Cetus é a cabeza de Tanifā), perseguindo a Liʻi (Pléiades).

note: Description of Samoan constellation Tongs
en: ("Iʻofi") Taurus; associated with the legend of Tiʻitiʻiatalaga/Maui.
gl: ("Iʻofi") Touro; asociado coa lenda de Tiʻitiʻiatalaga/Maui.

note: Description of Samoan constellation Carrying pole
en: ("Amoga") constellation stretching from Pi-3 Orionis to Gamma Monocerotis; associated with the legend of Tiʻitiʻiatalaga; zenith star for traveling between Sāmoa and Tonga.
gl: ("Amoga") constelación que se estende desde Pi-3 Orionis ata Gamma Monocerotis; asociada coa lenda de Tiʻitiʻiatalaga; estrela cenital para viaxar entre Samoa e Tonga.

note: Description of Samoan constellation Triad of moons
en: ("Tolugāmāuli") asterism within Amoga (three stars of Orionʻs Belt); associated with legend of Tiʻitiʻiatalaga; noted as the "star course" to sail from Manuʻa to Pukapuka.
gl: (asterismo "Tolugāmāuli") dentro de Amoga (tres estrelas do Cinto de Orión); asociado coa lenda de Tiʻitiʻiatalaga; coñecido como o "curso estelar" para navegar de Manuʻa a Pukapuka.

note: Description of Samoan constellation Heirloom Warclub
en: ("ʻAnava") constellation found largely within Ursa Major.
gl: (constelación de "ʻAnava") que se atopa principalmente dentro da Osa Maior.

note: Description of Samoan constellation Kingfisher
en: ("Tiʻotala") Delphinus; associated with the legend of the tiʻotala (kingfisher) ambushing the grasshopper (sē).
gl: ("Tiʻotala") Delfino; asociado coa lenda do tiʻotala (martín pescador) emboscando o saltón (sē).

note: Description of Samoan constellation Grasshopper
en: ("Sē") constellation found within Pegasus; associated with the legend of the tiʻotala (kingfisher) ambushing the grasshopper (sē).
gl: ("Sē") constelación que se atopa dentro de Pegaso; asociada coa lenda do tiʻotala (martín pescador) que embosca o saltón (sē).

note: Description of Samoan constellation Candlenut torch
en: ("Tuigālama") Orionʻs arm/club; associated with the legend of Tiʻitiʻiatalaga.
gl: ("Tuigālama") Brazo/cachaporra de Orión; asociado coa lenda de Tiʻitiʻiatalaga.

note: Description of Samoan constellation Great Adze
en: ("Toʻivā") Sickle of Leo; associated with the legend of Tapuʻitea (Venus) and her son Toʻivāitotonuoleʻatoatufuga ("Great Adze Within the Builderʻs Tool Basket").
gl: ("Toʻivā") Fouce de Leo; asociada coa lenda de Tapuʻitea (Venus) e o seu fillo Toʻivāitotonuoleʻatoatufuga ("O gran Adze dentro da cesta de ferramentas do construtor").

note: Samoan sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by Jake Fitisemanu (jjfitisemanu (a^t^) gmail.com) with consultation of Samoan cultural custodians and published historical sources. Programming support from Dan Smale.
gl: Esta cultura do ceo foi achegada por Jake Fitisemanu (jjfitisemanu (a^t^) gmail.com) coa consulta dos custodios culturais samoanos e fontes históricas publicadas. Soporte de programación de Dan Smale.

note: Sardinian sky culture name
en: Sardinian
gl: Sardeña

note: Sardinian sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Like all peoples of the world, even the ancient Sardinians, turned their eyes to the sky that marked the time and the seasons. The peasant's world has given its name to the stars and the constellations of the Sardinian culture.
gl: Como todos os pobos do mundo tamén os antigos sardos volveron os ollos ó ceo, que marcaba o tempo e as estacións. O mundo campesiño deu o seu nome ás estrelas e ás constelacións da cultura sarda.

note: Sardinian sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Stars and constellations in sardinian language](https://web.archive.org/web/20201029082540/http://www.sarabu.it/193_521_news_2863.php)
     - [#2]: [Stellarium Script: Sardinian Constellations Tour](http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Scripts)
     - [#3]: [Stellarium Wiki](http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Sky_cultures#Sardinian)
gl:  - [#1]: [Estrelas e constelacións en lingua sarda](https://web.archive.org/web/20201029082540/http://www.sarabu.it/193_521_news_2863.php)
     - [#2]: [Stellarium Script: Sardinian Constellations Tour](http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Scripts)
     - [#3]: [Stellarium Wiki](http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Sky_cultures#Sardinian)

note: Sardinian sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: These constellations have been created by the Stellarium's user *Giuseppe Putzolu*, giuseppe.putzolu(at)gmail.com
    
    ### Credits
    
    The constellations of the Sardinian culture are the result of research done by Tonino Bussu and Marco Puddu
gl: Estas constelacións foron creadas polo usuario de Stellarium *Giuseppe Putzolu*, giuseppe.putzolu(at)gmail.com
    
    ### Créditos
    
    As constelacións da cultura sarda son o resultado das investigacións realizadas por Tonino Bussu e Marco Puddu

note: Seri sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The [Seri people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seri_people) are an indigenous group in Mexico.
gl: O [pobo Seri ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seri_people) é un grupo indíxena de México.

note: Seri sky culture description section in markdown format
en: There have been six different Comca'ac groups (Comca'ac means "people"):
    
     - the Xica hacataj quitoj, who eat meat of sharks, inhabited San Esteban Island (Isla Turón);
     - the Xnamotat, who lived in the south, inhabit San Carlos, Guaymas and Tastiota;
     - the Cail hitic 'tamoc, the men from the valley, inhabited the region between Tastiota and Bahía Kino;
     - the Heno comca'ac, who live in the mountains, inhabited the centre of Tiburón Island;
     - the Tepocaj, the fishermen, who inhabited the region between Puerto Libertad and Puerto Peñasco; and,
     - the Tosni hox hanoquipilc, who fed themselves on sea birds (ducks and pelicans), inhabited Island San Lorenzo.
    
     <img src="illustrations/abuela.png" width="250" align="left" />Nowadays, the Seri people live at Punta Chueca and Desemboque, located in the coast of the northwestern state of Sonora, Mexico. According with the fishing cycles, Comca'ac occupy several fishing camps at the litoral distributed along a 100 km territory. The whole area assigned to them reaches the 210 thousand hectares which corresponds to a region in the continent and the Tiburón Island in the California gulf.
    
    The Seri language (coiiqui'itom) forms part of the seriyumana family which means that, on one hand, its most recent relation can be given by the yumano coming from the north of the Californian peninsula, and, on the other hand, this language totally contrasts with the languages of its neighbouring nations who talk uto-aztec ones like pima, p&#225;pago, yaqui and mayo; all of them fila with a much more recent origin.
    
    The description of the Comca'ac (Seri) Constellations presented here comes from the book "Bajo el cielo Comca'ac: Astronomía entre el mar y el desierto", written by Arturo Morales Blanco, in which it is possible to identify the relations between sky, sea and desert, as they are recovered by oral tradition and family memories.
    
    This knowledge has arrived to us by oral transmission from generation to generation through time and shows how the events from the sea like the appearance of crabs or the abundance of Totoaba (a large fish, now in danger), comes along with the presence of sets of stars in the sky. Comca'ac people has named them Zaamth or Zix cam caoc'la, respectively; also, the coincidence of Pitahayas (cactus fruits) in the cactus with the appearance of constellation Hácosa (Corta-pitahayas) in the sky is very suggestive.
gl: Houbo seis grupos diferentes de Comca'ac (Comca'ac significa "xente"):
    
     - os Xica hacataj quitoj, que comen carne de tiburón, habitaron a Illa de San Esteban (Isla Turón);
     - os Xnamotat, que viven no sur, habitaron San Carlos, Guaymas e Tastiota;
     - os Cail hitic 'tamoc, os homes do val, habitaban a comarca entre Tastiota e Bahía Kino;
     - os Heno comca'ac, que viven na montaña, habitaron o centro da Illa Tiburón;
     - os Tepocaj, os pescadores, que habitaban a comarca entre Puerto Libertad e Puerto Peñasco; e,
     - os Tosni hox hanoquipilc, que se alimentan de aves mariñas (patos e pelícanos), habitaban a illa de San Lorenzo.
    
     <img src="illustrations/abuela.png" width="250" align="left" />Hoxe en día, o pobo seri vive en Punta Chueca e Desemboque, situadas na costa do estado noroeste de Sonora, México. Segundo os ciclos de pesca, os Comca'ac ocupan varios campamentos pesqueiros no litoral distribuídos por un territorio de 100 km. Toda a superficie que se lles asigna alcanza as 210 mil hectáreas que corresponden a unha rexión do continente e á illa Tiburón no golfo de California.
    
    A lingua seri (coiiqui'itom) forma parte da familia seriyumana o que significa que, por unha banda, a súa relación máis recente pode vir dada polo yumano procedente do norte da península californiana e, por outra banda, esta lingua contrasta totalmente coas linguas das súas nacións veciñas que falan uto-azteca como pima, p&#225;pago, yaqui e mayo; todos eles fila cunha orixe moito máis recente.
    
    A descrición das Constelacións de Comca'ac (Seri) que aquí se presenta procede do libro "Bajo el cielo Comca'ac: Astronomía entre el mar y el desierto", escrito por Arturo Morales Blanco, no que é posible identificar as relacións entre ceo, mar e deserto, xa que son recuperados pola tradición oral e as lembranzas familiares.
    
    Este coñecemento chegounos por transmisión oral de xeración en xeración a través do tempo e amosa como os acontecementos do mar como a aparición de cangrexos ou a abundancia de Totoaba (un peixe de gran tamaño, agora en perigo), van acompañados da presenza da saída de estrelas no ceo. A xente de Comca'ac chámanse Zaamth ou Zix cam caoc'la, respectivamente; tamén, é moi suxestiva a coincidencia de Pitahayas (froitos de cacto) no cacto coa aparición da constelación Hácosa (Corta-pitahayas) no ceo.

note: Description of Seri constellation Crab
en: <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/zaamth.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>_Zaamth_ - When the stars of Orion's Belt, Rigel and Betelgeuse appear above the western horizon, in the month of March, Comca'ac people see how in shallow waters of the marsh, the crabs are found forming groups of about 300 or 400 items which can be collected easily; that is the reason to call Zaamth to constellation. After six months, when the sea is cold, the crabs do not appear any more going from one place to another; instead the sea wheat, xnois, comes and their seed has been used to make flour and different food plates for centuries. The legend says that in the days corresponding to the crab "harvesting", it must be avoided to break a leg or a claw because, if this happens, the day after there will not be any more crabs at the site.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
gl: <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/zaamth.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>_Zaamth_ - Cando as estrelas do Cinto de Orión, Rigel e Betelgeuse aparecen sobre o horizonte occidental, no mes de marzo, o pobo Comca'ac ve como nas augas pouco profundas da marisma, os cangrexos forman grupos duns 300 ou 400 individuos que se poden recoller doadamente; esa é a razón para chamar Zaamth á constelación. Despois de seis meses, cando o mar está frío, os cangrexos xa non aparecen indo dun lugar a outro; no seu lugar vén o trigo mariño, xnois, e a súa semente utilízase para facer fariña e diferentes pratos durante séculos. A lenda di que nos días correspondentes á "colleita" do cangrexo, hai que evitar romperlles unha pata ou unha garra porque, se isto ocorre, ó día seguinte non haberá máis cangrexos no lugar.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>

note: Description of Seri constellation The wife and husband
en: <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/cohamc.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>_Cohamc_ - About October 18th, an alignment of stars takes place in the morning sky and it is called, since ancient times, as Cohamc constellation, women. Then four or five days after the rains begin to fall with intensity and the wind runs by the desert. The star that is at the north of the alignment, the Comca'ac's name is Hacamta, the husband, and is the one appearing behind the other six named women, (the star Psi of Ursa Major); the six stars appear in sequence, two by two. The forecast of this bad weather motivated their ancestors to go to the caves in the mountain and to go far from the beach. After the difficult days, around two months later, Comca'ac people returned to the beach carrying with them all the food and materials kept along: dried meat, fish, 'caguama' turtle, honey, and flour from 'péchita de mezquite' (seeds from Mesquite tree), between them.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
gl: <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/cohamc.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>_Cohamc_ - Arredor do 18 de outubro, prodúcese unha aliñación de estrelas no ceo da mañá que se chama, dende tempos antigos, constelación de Cohamc, mulleres. Entón, catro ou cinco días despois, as choivas comezan a caer con intensidade e o vento corre polo deserto. A estrela que está ó norte da aliñación, pasrta os Comca'ac, é Hacamta, o marido, e é a que aparece detrás das outras seis mulleres con nome (a estrela Psi da Osa Maior); as seis estrelas aparecen en secuencia, de dúas en dúas. A previsión deste mal tempo motivou ós seus antepasados ​​a ir ás covas da montaña e a afastarse da praia. Despois dos días difíciles, uns dous meses despois, o pobo Comca'ac regresou á praia levando consigo toda a comida e os materiais que gardara: carne seca, peixe, tartaruga caguama, mel e fariña de péchita de mezquite (sementes da árbore de mezquite), entre eles.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>

note: Description of Seri constellation Sirius
en: <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/hazoj_canoj.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>_Hazoj canoj Hantificaü_ - This star that appears alone in the sky with its multicolour shine can be seen along the year. However, in the first days of September (after the heliacal rising), one has to get up at 4 or 5 in the morning to see it. This star corresponds to Sirius and it announces the new day. The legend says that when someone gets up when the Sun is already in the sky, all his tents to become the skin of the dead. Hazoj means constellation and Hantificaö is "Who comes at the dawn".</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
gl: <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/hazoj_canoj.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>_Hazoj canoj Hantificaü_ - Esta estrela que aparece soa no ceo co seu brillo multicolor pódese ver ó longo do ano. Non obstante, nos primeiros días de setembro (despois da saída helíaca), hai que levantarse ás 4 ou 5 da mañá para vela. Esta estrela corresponde a Sirio e anuncia o novo día. A lenda di que cando alguén se levanta cando o Sol xa está no ceo, toda a súa pel se converte na pel dun morto. Hazoj significa constelación e Hantificaö é "Quen vén ó amencer".</td>
    </tr>
    </table>

note: Description of Seri constellation The deer hunter
en: <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/haapjc_desc.jpg" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>_Haapjc_ - This constellation is, perhaps, the most complex of Comca'ac ones, due to the fact that it covers a wide area in the sky and in it, one can find stars from Taurus, Twins, and the Capella star. It can be said that Haapjc (Deer hunter) has the following sections: the whitetail deer, the bura deer and bighorn deer (Hépem, Háap and Möjit, respectively), which are the stars known as Hassaleh, Elnath and 123 Tau; the spear with its flint at Aldebaran and the stars forming a 'V' of Taurus, while the feathers are Castor and Pollux of Gemini; and, finally, the hunter, properly said, is Cozaactim ("Who crosses"), with his head at Capella.<br> The legend says that Cozaactim threw his spear and hit the Bura deer. Háap was wounded and flew through the sky bleeding; then, a little drop of blood fell in the Tiburón Island, and that is the reason why bura deer are native of the island. This constellation can be observed in September morning skies.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
gl: <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/haapjc_desc.jpg" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>_Haapjc_ - Esta constelación é, quizais, a máis complexa dos Comca'ac, debido a que abrangue unha ampla área no ceo e nela pódense atopar estrelas de Touro, Xemelgos e a estrela Capella. Pódese dicir que Haapjc (Cervo cazador) ten as seguintes seccións: o cervo de cola branca, o cervo bura e o cervo cimarro (Hépem, Háap e Möjit, respectivamente), que son as estrelas coñecidas como Hassaleh, Elnath e 123 Tau; a lanza co seu sílex en Aldebarán e as estrelas formando un 'V' de Touro, mentres que as plumas son Cástor e Pólux de Xemelgos; e, finalmente, o cazador, propiamente dito, é Cozaactim ("Quen cruza"), coa cabeza en Capella. A lenda di que Cozaactim lanzou a súa lanza e golpeou o cervo bura. Háap foi ferido e voou polo ceo sangrando; entón, unha pequena pinga de sangue caeu na illa de Tiburón, e esa é a razón pola que os cervos bura son nativos da illa. Esta constelación pódese observar nos ceos matutinos de setembro.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>

note: Description of Seri constellation Pitahayas cutter
en: <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/hacosa.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>It is said that when this constellation is pointing to the top of the sky, at September 7th, it appears similar to the instrument Hácosa (Pitahaya-cutter), and it is time to collect the wild fruits: 'péchitas de mezquite' (Mesquite seeds) and pitahayas (cactus fruit), for example. When there is no sign of it, the season will be bad.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
gl: <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/hacosa.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>Dise que cando esta constelación apunta cara á parte superior do ceo, o 7 de setembro, aparece como o instrumento Hácosa (cortador de pitahayas), e é hora de recoller os froitos silvestres: péchitas de mezquite (sementes de mezquite) e pitahayas (froitos de cacto), por exemplo. Cando non hai rastro dela, a tempada será mala..</td>
    </tr>
    </table>

note: Description of Seri constellation Antares
en: <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/hazoj_koii.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>_Hazoj Köii_ - Between the twelve stars of Cöiquih (Person) is the star Antares. In this constellation, the person seems to be fishing; that is why the corresponding legend affirms that Zix hantpatj (cochito fish) has at the roof of its mouth a kind of jelly substance, coming from the pulp of a cactus that the ancestors used as bait. This constellation goes, month after month, revolving in the sky and it is seen in a recumbent position when it is over Tiburón Island on midnight at September 8th.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
gl: <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/hazoj_koii.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>_Hazoj Köii_ - Entre as doce estrelas de Cöiquih (Persoa) atópase a estrela Antares. Nesta constelación, a persoa parece estar pescando; por iso a lenda correspondente afirma que Zix hantpatj (peixe cochito) ten no padal unha especie de substancia xelatinosa, procedente da polpa dun cacto que os antepasados ​​usaban como cebo. Esta constelación vai, mes tras mes, xirando no ceo e vese en posición deitada cando está sobre a Illa Tiburón na medianoite do 8 de setembro.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>

note: Description of Seri constellation Wheel game
en: <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/caamoilcoj.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>This constellation named _Caamooilcoj_ (Wheel Game), is one of the most important arrays of stars between Comca'ac people; it can be observed at plenitude at winter; with around fifteen stars in a wheeled shape, and stars as reed tablets (tablillas de carrizo) which play the role of dice. It is said that in ancient times, this game was played by men, exclusively, who put as bet their own life; now, the game is played at festivals and special occasions by women representing events of life and protection; in particular, it is played during puberty ceremonies for example; or at the feast of zaaptim (great basket). <br>For this game, several round pieces of Pitahayas (cactus fruits) or of 'cinita' (four lines cactus) made the circle (today, they are decorated stones with different motives); and, three reed pieces (tablillas de carrizo), painted in colours. The meaning of these three colours are: Red - the blood and death; Blue - the sky and the sea; and, White - purity, good health and protection.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
gl: <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/caamoilcoj.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>Esta constelación, chamada _Caamooilcoj_ (Xogo da Roda), é unha das formacións estelares máis importantes entre o pobo Comca'ac; pódese observar en plenitude no inverno; con arredor de quince estrelas en forma de roda e estrelas como táboas de carrizo que desempeñan o papel de dados. Dise que na antigüidade, este xogo era xogado exclusivamente por homes, que apostaban a súa propia vida; agora, o xogo é xogado en festivais e ocasións especiais por mulleres que representan eventos da vida e protección; en particular, xógase durante as cerimonias da puberdade, por exemplo; ou na festa de zaaptim (gran cesta). <br>Para este xogo, varias pezas redondas de pitahayas (froitos de cactus) ou de "cinita" (cactus de catro liñas) formaban o círculo (hoxe, son pedras decoradas con diferentes motivos); e tres pezas de carrizo pintadas de cores. O significado destas tres cores é: vermello - o sangue e a morte; azul - o ceo e o mar; e branco - pureza, boa saúde e protección.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>

note: Description of Seri constellation Small dove
en: <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/quetoh0.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>This lonely star is known as _Quetoh_ (little dove), it is modern Arcturus. It appears around October 8th announcing an epoch of good fishing. The ancestors did not have nets or other fishing arts, they used harpoons to capture their preys and a "flint" harpoon or double point tool. The legend says that many years ago, with the appearance of this star in the sky, the floriation of cactus begun and at the end of the week, there were Pitahayas on them; however, the next day, all the pitahayas disappeared: it was Quetoh yacaso or 'spell of the dove' responsible of eating that fruit.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
gl: <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/quetoh0.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>Esta estrela solitaria coñécese como _Quetoh_ (pomba pequena), é o Arcturus moderno. Aparece arredor do 8 de outubro anunciando unha época de boa pesca. Os antepasados ​​non tiñan redes nin outras artes de pesca, usaban arpóns para capturar as súas presas e un arpón de "sílex" ou ferramenta de dobre punta. A lenda di que hai moitos anos, coa aparición desta estrela no ceo, comezou a floración dos cactos e ó final da semana, había pitahayas neles; porén, ó día seguinte, todas as pitahayas desapareceron: foi Quetoh yacaso ou "feitizo da pomba" o responsable de comer ese froito.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>

note: Description of Seri constellation Polar star
en: <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/himatax.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>This lonely star is known as _Hazoj canoj Himatax_ because its meaning is a star which does not move and around which all turns. It is present all night long, all the days of the year.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
gl: <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/himatax.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>Esta estrela solitaria coñécese como _Hazoj canoj Himatax_ porque o seu significado é unha estrela que non se move e arredor da cal todo xira. Está presente toda a noite, todos os días do ano.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>

note: Description of Seri constellation Young hunter
en: <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/yay_xapi.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>_Yay Xapi Hanopas_ - The young hunter, says the legend, was a boy who went hunting, and several weeks after his departure he was still absent, and the members of his camp considered him dead. But several months later, at daybreak, he has shown himself to his parents who were surprised telling him: "We thought you were dead, we have spent many days looking for you, until we were tired; we cried for you a lot". The young man told his parents: "I live near the beach, I found a good place and stayed there". "But what kind of water you drink?" They asked. "I found any water and that is I drink, Haxhaxaha tahomisi", he said to them while talking about the Tecomate Bay.<br> According to this legend, the young hunter became the Constellation with Canopus at its centre caused by a conflict with his elder brother. It appears directly towards the south.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ### Conclusion
    
    All this knowledge of Comca'ac people comes from prehispanic epoch, and it has prevailed through centuries, thanks to oral tradition and the strength of the community to colonization, at first, and his opposition to evangelization, later on. Still today, it is possible to hear the stories and legends behind the naming of constellations and the events on the sea and on the desert. With the recovery of these legends, by exercise of memory and lively events with his ancestors, Arturo Morales Blanco gave us a legacy that must be conserved for future generations: children, young people who will keep in their own language how and what to look for in the sky.
gl: <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/yay_xapi.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>_Yay Xapi Hanopas_ - O mozo cazador, segundo conta a lenda, era un rapaz que fora de caza e, varias semanas despois da súa partida, aínda estaba ausente, e os membros do seu campamento considerárono morto. Pero varios meses despois, ó amencer, apareceulle ós seus pais, que se sorprenderon dicíndolle: "Pensabamos que estabas morto, pasamos moitos días buscándote ata que nos cansamos; choramos moito por ti". O mozo díxolles ós seus pais: "Vivo preto da praia, atopei un bo lugar e quedei alí". "Pero que tipo de auga bebes?", preguntaron. "Atopei calquera auga e iso é o que bebo, Haxhaxaha tahomisi", díxolles mentres falaban da baía de Tecomate.<br> Segundo esta lenda, o mozo cazador converteuse na Constelación con Canopo no seu centro debido a un conflito co seu irmán maior. Aparece directamente cara ó sur.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ### Conclusión
    
    Todo este coñecemento do pobo Comca'ac provén da época prehispánica epermaneceu ó longo dos séculos grazas á tradición oral e á forza da comunidade á colonización, primeiro, e á súa oposición á evanxelización, despois. Aínda hoxe é posible escoitar as historias e lendas que se agochan tras o nomeamento das constelacións e os acontecementos no mar e no deserto. Coa recuperación destas lendas, mediante o exercicio da memoria e os acontecementos vivos cos seus antepasados, Arturo Morales Blanco deunos un legado que debe conservarse para as xeracións futuras: nenos, mozos que gardarán na súa propia lingua como e que buscar no ceo.

note: Seri sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: **Ra&#250;l Pérez-Enríquez**: [raulpe55(at)gmail(dot)com](mailto:raulpe55@gmail.com)
    
    ### Thanks to
    
     - Arturo Morales Blanco
     - Alejandro Aguilar Zeleny
     - Julio Saucedo Morales
     - Alfredo Manríquez
     - UNISON
    
    English translation by: Alfredo Manríquez
gl: **Ra&#250;l Pérez-Enríquez**: [raulpe55(at)gmail(dot)com](mailto:raulpe55@gmail.com)
    
    ### Grazas a
    
     - Arturo Morales Blanco
     - Alejandro Aguilar Zeleny
     - Julio Saucedo Morales
     - Alfredo Manríquez
     - UNISON
    
    Tradución ó inglés de: Alfredo Manríquez

note: Tibetan sky culture name
en: Tibetan
gl: Tibetano

note: Tibetan sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: *This is unfinished work and only a tentative solution. Please help us improve! (see below)*
    
    During a travel to the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China (TAR) in 2019, I was confronted with a highly complex system of astronomy and calendar computations which has a long tradition in Tibet.
    
    Traditional Tibetan astronomy is largely influenced by the Kalacakra Tantra which has been imported from India, mixed with some Chinese influence.
gl: *Este é un traballo inacabado e só unha solución provisional. Axúdanos a mellorar! (ver abaixo)*
    
    Durante unha viaxe á Rexión Autónoma do Tíbet de China (TAR) en 2019, atoipeime cun sistema altamente complexo de cálculos astronómicos e de calendario que ten unha longa tradición no Tíbet.
    
    A astronomía tradicional tibetana está amplamente influenciada polo Tantra Kalacakra, que foi importado de India, mesturado con algunha influencia chinesa.

note: Tibetan sky culture description section in markdown format
en: <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/MenTseeKhang_emblem.jpg" height="450" alt="Emblem of Men Tsee Khang"/></td>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/StagPhuDisk.jpg" height="450" alt="Stag Phu disk"/></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td>Emblem on the door sign of Men Tsee Khang institute in Lhasa</td>
    	<td>Stag Phu observatory Platform. The traditional stone for the shadow observation has been embedded in a concrete platform which shows the lunar mansions. The outermost circle shows figures of the 12 Zodiacal signs (barely visible but enlarged below).</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
     The Men Tsee Khang Institute for Astro and Medicine in Lhasa, TAR, is the central authority for traditional Tibetan medicine and astrology, two fields of research which are closely related in Tibetan tradition. The institute is in charge of editing the annual Tibetan calendar. Although this can be described algorithmically, in 2009 Men Tsee Khang experts have re-erected a calendar observatory in Stag Phu monastery, where a sunrise observation is performed on each March 17th for calibrating the calendar. On this day, just as the sun climbs over a mountain ridge, its first rays are cast through a window in the observatory tower onto a particular rock which has been embedded into a circular platform.
    
    ### The Zodiac
    
    The zodiac is partitioned into 12 figures largely identical to the classical figures of the zodiac known in Europe. The following table is from Cornu, with photographs showing the figures illustrated in the circular platform. Note the unexpected appearance of Cancer. Is it a frog?
     <table class="layout">
    <tr><th colspan="2">IAU</th><th>Tibetan</th><th>Indian</th><th>Platform Illustration</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td><notr> 1</notr></td>
    	<td>Ari</td>
    	<td>Luk</td>
    	<td>Meṣa</td>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/StagPhu_01_Ari.jpg" height=150 alt="Ari"/></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td><notr> 2</notr></td>
    	<td>Tau</td>
    	<td>Lang</td>
    	<td>Vṛṣa</td>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/StagPhu_02_Tau.jpg" height=150 alt="Tau"/></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td><notr> 3</notr></td>
    	<td>Gem</td>
    	<td>Trik</td>
    	<td>Mithuna</td>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/StagPhu_03_Gem.jpg" height=150 alt="Gem"/></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td><notr> 4</notr></td>
    	<td>Cnc</td>
    	<td>Karkata</td>
    	<td>Karka</td>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/StagPhu_04_Cnc_Frog.jpg" height=150 alt="Cnc"/></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td><notr> 5</notr></td>
    	<td>Leo</td>
    	<td>Senge</td>
    	<td>Simha</td>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/StagPhu_05_Leo.jpg" height=150 alt="Leo"/></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td><notr> 6</notr></td>
    	<td>Vir</td>
    	<td>Pumo</td>
    	<td>Kanyā</td>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/StagPhu_06_Vir.jpg" height=150 alt="Vir"/></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td><notr> 7</notr></td>
    	<td>Lib</td>
    	<td>Sangwa</td>
    	<td>Tulā</td>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/StagPhu_07_Lib.jpg" height=150 alt="Lib"/></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td><notr> 8</notr></td>
    	<td>Sco</td>
    	<td>Dikpa</td>
    	<td>Vṛscika</td>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/StagPhu_08_Sco.jpg" height=150 alt="Sco"/></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td><notr> 9</notr></td>
    	<td>Sgr</td>
    	<td>Zhu</td>
    	<td>Dhanus</td>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/StagPhu_09_Sgr.jpg" height=150 alt="Sgr"/></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td><notr>10</notr></td>
    	<td>Cap</td>
    	<td>Chusin</td>
    	<td>Makara</td>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/StagPhu_10_Cap.jpg" height=150 alt="Cap"/></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td><notr>11</notr></td>
    	<td>Aqr</td>
    	<td>Bumpa</td>
    	<td>Kumbha</td>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/StagPhu_11_Aqr.jpg" height=150 alt="Aqr"/></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td><notr>12</notr></td>
    	<td>Psc</td>
    	<td>Nya</td>
    	<td>Mīna</td>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/StagPhu_12_Psc.jpg" height=150 alt="Psc"/></td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ### The Lunar Mansions
    
    The Men Tsee Khang emblem shows 27 stick figures for the Lunar mansions arranged in a circle around the central figure. The same figures are also laid out in cement with bright stones connected by black lines in the circular platform which has been erected when the observatory was rebuilt. These 27 *gyukar* figures are described as being equal to the Indian *Nakṣatras* and represent sections of 13°20' longitude along the ecliptic. Actually, one of the *gyukars* consists of 2 asterisms, therefore 28 *lunar asterisms* are named.
    
    However, not much is known of the exact identification of the Tibetan Lunar Stations outside of Tibet. Most literature is Tibetan or Chinese only, and there were no Tibetan star maps available. Also our guides could not explain any of the following to us.
    
    The following table was taken from Cornu. Note that Tibetans start counting at zero, while the Indians count from 1.
     <table class="layout">
    <tr><th colspan="2">Gyukar</th><th colspan="2">Nakshatra</th><th>Stars</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr> 0</notr></td>
    	<td>Takar, Yugu</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr> 1</notr></td>
    	<td>Aśvini</td>
    	<td> &beta; Ari Sheratan</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr> 1</notr></td>
    	<td>Dranye</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr> 2</notr></td>
    	<td>Bharaṇī</td>
    	<td> 35 Ari</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr> 2</notr></td>
    	<td>Mindruk</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr> 3</notr></td>
    	<td>Kṛttikā</td>
    	<td> Pleiades</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr> 3</notr></td>
    	<td>Narma</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr> 4</notr></td>
    	<td>Rohiṇī</td>
    	<td> &alpha; Tau Aldebaran</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr> 4</notr></td>
    	<td>Go</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr> 5</notr></td>
    	<td>Mṛgaśirā</td>
    	<td> &lambda; Ori</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr> 5</notr></td>
    	<td>Lak</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr> 6</notr></td>
    	<td>Ārdrā</td>
    	<td> &alpha; Ori Betelgeuse</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr> 6</notr></td>
    	<td>Nabso, Gyaltö</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr> 7</notr></td>
    	<td>Punarvasū</td>
    	<td> &beta; Gem Pollux</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr> 7</notr></td>
    	<td>Gyal, Gyalme</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr> 8</notr></td>
    	<td>Puṣya</td>
    	<td> 5 Cnc</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr> 8</notr></td>
    	<td>Kak, Wa</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr> 9</notr></td>
    	<td>Aśleṣa</td>
    	<td> &alpha; Hya</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr> 9</notr></td>
    	<td>Chu, Ta chen</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr>10</notr></td>
    	<td>Maghā</td>
    	<td> &alpha; Leo Regulus</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr>10</notr></td>
    	<td>Dre, Ta chung</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr>11</notr></td>
    	<td>Purva-Phālgunī</td>
    	<td> &delta; Leo Zosma</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr>11</notr></td>
    	<td>Wo</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr>12</notr></td>
    	<td>Uttara-Phālgunī</td>
    	<td> &beta; Leo Denebola</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr>12</notr></td>
    	<td>Mezhi</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr>13</notr></td>
    	<td>Hasta</td>
    	<td> &delta; Crv Algorab</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr>13</notr></td>
    	<td>Nakpa</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr>14</notr></td>
    	<td>Citrā</td>
    	<td> &alpha; Vir Spica</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr>14</notr></td>
    	<td>Sari</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr>15</notr></td>
    	<td>Svātī</td>
    	<td> &alpha; Boo Arcturus</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr>15</notr></td>
    	<td>Saga</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr>16</notr></td>
    	<td>Viśākhā</td>
    	<td> &alpha; Lib</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr>16</notr></td>
    	<td>Lhatsam</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr>17</notr></td>
    	<td>Anurādhā</td>
    	<td> &delta; Sco</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr>17</notr></td>
    	<td>Nrön, Deu</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr>18</notr></td>
    	<td>Jyeṣṭhā</td>
    	<td> &alpha; Sco Antares</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr>18</notr></td>
    	<td>Nup</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr>19</notr></td>
    	<td>Mūla</td>
    	<td> &lambda; Sco Shaula</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr>19</notr></td>
    	<td>Chutö</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr>20</notr></td>
    	<td>Purvāṣadhā</td>
    	<td> &delta; Sgr</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr>20</notr></td>
    	<td>Chume</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr>21</notr></td>
    	<td>Uttarāṣadhā</td>
    	<td> &sigma; Sgr</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr>21</notr></td>
    	<td>Drozhin + Jizhin</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr>22</notr></td>
    	<td>Uttara-Āṣādhā + Śravaṇa</td>
    	<td> &alpha; Lyr Vega + &alpha; Aql Altair</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr>22</notr></td>
    	<td>Möndre</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr>23</notr></td>
    	<td>Dhaniāsṭha</td>
    	<td> &beta; Del</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr>23</notr></td>
    	<td>Möndru</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr>24</notr></td>
    	<td>Satabhiṣak</td>
    	<td> &lambda; Aqr</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr>24</notr></td>
    	<td>Trumtö</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr>25</notr></td>
    	<td>Purvabāadrapada</td>
    	<td> &alpha; Peg Markab</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr>25</notr></td>
    	<td>Trume</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr>26</notr></td>
    	<td>Uttarabhādrapada</td>
    	<td> &gamma; Peg, &alpha; And</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr>26</notr></td>
    	<td>Namdru, Shesa</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr>27</notr></td>
    	<td>Revati</td>
    	<td> &sigma; Psc</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    The star figures for Lunar Mansions in this skyculture are shown as asterisms among the traditional 12 Ptolemaic zodiacal constellations. It is assumed that most originate from the Indian traditions, esp. Kalacakra Tantra, but it appears that some Chinese influence is also present, e.g. Nr. 11. Only for the Zodiacal constellations artwork is provided. A few more constellations in Ptolemaic tradition are displayed in the northern sky to allow easier orientation, but with their names suppressed. We have no information about their names, relevance or even publicity of these in Tibet.
    
    ### Please help us
    
    The figures are my own attempt of identification of the Lunar mansion figures. We can be sure about the placement of only those which can also be found in other sky cultures, e.g. Japanese Moon Stations which stem from Chinese tradition. Many stars are rather dim, and the figures in the emblem apparently have to be rotated in arbitrary ways, like *gyukar 3*=Hyades. Others require considerable liberties to accept a topological match. Alternative matches with stars in similar topology arranged in the orientation shown in the emblem (north=outer circle) have been found only in neighboring areas of the sky, making a match rather unlikely. Others appear to have been taken over from Chinese tradition, e.g. Nr. 11. LM21 can be explained only if we accept two separate figures which are not aligned as shown in the concrete figure. Then they represent Chinese constellations *Ox* and *Girl* (which is also Japanese Lunar station *Woman*).
    
    Alternative figures can be found in the old configuration files. We would like to hear from experts of Tibetan astronomy about both confirmed and corrected identification.
    
    The *zodiac* and *gyukar* bands have been taken over from Indian tradition. The link "Spica=180°" is also set here for both circles, but should be confirmed. 
    
    #### Further reading
    
    This work accompanies a 3D model of the Stag Phu observatory for use with the Scenery3D plugin, downloadable from https://stellarium.org and described in:
    
    Georg Zotti, Guntram Hazod, Martin Gamon and Hubert Feiglstorfer (2024), "A Calendar Observatory in Tibet". In: Marc Fr&icirc;ncu (coordinator), 
    Proceedings of the 29th Conference of the European Society for Astronomy in Culture (SEAC) Timisoara 2022,  
    Editura Universit&#x103;&#x163;ii de Vest din Timi&#x15F;oara} (pages 123-136).  ISBN 978-630-327-107-1.
gl: <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/MenTseeKhang_emblem.jpg" height="450" alt="Emblem of Men Tsee Khang"/></td>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/StagPhuDisk.jpg" height="450" alt="Stag Phu disk"/></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td>Emblema no letreiro da porta do instituto Men Tsee Khang en Lhasa</td>
    	<td>Plataforma do observatorio Stag Phu. A pedra tradicional para a observación das sombras foi incrustada nunha plataforma de formigón que mostra as mansións lunares. O círculo máis externo mostra figuras dos 12 signos do zodíaco (a penas visibles pero ampliadas a continuación).</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
     O Instituto Men Tsee Khang de Astroloxía e Medicina en Lhasa, TAR, é a autoridade central para a medicina e a astroloxía tradicionais tibetanas, dous campos de investigación que están estreitamente relacionados na tradición tibetana. O instituto encárgase de editar o calendario tibetano anual. Aínda que isto pode describirse algoritmicamente, en 2009 os expertos de Men Tsee Khang volveron erixir un observatorio de calendario no mosteiro de Stag Phu, onde se realiza unha observación do amencer cada 17 de marzo para calibrar o calendario. Neste día, xusto cando o sol sobe por riba dunha crista montañosa, os seus primeiros raios proxéctanse a través dunha xanela da torre do observatorio sobre unha rocha particular que está incrustada nunha plataforma circular.
    
    ### O Zodíaco
    
    O zodíaco está dividido en 12 figuras en gran parte idénticas ás figuras clásicas do zodíaco coñecidas en Europa. A seguinte táboa é de Cornu, con fotografías que mostran as figuras ilustradas na plataforma circular. Obsérvese a aparición inesperada de Cancro. É unha ra?
     <table class="layout">
    <tr><th colspan="2">IAU</th><th>Tibetano</th><th>Indio</th><th>Ilustración da plataforma</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td><notr> 1</notr></td>
    	<td>Ari</td>
    	<td>Luk</td>
    	<td>Meṣa</td>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/StagPhu_01_Ari.jpg" height=150 alt="Ari"/></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td><notr> 2</notr></td>
    	<td>Tau</td>
    	<td>Lang</td>
    	<td>Vṛṣa</td>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/StagPhu_02_Tau.jpg" height=150 alt="Tau"/></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td><notr> 3</notr></td>
    	<td>Gem</td>
    	<td>Trik</td>
    	<td>Mithuna</td>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/StagPhu_03_Gem.jpg" height=150 alt="Gem"/></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td><notr> 4</notr></td>
    	<td>Cnc</td>
    	<td>Karkata</td>
    	<td>Karka</td>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/StagPhu_04_Cnc_Frog.jpg" height=150 alt="Cnc"/></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td><notr> 5</notr></td>
    	<td>Leo</td>
    	<td>Senge</td>
    	<td>Simha</td>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/StagPhu_05_Leo.jpg" height=150 alt="Leo"/></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td><notr> 6</notr></td>
    	<td>Vir</td>
    	<td>Pumo</td>
    	<td>Kanyā</td>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/StagPhu_06_Vir.jpg" height=150 alt="Vir"/></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td><notr> 7</notr></td>
    	<td>Lib</td>
    	<td>Sangwa</td>
    	<td>Tulā</td>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/StagPhu_07_Lib.jpg" height=150 alt="Lib"/></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td><notr> 8</notr></td>
    	<td>Sco</td>
    	<td>Dikpa</td>
    	<td>Vṛscika</td>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/StagPhu_08_Sco.jpg" height=150 alt="Sco"/></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td><notr> 9</notr></td>
    	<td>Sgr</td>
    	<td>Zhu</td>
    	<td>Dhanus</td>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/StagPhu_09_Sgr.jpg" height=150 alt="Sgr"/></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td><notr>10</notr></td>
    	<td>Cap</td>
    	<td>Chusin</td>
    	<td>Makara</td>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/StagPhu_10_Cap.jpg" height=150 alt="Cap"/></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td><notr>11</notr></td>
    	<td>Aqr</td>
    	<td>Bumpa</td>
    	<td>Kumbha</td>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/StagPhu_11_Aqr.jpg" height=150 alt="Aqr"/></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td><notr>12</notr></td>
    	<td>Psc</td>
    	<td>Nya</td>
    	<td>Mīna</td>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/StagPhu_12_Psc.jpg" height=150 alt="Psc"/></td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ### As Mansións Lunares
    
    O emblema de Men Tsee Khang mostra 27 figuras de pau para as mansións lunares dispostas nun círculo arredor da figura central. As mesmas figuras tamén están dispostas en cemento con pedras brillantes conectadas por liñas negras na plataforma circular que se erixiu cando se reconstruíu o observatorio. Estas 27 figuras *gyukar* descríbense como iguais ós *Nakṣatras* indios e representan seccións de 13°20' de lonxitude ó longo da eclíptica. En realidade, un dos *gyukars* consta de 2 asterismos, polo que se nomean 28 *asterismos lunares*.
    
    Non obstante, non se sabe moito sobre a identificación exacta das estacións lunares tibetanas fóra do Tíbet. A maior parte da literatura é só tibetana ou chinesa, e non había mapas estelares tibetanos dispoñibles. Ademais, os nosos guías non nos puideron explicar nada do seguinte.
    
    A seguinte táboa foi tomada de Cornu. Hai que ter en conta que os tibetanos comezan a contar dende cero, mentres que os indios contan dende 1.
     <table class="layout">
    <tr><th colspan="2">Gyukar</th><th colspan="2">Nakshatra</th><th>Estrelas</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr> 0</notr></td>
    	<td>Takar, Yugu</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr> 1</notr></td>
    	<td>Aśvini</td>
    	<td> &beta; Ari Sheratan</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr> 1</notr></td>
    	<td>Dranye</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr> 2</notr></td>
    	<td>Bharaṇī</td>
    	<td> 35 Ari</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr> 2</notr></td>
    	<td>Mindruk</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr> 3</notr></td>
    	<td>Kṛttikā</td>
    	<td> Pleiades</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr> 3</notr></td>
    	<td>Narma</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr> 4</notr></td>
    	<td>Rohiṇī</td>
    	<td> &alpha; Tau Aldebaran</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr> 4</notr></td>
    	<td>Go</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr> 5</notr></td>
    	<td>Mṛgaśirā</td>
    	<td> &lambda; Ori</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr> 5</notr></td>
    	<td>Lak</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr> 6</notr></td>
    	<td>Ārdrā</td>
    	<td> &alpha; Ori Betelgeuse</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr> 6</notr></td>
    	<td>Nabso, Gyaltö</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr> 7</notr></td>
    	<td>Punarvasū</td>
    	<td> &beta; Gem Pollux</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr> 7</notr></td>
    	<td>Gyal, Gyalme</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr> 8</notr></td>
    	<td>Puṣya</td>
    	<td> 5 Cnc</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr> 8</notr></td>
    	<td>Kak, Wa</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr> 9</notr></td>
    	<td>Aśleṣa</td>
    	<td> &alpha; Hya</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr> 9</notr></td>
    	<td>Chu, Ta chen</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr>10</notr></td>
    	<td>Maghā</td>
    	<td> &alpha; Leo Regulus</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr>10</notr></td>
    	<td>Dre, Ta chung</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr>11</notr></td>
    	<td>Purva-Phālgunī</td>
    	<td> &delta; Leo Zosma</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr>11</notr></td>
    	<td>Wo</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr>12</notr></td>
    	<td>Uttara-Phālgunī</td>
    	<td> &beta; Leo Denebola</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr>12</notr></td>
    	<td>Mezhi</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr>13</notr></td>
    	<td>Hasta</td>
    	<td> &delta; Crv Algorab</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr>13</notr></td>
    	<td>Nakpa</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr>14</notr></td>
    	<td>Citrā</td>
    	<td> &alpha; Vir Spica</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr>14</notr></td>
    	<td>Sari</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr>15</notr></td>
    	<td>Svātī</td>
    	<td> &alpha; Boo Arcturus</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr>15</notr></td>
    	<td>Saga</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr>16</notr></td>
    	<td>Viśākhā</td>
    	<td> &alpha; Lib</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr>16</notr></td>
    	<td>Lhatsam</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr>17</notr></td>
    	<td>Anurādhā</td>
    	<td> &delta; Sco</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr>17</notr></td>
    	<td>Nrön, Deu</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr>18</notr></td>
    	<td>Jyeṣṭhā</td>
    	<td> &alpha; Sco Antares</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr>18</notr></td>
    	<td>Nup</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr>19</notr></td>
    	<td>Mūla</td>
    	<td> &lambda; Sco Shaula</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr>19</notr></td>
    	<td>Chutö</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr>20</notr></td>
    	<td>Purvāṣadhā</td>
    	<td> &delta; Sgr</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr>20</notr></td>
    	<td>Chume</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr>21</notr></td>
    	<td>Uttarāṣadhā</td>
    	<td> &sigma; Sgr</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr>21</notr></td>
    	<td>Drozhin + Jizhin</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr>22</notr></td>
    	<td>Uttara-Āṣādhā + Śravaṇa</td>
    	<td> &alpha; Lyr Vega + &alpha; Aql Altair</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr>22</notr></td>
    	<td>Möndre</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr>23</notr></td>
    	<td>Dhaniāsṭha</td>
    	<td> &beta; Del</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr>23</notr></td>
    	<td>Möndru</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr>24</notr></td>
    	<td>Satabhiṣak</td>
    	<td> &lambda; Aqr</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr>24</notr></td>
    	<td>Trumtö</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr>25</notr></td>
    	<td>Purvabāadrapada</td>
    	<td> &alpha; Peg Markab</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr>25</notr></td>
    	<td>Trume</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr>26</notr></td>
    	<td>Uttarabhādrapada</td>
    	<td> &gamma; Peg, &alpha; And</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td align="right"><notr>26</notr></td>
    	<td>Namdru, Shesa</td>
    	<td align="right"><notr>27</notr></td>
    	<td>Revati</td>
    	<td> &sigma; Psc</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    As figuras estelares das Mansións Lunares nesta carta do ceo móstranse como asterismos entre as 12 constelacións zodiacais tradicionais tolemaicas. Suponse que a maioría proceden das tradicións indias, especialmente do Tantra Kalacakra, pero parece que tamén hai algunha influencia chinesa, por exemplo, a nº 11. Só se proporcionan ilustracións para as constelacións zodiacais. Algunhas constelacións máis da tradición tolemaica móstranse no ceo setentrional para facilitar a orientación, pero cos seus nomes suprimidos. Non temos información sobre os seus nomes, relevancia ou mesmo publicidade destas no Tíbet.
    
    ### Por favor, axúdanos
    
    As figuras son o meu propio intento de identificación das figuras das mansións lunares. Só podemos estar seguros da colocación daquelas que tamén se poden atopar noutras culturas do ceo, por exemplo, as estacións lunares xaponesas que proveñen da tradición chinesa. Moitas estrelas son bastante tenues e as figuras do emblema aparentemente teñen que rotarse de xeito arbitrario, como *gyukar 3* = Híades. Outras requiren liberdades considerables para aceptar unha coincidencia topolóxica. As coincidencias alternativas con estrelas de topoloxía similar dispostas na orientación mostrada no emblema (norte = círculo exterior) atopáronse só en áreas veciñas do ceo, o que fai que unha coincidencia sexa bastante improbable. Outras parecen ter sido tomadas da tradición chinesa, por exemplo, a nº 11. LM21 só se pode explicar se aceptamos dúas figuras separadas que non están aliñadas como se mostra na figura concreta. Entón representan as constelacións chinesas *Boi* e *Rapaza* (que tamén é a estación lunar xaponesa *Muller*).
    
    Pódense atopar figuras alternativas nos ficheiros de configuración antigos. Gustaríanos escoitar a expertos en astronomía tibetana sobre a identificación tanto confirmada como corrixida.
    
    As bandas *zodíaco* e *gyukar* foron tomadas da tradición india. A ligazón "Spica=180°" tamén está establecida aquí para ambos círculos, pero debe confirmarse.
    
    #### Lecturas adicionais
    
    Este traballo acompaña un modelo 3D do observatorio Stag Phu para o seu uso co complemento Scenery3D, descargable desde https://stellarium.org e descrito en:
    
    Georg Zotti, Guntram Hazod, Martin Gamon e Hubert Feiglstorfer (2024), "Un observatorio de calendario no Tíbet". En: Marc Fräncu (coordinador),
    Actas da 29ª Conferencia da Sociedade Europea de Astronomía na Cultura (SEAC) Timișoara 2022,
    Editura Universität de Vest din Timișoara (páxinas 123-136). ISBN 978-630-327-107-1.

note: Tibetan sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: Georg Zotti on May 21, 2019, reworked July-October 2023. *Zodiac* and *Gyukars* added in V25.2.
gl: Georg Zotti o 21 de maio de 2019, reelaborado entre xullo e outubro de 2023. *Zodiac* e *Gyukars* engadidos na V25.2.

note: Tikuna sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Tikuna indigenous people have inhabited the region of the Upper Solimões river for the past 2,000 years. They currently occupy a territory where the political borders of three countries converge: Brazil, Colombia, and Peru. This is the reason why the Tikuna recognize themselves as a differentiated indigenous group, while also identifying with the national identities related to these three countries.
gl: Os indíxenas Tikuna habitaron a rexión do río Alto Solimões durante os últimos 2.000 anos. Actualmente ocupan un territorio onde conflúen as fronteiras políticas de tres países: Brasil, Colombia e Perú. Esta é a razón pola que os tikuna se recoñecen como un grupo indíxena diferenciado, ó mesmo tempo que se identifican coas identidades nacionais relacionadas con estes tres países.

note: Tikuna sky culture description section in markdown format
en: Tikuna territory encompasses a region 600 kilometers long, running west to east from the Chimbote region in Peru—along the emptiness of the Amazonas-Solimões valley, in the so-called Trapézio Amazônico (Colombian Amazonian Trapezoid)—to the Barreira da Missão region, in the municipality of Tefé, in the Brazilian state of Amazonas (See The Ticuna Atlas, Figure I).
    
     <img src="illustrations/Atlas_das_terras_Tikuna.png" width="753" height="453" />
    
     <em>Figure 1: The Tikuna Atlas<cite id="cit1a">[**<sup>1</sup>**](#cit1)</cite> </em>
    
    The agencies and researchers that deal with them estimate that more than 53,544 (Siasi/Sesai, 2014) Tikunas live in Brazil (FUNASA, 2009), 8.000 in Colombia (Goulard, 2010), and 6.982 in Peru (INEL, 2007)<cite id="cit2a">[**<sup>2</sup>**](#cit2)</cite>. Together, they constitute the largest Amazonian indigenous population. Aside from their own Tikuna language, they also speak Spanish and Portuguese, depending on whether they live in Colombia and Peru or in Brazil.
    
    The Tikuna live in riverside villages along the Amazonas-Solimões and its tributaries, called igarapés. Their daily life revolve around the cultivation cycles of different agricultural goods; specially, manioc, used to produce the flour the Tikuna sell in the markets of the region’s main cities. They are also fishers, hunters, and gatherers of the forest products. The women make hammocks, bags, and other objects with plant fibers; and the men paint on tururi fiber and fabricate arrows, paddles, and canoes.
    
    It should be noted that, in Brazil, the Tikuna Indians live in indigenous lands recognized by Brazil’s indigenous policy. They are located in “terrestrial islands” among non-indigenous territories occupied by the Brazilian Population, from Tabatinga to Manaus (as illustrated in the Brazilian Tikuna Atlas).
    
    ### The Astronomical Correlations
    
    The movements of the Tikuna constellations correspond to an interpretation of the seasonality of rainfall, as the Tikuna narratives suggest. These constellations are related to myths referencing the ascension and fall of Wücütcha (a heavenly beast related to the Jaguar Clan), Coyatchicüra (Caiman’s Jaw) and Baweta (Tracajá, the Aquatic Turtle Collective), the Anteater’s fight with the Jaguar, and the Way of the Tapir.
    
    According to the testimony of the Tikuna indigenous people, Baweta (the Pleiades Star Cluster) appears in the eastern sky towards the end of November, at nightfall. After Baweta rises, Caiman’s Jaw rises. Wücütcha’s leg corresponds to a portion of The Orion Constellation; and it begins to disappear from the western sky around the 20th of May, at nightfall. About one month earlier, the Caiman’s Jaw, corresponding to The Hyades Star Cluster in Taurus, also disappears to the West.
    
    According to Vieira’s interpretation, the form of Baweta (the Turtle Collective) is associated with the stars within the asterisms of the Pleiades and of Perseus. Baweta’s eyes are the feet of Perseus (Omicron Persei - Atik and ζ (Zeta) Persei). The “V” shape that Western astronomy relates to the head of Taurus is called Coyatchicüra (Caiman’s Jaw). Wücütcha’s Leg corresponds to the stars that groups as Orion. Its toes are Orion’s Belt and the bend of the legs are ι (iota) Orionis; κ (kappa) Orionis; η (eta) Leporis and δ (delta) Leporis.
    
    During the summer, the fight between the Anteater (Tchatü) and the Jaguar (Ai) occurs. The end of the battle coincides with the death and ascension of Wücütcha. The eyes of the Anteater are located in β (beta) of Triangulum Australe; his claw and body is in the constellations Norma and Ara. The right foot of the Jaguar is in Scorpio’s α (Antares), σ (Sigma), and τ (tau); its eyes are in ε (epsilon) and μ (mu) Scorpii; and its left paw is in λ (Shaula), υ (upsilon Sco – Lesath) and κ (kappa) of the same constellation. Wücütcha (the Jaguar’s leg) represents the beginning of the rains in late September; and its reappearance to the east follows the setting of Tchatü in the west, at nightfall, in the end of November. Those correlations are illuminated by indigenous testimony reproduced below:
    
    > “The stars fit into their respective constellations. First is Wücütcha. After winter, summer begins to walk. It is the Jaguar. After him, comes Coyathicüra in the month of May, at nightfall, when the Caiman’s Jaw appears on the beach. Baweta appears in September, the month of the turtle. In May, Wücütcha and Coyatchicüra fall. They all fall together at the end of May. In July, they come again. Baweta already begins to appear in July. When Wücütcha falls, beginning in May, caimans and turtles begin to appear. The apex is in September.”
    >
    > “In May, all the constellations fall, together with their planets. It is summertime. Later, in July, they appear again for the New Year. Coya and Wücütcha leave the sky from May to September. Later, in July, they appear again.”
    >
    > Fernando Marques or Ütchancu – translated by Lucho
    
    The Tikuna interpret processes affected by a succession of meteorological changes that, in turn, determine the rainy and the dry seasons. In this region of Western Amazon, the rainy season runs from December to March and the dry season from June to September. During April, May, October, and November the rainfall is intermediate. In November, the water level starts to rise and in late December the tides occur. During the month of May, the water level drops until September, the peak of the drought. The periods of El Niño imply a rain deficit, causing the extreme drought of the great river; during La Niña, the cooling of the Pacific increases the amount of water, causing dramatic tides and floods.
    
    Although dependent on weather variability, at the September Equinox the Tikuna observe how fog affects how they see in early morning; the Pleiades star cluster disappears on the morning horizon in early June and reappears in the evening, in late November. The goal of the Tikuna is to predict the intensity of the coming rains in order to negotiate with the entity Mawü, the “Master of Rain,” the effects of the floods on their subsistence activities.
    
    According to the explanations found in Enepü (a Tikuna community in the indigenous Land Eware II, in the Brazilian State of Amazon, in Western Amazonia), the influence of seasonality upon Tikuna subsistence activities is more prevalent along the Solimões. In the headwaters of the igarapés, where Enepü is situated, plenty of food exists all year long. In Enepü, trees and palms, such as the ingá and açaí, are fertile all year long due to the “virginity” and the enrichment of the soil by natural compost. The same thing occurs with the fishing in Lake Preto, within the limits of Enepü, where they can supply themselves abundantly with fish all year long. On the Solimões, however, one finds fish only from April to July, when the water level drops. Abundance in the hunt is also from April to July (or September, at most), along the Solimões. Fishing becomes more difficult when the river is high. The fruit of the native açaí palm is collected in summer, and customarily saved for preparation during winter—time of poor hunting and fishing. Through planning and regular gardening, harvests are available all year long. The harvest of cultivated plants also occurs during the drought months. There is a certain degree of flexibility in adapting the agricultural calendar to the rainy season (when fishing and hunting are not productive) and the dry season, (when fishing is more abundant); however, difficulties involving navigation and transport grow as the water level drops along the igarapés linking the river. Traditional culture, however, is not prepared for unforeseen alterations in the rainy season, such as it occurred in 2002. In that year, July saw the beginning of the repiquete (the rise on water levels), which normally occurs in September. This destroyed the short-range agricultural cycle and made the fish scarcer, changing alimentary habits.
     <p id="cit1"><notr><a href="#cit1a"><B>1</B></a></notr><cite>This work adopts linguistic convention when writing Tikuna, even though several Anthropologists and Indigenous experts use the vernacular form (Ticuna).</cite></p>
    
     <p id="cit2"><notr><a href="#cit2a"><B>2</B></a></notr><cite> According to socioambiental.org, consulted on 08/05/2019.</cite></p>
gl: O territorio de Tikuna abarca unha rexión de 600 quilómetros de lonxitude, que vai de oeste a leste dende a rexión de Chimbote en Perú, ó longo do baleiro do val Amazonas-Solimões, no chamado Trapézio Amazônico (trapecio amazónico colombiano), ata a rexión de Barreira da Missão, no concello de Tefé, no estado brasileiro de Amazonas (Ver The Ticuna Atlas, Figura I).
    
     <img src="illustrations/Atlas_das_terras_Tikuna.png" width="753" height="453" />
    
     <em>Figura 1: O Atlas Tikuna<cite id="cit1a">[**<sup>1</sup>**](#cit1)</cite> </em>
    
    As axencias e investigadores que se ocupan deles estiman que máis de 53.544 (Siasi/Sesai, 2014) Tikunas viven en Brasil (FUNASA, 2009), 8.000 en Colombia (Goulard, 2010) e 6.982 en Perú (INEL, 2007).<cite id="cit2a">[**<sup>2</sup>**](#cit2)</cite>. Xuntos, constitúen a maior poboación indíxena amazónica. Ademais da súa propia lingua tikuna, tamén falan español e portugués, segundo vivan en Colombia e Perú ou no Brasil.
    
    Os tikuna viven en aldeas ribeirás ó longo do Amazonas-Solimões e os seus afluentes, chamados igarapés. A súa vida cotiá xira arredor dos ciclos de cultivo de diferentes produtos agrícolas, especialmente, a mandioca, utilizada para producir a fariña que venden os Tikuna nos mercados das principais cidades da rexión. Tamén son pescadores, cazadores e recolectores de produtos forestais. As mulleres fan hamacas, bolsos e outros obxectos con febras vexetais; e os homes pintan sobre febra de tururi e fabrican frechas, remos e canoas.
    
    Cómpre sinalar que, en Brasil, os indios tikuna viven en terras indíxenas recoñecidas pola política indíxena do Brasil. Localízanse en “illas terrestres” entre territorios non indíxenas ocupados pola poboación brasileira, desde Tabatinga ata Manaus (como se ilustra no Atlas Tikuna brasileiro).
    
    ### As Correlacións Astronómicas
    
    Os movementos das constelacións Tikuna corresponden a unha interpretación da estacionalidade das precipitacións, como suxiren as narracións Tikuna. Estas constelacións están relacionadas con mitos que fan referencia ó ascenso e caída de Wücütcha (unha besta celestial relacionada co Clan Xaguar), Coyatchicüra (Mandíbula de Caimán) e Baweta (Tracajá, o Colectivo de Tartarugas Acuáticas), a loita do Oso Formigueiro co Xaguar e o Camiño do Tapir.
    
    Segundo o testemuño do pobo indíxena Tikuna, Baweta (o cúmulo estelar das Pléiades) aparece no ceo oriental a finais de novembro, á noitiña. Despois de que Baweta se levante, a mandíbula de Caimán sobe. A perna de Wücütcha corresponde a unha parte da Constelación de Orión; e comeza a desaparecer do ceo occidental arredor do 20 de maio, ó caer a noite. Aproximadamente un mes antes, a mandíbula do caimán, correspondente ó cúmulo estelar das Híades en Touro, tamén desaparece cara ó oeste.
    
    Segundo a interpretación de Vieira, a forma de Baweta (o Colectivo das Tartarugas) está asociada ás estrelas dentro dos asterismos das Pléiades e de Perseo. Os ollos de Baweta son os pés de Perseo (Omicron Persei - Atik e ζ (Zeta) Persei). A forma de "V" que a astronomía occidental relaciona coa cabeza de Touro chámase Coyatchicüra (Mandíbula de Caimán). A perna de Wücütcha corresponde ás estrelas que se agrupan como Orión. Os seus dedos son o cinto de Orión e a curva das pernas son ι (iota) Orionis; κ (kappa) Orionis; η (eta) Leporis e δ (delta) Leporis.
    
    Durante o verán prodúcese a loita entre o Oso formigueiro (Tchatü) e o Xaguar (Ai). O final da batalla coincide coa morte e ascensión de Wücütcha. Os ollos do Oso formigueiro están situados en β (beta) de Triangulum Australe; a súa pouta e o seu corpo están nas constelacións de Norma e Ara. O pé dereito do Xaguar está en α (Antares), σ (Sigma) e τ (tau) de Escorpión; os seus ollos están en ε (épsilon) e μ (mu) Scorpii; e a súa pata esquerda está en λ (Shaula), υ (upsilon Sco – Lesath) e κ (kappa) da mesma constelación. Wücütcha (a pata do Xaguar) representa o inicio das choivas a finais de setembro; e a súa reaparición cara ó leste segue á posta de Tchatü no oeste, ó caer a noite, a finais de novembro. Esas correlacións están iluminadas polo testemuño indíxena que se reproduce a continuación:
    
    > "As estrelas encaixan nas súas respectivas constelacións. O primeiro é Wücütcha. Despois do inverno, o verán comeza a andar. É o Xaguar. Despois del, vén Coyathicüra no mes de maio, á noitiña, cando aparece a Mandíbula de caimán na praia. Baweta aparece en setembro, o mes da tartaruga. En maio caen Wücütcha e Coyatchicüra. Caen todos xuntos a finais de maio. En xullo veñen de novo. Baweta xa comeza a aparecer en xullo. Cando cae Wücütcha, a partir de maio, comezan a aparecer caimáns e tartarugas. O vértice está en setembro".
    >
    > “En maio caen todas as constelacións, xunto cos seus planetas. É verán. Máis tarde, en xullo, aparecen de novo para o ano novo. Coya e Wücütcha abandonan o ceo de maio a setembro. Máis tarde, en xullo, aparecen de novo”.
    >
    > Fernando Marques ou Ütchancu – traducido por Lucho
    
    Os Tikuna interpretan procesos afectados por unha sucesión de cambios meteorolóxicos que, á súa vez, determinan a estación chuviosa e a seca. Nesta rexión do Amazonas occidental, a estación chuviosa vai de decembro a marzo e a estación seca de xuño a setembro. Durante abril, maio, outubro e novembro as precipitacións son intermedias. En novembro, o nivel da auga comeza a subir e a finais de decembro prodúcense as mareas. Durante o mes de maio, o nivel da auga baixa ata setembro, o pico da seca. Os períodos de El Niño implican un déficit de choiva, provocando a extrema seca do gran río; durante La Niña, o arrefriamento do Pacífico aumenta a cantidade de auga, provocando mareas e inundacións dramáticas.
    
    Aínda que dependen da variabilidade do tempo, no equinoccio de setembro os tikuna observan como a néboa afecta a forma en que ven á primeira hora da mañá; o cúmulo estelar das Pléiades desaparece no horizonte da mañá a principios de xuño e reaparece pola noite, a finais de novembro. O obxectivo do Tikuna é prever a intensidade das próximas chuvias para negociar coa entidade Mawü, o "Mestre da Choiva", os efectos das inundacións nas súas actividades de subsistencia.
    
    Segundo as explicacións atopadas en Enepü (unha comunidade tikuna na terra indíxena Eware II, no estado brasileiro de Amazonia, na Amazonia occidental), a influencia da estacionalidade nas actividades de subsistencia dos tikuna é máis prevalente ó longo dos Solimões. Na cabeceira dos igarapés, onde se atopa Enepü, hai moito alimento durante todo o ano. En Enepü, árbores e palmeiras, como a ingá e o açaí, son fértiles durante todo o ano debido á “virxindade” e ó enriquecemento do solo mediante compost natural. O mesmo ocorre coa pesca no lago Preto, dentro dos límites de Enepü, onde poden abastecerse abundantemente de peixe durante todo o ano. No Solimões, porén, só se atopa peixe de abril a xullo, cando o nivel da auga baixa. A abundancia na caza tamén é de abril a xullo (ou setembro, como máximo), ó longo do Solimões. A pesca faise máis difícil cando o río está alto. O froito da palma açaí autóctona recóllese no verán e adoita gardarse para a súa preparación durante o inverno, época de mala caza e pesca. Mediante a planificación e a xardinería regular, as colleitas están dispoñibles durante todo o ano. A colleita de plantas cultivadas tamén se produce durante os meses de seca. Hai certo grao de flexibilidade na adaptación do calendario agrícola á época de chuvias (cando a pesca e a caza non son produtivas) e á estación seca, (cando a pesca é máis abundante); non obstante, as dificultades de navegación e transporte medran a medida que o nivel da auga baixa ó longo dos igarapés que unen o río. A cultura tradicional, porén, non está preparada para alteracións imprevistas na época de choivas, como a que ocorreu en 2002. Nese ano, en xullo comezou o repiquete (a subida do nivel da auga), que normalmente se produce en setembro. Isto destruíu o ciclo agrícola de curto alcance e fixo que o peixe fose máis escaso, cambiando os hábitos alimentarios.
     <p id="cit1"><notr><a href="#cit1a"><B>1</B></a></notr><cite>Este traballo adopta a convención lingüística ó escribir Tikuna, aínda que varios antropólogos e expertos indíxenas usan a forma vernácula (Ticuna).</cite></p>
    
     <p id="cit2"><notr><a href="#cit2a"><B>2</B></a></notr><cite> De acordo con socioambiental.org, consultada o 08/05/2019.</cite></p>

note: Tikuna sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: **Priscila Faulhaber** (Museum of Astronomy and Related Sciences)
    
    **Fernando Vieira** (Astronomer and Former Coordinator of Astronomy in The Planetarium Foundation of the City of Rio de Janeiro) helped with the interpretation of the astronomical correlations between Western and Tikuna constellations, identified by the Tikuna in November 2002, during a research visit at the Science Center and Planetarium of the Universidade do Pará (Belém/Brazil), using the Starry Night System. Vieira plotted the correspondence between the traces of Tikuna mythical animals and the Official IAU constellations of western astronomy. He also reviewed this text for any skyscape incongruences related to corresponding Western astronomy and Tikuna cosmovision.
    
    We are integrating in this investigation **Walmir Thomazi Cardoso**, a Physics Professor in the Postgraduate Program in History of Sciences and Techniques and Epistemology at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (HCTE-UFRJ) and researcher of astronomy in culture; he made some reinterpretations in a collaborative work with physics undergraduate students; and **Youssif Ghantous Filho**, adapting and anchoring original drawings to Stellarium. Nevertheless, every sky interpretation is contextual and circumstantial. Current collaborative investigations are looking for new astronomical observation together with the Tikuna, which will improve the initial findings.
    
     The data used in **Cardoso & Ghantous Filho** were a reinterpretation of charts used by the Tikunas, **Pedro Inácio Pinheiro** and **Luís Angel Ramos**, to interpret Tikuna constellations. The calculations were established based upon coordinates 70° W and 3°S with the help of Oswaldo dos Santos Barros, Pará State (CCPP). The different interpretations of the drawings developed from the ongoing collaborative investigation with Walmir T. Cardoso, researcher of astronomy in Culture, takes into consideration some changes, such as the ones shown in this work.   **Marcio D´Olne Campos** (UNICAMP and SULear/SOUTHing Proposal) helped map the location of the Tikuna village and define their latitude and longitude coordinates (See Tikuna Lands Atlas).
    
    The recording of this myth and the identification of the Jaguar’s eyes was inspired by Curt Nimuendajú, (1952 p.143).
gl: **Priscila Faulhaber** (Museum of Astronomy and Related Sciences)
    
    **Fernando Vieira** (Astrónomo e Antigo Coordinador de Astronomía na Fundación Planetario da cidade de Río de Janeiro) axudou coa interpretación das correlacións astronómicas entre as constelacións occidentais e Tikuna, identificadas polos Tikuna en novembro de 2002, durante unha visita de investigación no Centro de Ciencias e Planetario da Universidade do Pará (Belém/Brasil), utilizando o Sistema Starry Night. Vieira trazou a correspondencia entre os rastros dos animais míticos Tikuna e as constelacións oficiais da IAU da astronomía occidental. Tamén revisou este texto para detectar calquera incongruencia da paisaxe celeste relacionada coa correspondente astronomía occidental e a cosmovisión Tikuna.
    
    Estamos integrando nesta investigación **Walmir Thomazi Cardoso**, catedrático de Física no Programa de Posgrao en Historia das Ciencias e Técnicas e Epistemoloxía da Universidade Federal de Río de Janeiro (HCTE-UFRJ) e investigador de astronomía na cultura; fixo algunhas reinterpretacións nun traballo colaborativo con estudantes de licenciatura de física; e **Youssif Ghantous Filho**, que adaptou e ancorou debuxos orixinais a Stellarium. Non obstante, cada interpretación do ceo é contextual e circunstancial. As investigacións colaborativas actuais buscan novas observacións astronómicas xunto cos Tikuna, que melloren os achados iniciais.
    
     Os datos usados en **Cardoso & Ghantous Filho** foron unha reinterpretación dos gráficos empregados polos tikunas, **Pedro Inácio Pinheiro** e **Luís Angel Ramos**, para interpretar as constelacións Tikuna. Os cálculos foron establecidos a partir das coordenadas 70° O e 3° S coa axuda de Oswaldo dos Santos Barros, Estado de Pará (CCPP). As diferentes interpretacións dos debuxos desenvolvidas a partir da investigación colaborativa en curso con Walmir T. Cardoso, investigador de astronomía en Cultura, ten en conta algúns cambios, como os mostrados neste traballo. **Marcio D´Olne Campos** (UNICAMP e SULear/SOUTHing Proposal) axudou a mapear a localización da aldea de Tikuna e definir as súas coordenadas de latitude e lonxitude (consultar o Atlas das Terras Tikuna).
    
    A gravación deste mito e a identificación dos Ollos do Xaguar inspirouse en Curt Nimuendajú, (1952 p.143).

note: Tongan sky culture name
en: Tongan
gl: Tongano

note: Tongan sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: As in all Polynesian star lore, Tongan sky culture descends from the practical application of nautical navigation.
gl: Como en toda a tradición de estrelas polinesia, a cultura do ceo tongana deriva da aplicación práctica da navegación náutica.

note: Tongan sky culture description section in markdown format
en: In some circumstances separation of individual star names from &quot;star path&quot; names cannot be resolved. A star may have multiple names 1) if the star is part of numerous star paths and 2) since the naming of stars can differ depending on which Tongan island group it originates from. The nomenclature of stars is approximated based on the limited resources available.
    
    Whilst the most-notable/common stars and constellations (i.e. Orion, Pleiades, Crux) are identified in Tongan star lore there are two notable exceptions. There is an absence of naming of the North star (Polaris: &alpha; UMi). This is peculiar considering the latitude of the Tongan islands and the prominence of this star at certain times of the year. In the event of any northerly journeys from Tonga such an important navigational landmark could not have possibly gone unnoticed. The constellation of Scorpio (parts in, or stars of) are also absent from Tongan star lore. This is surprising since the vast majority of star lore &ndash; globally and Polynesian &ndash; has Scorpio as a central constellation due to it being easily identified and that it is nearly directly opposite Orion in the night sky. [Stellarium would welcome any further knowledge on these two anomalies.]
    
    Common ancestry of Polynesian star lore's is evident in the similarities in the labelling of stars. For example the Pleiades is called Mataliki in Tongan, Matariki in Maori and Makali`i in Hawaiian.
    
    ### Nomenclature
    
    |Tongan term|Designation|
    |-----------|-----------|
    |Humu|Coal sack|
    |Kaniva|Milky Way|
    |Ma'afulele|Large Magellan cloud|
    |Ma'afutoka|Small Magellan cloud|
    |'otu Ma'afu|Magellanic clouds (both)|
    |Ha'amonga|Ecliptic|
    |Mahina|Moon|
    |La'a|Sun|
    |Fetu'u|Star (in general)|
    |Fetu'ufuka|Comet|
    |'Umata|Rainbow|
    |Fetu'u'Esiafi|Falling star|
    |tapukitea|Venus|
    |Matamemea|Mars|
    |Ma'afutoka (same as SMC)|Canopus|
    |Ma'afulele (same as LMC)|Sirius|
    |Velitoa hififo|Rigel|
    |Velitoa hahake|Betelgeuse|
    |Hikule'o|Arcturus|
    |Monuafe|Meissa|
    |Motuliki|Pleiades|
    |Tu'ulalupe|Hyades|
    |Toloatonga|Southern Cross|
    |Toloalahi|False Cross|
    
    **Tongan constellations**
    
    |Tongan name|Designation or notes|
    |-----------|--------------------|
    |Tuinga ika|Part of Orion, belt and sword|
    |Ae e'Uvea|Corona Borealis (*Speculative*)|
    |Fatanalua|Coma Berenices (*Speculative*)|
    |Kapakau'o'tafahi|Cassiopeia (*Speculative*)|
    |Toloa|Belt of Orion|
    |Lua tangata|Castor and/or Pollux|
    |Fungasia|Toliman and/or Agena|
    |Houmatoloa (Toloa, toloatonga, toloalahi)|&mdash;|
gl: Nalgunhas circunstancias non se pode resolver a separación dos nomes de estrela individuais dos nomes dos "camiños de estrelas". Unha estrela pode ter varios nomes 1) se a estrela forma parte de numerosos camiños estelares e 2) xa que a denominación das estrelas pode diferir en función do grupo das illas de Tonga. A nomenclatura de estrelas aproxímase en función dos recursos dispoñibles.
    
    Aínda que as estrelas e as constelacións máis notables / comúns (é dicir, Orion, Pléiades e Crux) son identificadas na tradición das estrelas de Tonga, hai dúas excepcións notables. Non hai referencia á estrela do norte (Polaris: UMi). Isto é peculiar tendo en conta a latitude das illas de Tonga e a importancia desta estrela en determinadas épocas do ano. No caso de realizar algún desprazamento cara ó norte dende Tonga, un fito de navegación tan importante non podería pasar inadvertido. A constelación de Escorpión (partes ou estrelas dela) tamén están ausentes da tradición das estrelas de Tonga. Isto é sorprendente, xa que a gran maioría das culturas de todo o mundo e polinesia teñen o Escorpión como unha constelación central debido a que se identifica facilmente e que se atopa case directamente fronte a Orion no ceo nocturno. [Stellarium proporciona máis información sobre estas dúas anomalías.]
    
    A ascendencia común da tradición de estrelas polinesia é evidente nas semellanzas na etiquetaxe das estrelas. Por exemplo, as Pléiades chámanse Mataliki en Tongano, Matariki en Maori e Makali`i en Hawai.
    
    ### Nomenclatura
    
    |Termo tongano|Designación|
    |-------------|-----------|
    |Humu|Saco de carbón|
    |Kaniva|Vía Láctea|
    |Ma'afulele|Gran Nube de Magallanes|
    |Ma'afutoka|Pequena Nube de Magallanes|
    |'otu Ma'afu|Nubes de Magallanes (ambas)|
    |Ha'amonga|Eclíptica|
    |Mahina|Lúa|
    |La'a|Sol|
    |Fetu'u|Estrela (en xeral)|
    |Fetu'ufuka|Cometa|
    |'Umata|Arco da vella|
    |Fetu'u'Esiafi|Estrela que cae|
    |tapukitea|Venus|
    |Matamemea|Marte|
    |Ma'afutoka (o mesmo ca PNM)|Canopus|
    |Ma'afulele (o mesmo ca GNM)|Sirio|
    |Velitoa hififo|Rigel|
    |Velitoa hahake|Betelgeuse|
    |Hikule'o|Arcturus|
    |Monuafe|Meissa|
    |Motuliki|Pleiades|
    |Tu'ulalupe|Híades|
    |Toloatonga|Cruz do Sur|
    |Toloalahi|Falsa cruz|
    
    **Constelacións tonganas**
    
    |Nome tongano|Denominacións ou notas|
    |------------|----------------------|
    |Tuinga ika|Parte de Orión, cinto e espada|
    |Ae e'Uvea|Corona Borealis (*Especulativo*)|
    |Fatanalua|Coma Berenices (*Especulativo*)|
    |Kapakau'o'tafahi|Casiopea (*Especulativo*)|
    |Toloa|Cinto de Orión|
    |Lua tangata|Castor e/ou Pollux|
    |Fungasia|Toliman e/ou Agena|
    |Houmatoloa (Toloa, toloatonga, toloalahi)|&mdash;|

note: Tukano sky culture name
en: Tukano
gl: Tucán

note: Tukano sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: [Tukano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucano_people) is the common name for a group of indigenous tribes who live around the northwestern region of Brazil, near Colombia and Venezuela. The group shown in this work live on the banks of the Rio Tiquié within the Rio Negro bay in the Amazonas State, Brazil.
    
    <img src="illustrations/Calendario_Tukano.png" width="400" height="400" />
    
     *One circular calendar developed in 2007.*
gl: [Tukano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucano_people) é o nome común dun grupo de tribos indíxenas que viven na rexión noroeste de Brasil, preto de Colombia e Venezuela. O grupo que se amosa neste traballo vive nas beiras do río Tiquié dentro da baía do Río Negro, no estado de Amazonas, Brasil. 
    
    <img src="illustrations/Calendario_Tukano.png" width="400" height="400" />
    
     *Un calendario circular desenvolvido en 2007.*

note: Tukano sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Constellations
    
    Constellations within Tukano astronomical culture are related with natural phenomena as a whole. We gathered twelve constellations with a group who speaks Tukano language. This is not the definitive number of constellations. There are, surely, more constellations to be described. We presented here essentially “the main cycle” (CARDOSO, 2007) of the Tukano constellations. Sometimes someone relate new discoveries about these Indians sky conceptions or presents new constellation descriptions. Though we are establishing limits and configurations to these constellations that are new to us (non- Indians), they don’t organize this body of knowledge in the same way. Their conceptions about sky and Universe are different when compared with ours. They don’t organize and conceive ideas about the Universe as a whole, like us.
    
    Hereby we present few data from a research carried out with living people and this data may be variable in near future. We worked with basic school students, elders and story tellers comparing the talks and summarizing it as you’ll see below.
    
    In general, we can say that a Tukano constellation, or parts of it, are observed when its setting occurs, like the sunset (heliacal setting) during the short period of an year. There are an amount of natural phenomena related with this astronomical event. For example we can consider Aña’s head setting during November and its relation with the increase and decrease of the Tiquié river level. The variation of the river level is accompanied with an emerging of different fishes which appear as the result of these changeable natural conditions. Other larger fishes follow the first group for multiple purposes (eating smaller ones for example). All of them eat some fruits which eventually fall over the river surface. Ground animals and microorganisms are interested on these fruits, as well as either. So, a phenomenon first described as an astronomical set for us can be seen inside a more complex behavior for Tukanos and their neighbors around this region. Animals, plants and also spiritual manifestations are in a complex relationship under the cosmological view that we can’t more ignore.
    
    The name of each constellation was written in this sequence: Tukano, Portuguese and English. Ex. Pamõ\Tatu\Armadillo.
    
    ##### Aña or Aña Diaso\Jararaca\Fer-de-lance
    
    ##### [Aña - Jararaca - Jararaca (snake)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bothrops_jararaca)
    
    A big snake that is found in part of our Scorpius, Sagittarius and Corona Australis constellations. Its setting with the sunset correspond of the beginning of the year to this group of Tukanos.
    
    ##### Pamõ\Tatu\Armadillo
    
    ##### [Pamõ - Tatu - Armadillo](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadillo)
    
    This constellation is found in our Dolphin constellation and part of Aquila constellation. This group of faint stars takes place inside a poor stellar field with exception of the bright Altair (Alfa Aquilae).
    
    ##### Darsiu\camarão de rio\freshwater shrimp
    
    ##### [Darsiu - Pitu - Caridean Shrimp](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridea)
    
    ##### Mhua\Jacundá (peixe)\A kind of fish
    
    ##### [Mhua - Jacundá (peixe) - Jacundá (a kind of fish)](http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacund%C3%A1)
    
    Both constellations are jointed together in a few bright stars of Aquarius and Pisces area. But it is a wonderful challenge to try to see it during the night.
    
    ##### Yai\onça\puma or jaguar
    
    ##### [Yai - Onça - Jaguar](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar)
    
    It is a big constellation – one of the biggest – inside the north portions of night skies. All night long near the horizon, the big puma is described inside our Cepheus, Cassiopeia and Perseus constellations.
    
    ##### Yhe\garça\egret
    
    ##### [Yhé - Garça - Egret](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egret)
    
    It is still in discussion the real position of this constellation, if those stars are in the Berenices’ hair region or inside the Corvus. We choose the first region because it was present as the real one by the Tukanos of São José II tribe.
    
    ##### Yurara\tartaruga\turtle
    
    ##### [Yurara - Cágado - Tortoise](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortoise)
    
    This constellation is described as the occidental Southern Cross constellation. Sometimes this traditional occidental constellation also means an Otter or a turtle by the Tukano people.
    
    ##### Nhorkoatero\grupo de estrelas\Pleiades
    
    ##### Nhorkoatero - Grupo de Estrelas - Group of Stars
    
    The translation of *nhorkoatero* is literally group of stars. Identified as our Pleiades this is very significant as a time keeper within a complex calendar to Tukano people. It is also used as a rainy period pointer.
    
    ##### Waikhasa\moquém\a kind of recipient to cook fish
    
    ##### [Waikasa - Moquém - Moquém (a kind of grill to cook fish)](http://cozinhacomz.com.br/?food=muquiar-ou-moquear)
    
    It is identified with our Taurus Hyades open cluster of stars with the bright Aldebaran following the Pleiades. This is an easy asterism to be seen all over the sky.
    
    ##### Sioyahpu\enxó\instrument do carve wood
    
    ##### [Sioyahpu - Cabo do Enxó - Adze Handle](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adze)
    
    As a part of Orion belt and two of the others brightest stars of this constellation – our Betelgeuse and Bellatrix – this constellation represents to Tukano group a part of a tool which is used to carve wood.
    
    ##### Sipé Phairo\cobra de ânus grande\a snake
    
    ##### Sipé Phairo - Cobra de Ânus Grande - Snake Large Anus
    
    This snake corresponds to our brightest Big Dipper stars. In a legend when this constellation touches the horizon after the sunset almost all fishes in the main river are swallowed by it.
    
    ##### Diayo/lontra/otter
    
    Described as our Southern Cross by part of the Tukanos in half Tiquié river, this constellation is also associated with star as Sirius in Canis Major in that region.
    
    ##### Kai Sariró/Circulo de dança/Circle dances
    
    Those stars are mainly at Orion constellation and mean a circle of dances in some special Tukano ceremonies.
gl: ### Constelacións
    
    As constelacións dentro da cultura astronómica de Tukano están relacionadas cos fenómenos naturais no seu conxunto. Reunimos doce constelacións cun grupo que fala a lingua tukano. Este non é o número definitivo de constelacións. Hai, seguramente, máis constelacións por describir. Presentamos aquí esencialmente “o ciclo principal” (CARDOSO, 2007) das constelacións dos Tukano. Ás veces, alguén relata novos descubrimentos sobre estas concepcións do ceo indio ou presenta novas descricións de constelacións. Aínda que estamos a establecer límites e entendendo estas constelacións que son novas para nós (non indios), eles non organizan este corpo de coñecemento da mesma maneira. A súa concepción sobre o ceo e o Universo son diferentes da nosa. Non organizan e conciben ideas sobre o Universo no seu conxunto, coma nós.
    
    A continuación presentamos uns poucos datos dunha investigación realizada con persoas vivas e estes datos poden variar nun futuro próximo. Traballamos con alumnado de educación básica, maiores e contacontos comparando as charlas e resumíndoas, como veredes a continuación.
    
    En xeral, podemos dicir que unha constelación dos Tukano, ou partes dela, obsérvase cando se pon, como solpor (posición heliacal) durante un curto período do ano. Hai moitos fenómenos naturais relacionados con este evento astronómico. Por exemplo podemos considerar a posta de Aña durante novembro e a súa relación co aumento e diminución do nivel do río Tiquié. A variación do nivel do río vai acompañada da aparición de diferentes peixes que aparecen como resultado destas condicións naturais cambiantes. Outros peixes máis grandes séguenos con diferentes propósitos (comer outros máis pequenos, por exemplo). Todos comen froitas que acaban caendo sobre a superficie do río. Os animais terrestres e os microorganismos están interesados ​​por estes froitos. Así, un fenómeno descrito por primeira vez como un conxunto astronómico para nós pódese ver dentro dun comportamento máis complexo para os Tukanos e os seus veciños nesta rexión. Os animais, as plantas e tamén as manifestacións espirituais están nunha relación complexa baixo unha visión cosmolóxica que xa non podemos ignorar.
    
    O nome de cada constelación escríbese nesta orde: Tukano, portugués e galego. Ex. Pamõ\Tatu\Armadillo.
    
    ##### Aña ou Aña Diaso\Jararaca\Fer-de-lance
    
    ##### [Aña - Jararaca - Jararaca (serpe)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bothrops_jararaca)
    
    Unha gran serpe que se atopa en parte das nosas constelacións de Escorpio, Saxitario e Corona Australis. A súa posta co solpor dáse a principios de ano para este grupo de Tukanos.
    
    ##### Pamõ\Tatu\Armadillo
    
    ##### [Pamõ - Tatu - Armadillo](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadillo)
    
    Esta constelación atópase na nosa constelación de Golfiño e parte da constelación de Aguia. Este grupo de estrelas tenues está no interior dun campo estelar pobre con excepción da brillante Altair (Alfa Aquilae).
    
    ##### Darsiu\camarão de rio\camarón de río
    
    ##### [Darsiu - Pitu - Camarón Carideano](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridea)
    
    ##### Mhua\Jacundá (peixe)\Unha especie de peixe
    ##### [Mhua - Jacundá (peixe) - Jacundá (unha especie de peixe)](http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacund%C3%A1)
    
    Ambas constelacións están unidas nunhas poucas estrelas brillantes da zona de Augadeiro e Peixes. Pero é un reto marabilloso tentar velas durante a noite.
    
    ##### Yai\onça\puma ou xaguar
    
    ##### [Yai - Onça - Xaguar](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar)
    
    É unha gran constelación, unha das máis grandes, dentro da zona norte do ceo nocturno. Durante toda a noite preto do horizonte, o gran puma descríbese formando parte das nosas constelacións de Cefeo, Casiopea e Perseo.
    
    ##### Yhe\garça\garza
    
    ##### [Yhé - Garça - Garza](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egret)
    
    Aínda está en discusión a posición real desta constelación, se esas estrelas están na rexión capilar de Berenices ou dentro do Corvus. Escollemos a primeira rexión porque estivo presente como a real dos Tukanos da tribo de São José II.
    
    ##### Yurara\tartaruga\tartaruga
    
    ##### [Yurara - Cágado - Tartaruga](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortoise)
    
    Esta constelación descríbese como a constelación occidental da Cruz do Sur. Ás veces, esta constelación occidental tradicional tamén significa unha lontra ou unha tartaruga para o pobo Tukano.
    
    ##### Nhorkoatero\grupo de estrelas\Pleiades
    
    ##### Nhorkoatero - Grupo de Estrelas - Grupo de Estrelas
    
    A tradución de *nhorkoatero* é literalmente grupo de estrelas. Identificado como as nosas Pléiades, isto é moi significativo como un cronometrador dentro dun calendario complexo para a xente Tukano. Tamén se usa como indicador do período chuvioso.
    
    ##### Waikhasa\moquém\unha especie de recipiente para cociñar peixe
    
    ##### [Waikasa - Moquém - Moquém (unha especie de grella para cociñar peixe)](http://cozinhacomz.com.br/?food=muquiar-ou-moquear)
    
    Identificábase co noso cúmulo aberto de estrelas en Híades de Tauro co brillante Aldebarán seguindo as Pleiades. Este é un asterismo fácil de ver por todo o ceo.
    
    ##### Sioyahpu\enxó\instrumento de madeira
    
    ##### [Sioyahpu - Cabo do Enxó - Mango de aixada](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adze)
    
    Como parte do cinto de Orión e dúas das outras estrelas máis brillantes desta constelación, a nosa Betelgeuse e Bellatrix, esta constelación representa para o grupo Tukano unha parte dunha ferramenta que se usa para tallar madeira.
    
    ##### Sipé Phairo\cobra de ânus grande\unha serpe
    
    ##### Sipé Phairo - Cobra de Ânus Grande - Serpe Grande Anus
    
    Esta serpe corresponde ás nosas estrelas máis brillantes da culler da Osa Maior. Nunha lenda cando esta constelación toca o horizonte despois do solpor case todos os peixes do río principal son tragados por ela.
    
    ##### Diayo/lontra/lontra
    
    Descrita como a nosa Cruz do Sur por parte dos Tukanos no medio río Tiquié, esta constelación tamén está asociada coa estrela como Sirio en Canis Major nesa rexión.
    
    ##### Kai Sariró/Circulo de dança/Círculo de danza
    
    Esas estrelas están principalmente na constelación de Orión e significan un círculo de baile nalgunhas cerimonias especiais de Tukano.

note: Tukano sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: #### SOME WORDS ABOUT OUR RESEARCH WITHIN NORTWESTERN AMAZONIAN INDIANS
    
    This work is part of an amount of researches developed as a survey, conducted between 2005 and 2007 that resulted in a doctoral/PhD thesis (Cardoso, 2007). Relying on Ethnomatematics sources (D’ambrosio, 2002), in practical sky observation activities and on classical sources about constellations observed in Brazil’s Amazon region, we accomplished a sky mapping of these Indian ethnicity: Tukano, Dessano and Tuyuka but in special, the first one. From the description of many constellations we created an astronomical events and climate calendar along with students from differentiated Yupuri’s indigenous school. Rain periods, drought, planting and harvesting are marked by the sunset and sunrise of the major constellations created by Amazonia northwest Indians.
    
    Scholarly Paper: [#3].
    
    Walmir Thomazi Cardoso gathered this information in a survey that is part of his PhD. Thesis of Ethnomathematics (walmir.astronomia@gmail.com)
    
    Displays were made by Antonio Gumercindo Taques dos Santos (Ticão) and Youssif Ganthous Filho (youssif@gmail.com).
gl: #### ALGUNHAS PALABRAS SOBRE A NOSA INVESTIGACIÓN NAS INDIAS AMAZONIANAS DO NOROESTE
    
    Este traballo forma parte dunha cantidade de investigacións desenvolvidas como enquisa, realizadas entre 2005 e 2007, que deron como resultado unha tese doutoral (Cardoso, 2007). Baseándonos en fontes etnomatemáticas (D'ambrosio, 2002), en actividades prácticas de observación do ceo e en fontes clásicas sobre constelacións observadas na rexión amazónica do Brasil, realizamos un mapeado do ceo desta etnia india: Tukano, Dessano e Tuyuka, pero en especial, a primeira. A partir da descrición de moitas constelacións creamos un calendario astronómico e os eventos climáticos xunto con estudantes da escola indíxena diferenciada de Yupuri. Os períodos de choiva, seca, plantación e colleita están marcados polo ocaso e amencer das principais constelacións creadas polos indios do noroeste amazónico.
    
    Papel académico: [#3].
    
    Walmir Thomazi Cardoso recolleu esta información nunha enquisa que forma parte do seu doutorado. Tese de Etnomatemática (walmir.astronomia@gmail.com)
    
    Os debuxos foron feitos por Antonio Gumercindo Taques dos Santos (Ticão) e Youssif Ganthous Filho (youssif@gmail.com).

note: Tupi-Guarani sky culture name
en: Tupi-Guarani
gl: Tupí-Guaraní

note: Tupi-Guarani sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Tupi-Guarani is a name given to a family of languages spoken by the indigenous peoples of Brazil and other South American countries.
gl: O tupi-guaraní é un nome dado a unha familia de idiomas falados polos pobos indíxenas do Brasil e doutros países sudamericanos.

note: Tupi-Guarani sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Constellations
    
    As with many cultures, constellations were identified and used to help keep track of the seasons and predict the seasonal variations which affect daily life. In the book [#3] it is stated that the Tupi people identified some thirty constellations, but the book only details seven.
gl: Do mesmo xeito que ocorre con moitas culturas, as constelacións identificábanse e usábanse para axudar a controlar as estacións e predicir as variacións estacionais que afectan á vida cotiá. No libro [n.º 3] ​​indícase que o pobo tupí identificou unhas trinta constelacións, pero o libro só detalla sete.

note: Description of Tupi-Guarani constellation Nandu
en: The Tupi name for this constellation is *Iandutim* (*Guirá Nhandu* in Guarani), which literally translates to *White Ostrich*. The constellation depicts a large bird. 
    
    In the first two weeks of June this constellation is fully visible in the Eastern sky in the evening, indicating the beginning of Winter in the South of Brazil, and the start of the dry season in the North.
gl: O nome tupí para esta constelación é *Iandutim* (*Guirá Nhandu* en guaraní), que se traduce literalmente como *Avestruz branca*. A constelación representa unha ave grande.
    
    Nas dúas primeiras semanas de xuño, esta constelación é totalmente visible no ceo oriental pola noite, o que indica o comezo do inverno no sur do Brasil e o comezo da estación seca no norte.

note: Description of Tupi-Guarani constellation Old Man
en: This constellation depicts an old man holding a stick.
    
    In the second half of December, the constellation is fully visible in the evening Eastern sky. This marks the beginning of summer in the southern parts of Brazil and the start of the rainy season in the North.
gl: Esta constelación representa un ancián sostendo un pau.
    
    Na segunda metade de decembro, a constelación é totalmente visible no ceo oriental da noite. Isto marca o comezo do verán nas partes do sur do Brasil e o inicio da estación das chuvias no norte.

note: Tupi-Guarani sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [The Tupi People](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupi_people)
     - [#2]: [The Brazilian Indigenous Constellations](http://www.telescopiosnaescola.pro.br/indigenas.pdf) by Germano Bruno Afonso (Portuguese)
     - [#3]: [Claude d'Abbeville, Histoire de la Mission des Pères Capucins en l'Isle de Maragnan et terres circonvoisines. Paris, 1614.](http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b86057861)
gl:  - [#1]: [The Tupi People](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupi_people)
     - [#2]: [The Brazilian Indigenous Constellations](http://www.telescopiosnaescola.pro.br/indigenas.pdf) de Germano Bruno Afonso (Portugués)
     - [#3]: [Claude d'Abbeville, Histoire de la Mission des Pères Capucins en l'Isle de Maragnan et terres circonvoisines. Paris, 1614.](http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b86057861)

note: Tupi-Guarani sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user *Paulo Marcelo Pontes*.
gl: Contribuíu a esta cultura de Stellarium *Paulo Marcelo Pontes*.

note: Vanuatu (Netwar) sky culture name
en: Vanuatu (Netwar)
gl: Vanuatu (Rede de guerra)

note: Vanuatu (Netwar) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Netwar sky culture for Stellarium stems from a research which is ran among the people of Vanuatu by Dominik M. Ramík and is [published online](http://dominicweb.eu/en/vanuatu-sky/). Netwar language (its indigenous name, also sometimes called "Lenakel language" after a major village in the area) is one of languages of Tanna island in Vanuatu. Its constellations are strikingly similar with other languages of Vanuatu, although names and meanings vary to some extent.
gl: A cultura do ceo dos Vanuatu para Stellarium nace dunha investigación que foi levada a cabo entre os habitantes de Vanuatu por Dominik M. Ramík e Isnetwar. [publicada online](http://dominicweb.eu/en/vanuatu-sky/). A linguaxe chámase ás veces "linguaxe Lenakel" e é un dos idiomas da illa de Tanna en Vanuatu. As súas constelacións son sorprendentemente similares ás doutras linguas Vanuatu, aínda que os nomes e significados varían ata certo punto.

note: Vanuatu (Netwar) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Solar system
    
    <ul> <li>Sun: Met</li> <li>Moon: Mawuk</li>
    
     - Waxing crescent: Mawuk wi - 'new Moon'
     - First quarter: Nail ratuatu - 'it stays straight', meaning that in the sky the Moon appears straight in the zenith in the evening
     - Full Moon: Mawuk ramépép malwia - 'the Moon is like the fish épép malwia' (Platax orbicularis); also Nati tawar - means that when the sun is setting, the Moon just appears above the mountains
     - Last quarter: Numanmel
     - Waning crescent: Numanmel
     - Lunar eclipse: Mawuk ramemes - 'dead Moon'
    
     <li>Venus:</li>
    
     - Morning star: Fétukai
     - Evening star: Kéwita
    
     <li>Jupiter: Karatéi</li> <li>Mahau ramiwuk: 'jumping star', bad omen foretelling someone's death</li> </ul>
    
    ### Stars
    
     - In general: Mahau
     - Aldebaran: Kapaumeta
    
    ### Constellations and deep-sky objects
    
    Note: the English names preceding the local names are here only to help the reader locate the particular constellation in the frame of the Western sky. The actual translations of the local names follow them.
    
     - LMC and SMC: Nowanuman - 'earth oven'
     - Milky Way: Nemrau - 'ash'; also Nuafuganan - less common term of unknown meaning
     - Orion's Belt: Kasulia apam - 'long yoke'
     - Orion's Sword: Kasulia rerparep - 'short yoke'
     - Taurus' Head: Kou - 'pincers used for taking hot stones out of the fire'
     - Scorpion's Dart: Kahaur rul - 'rat', seen in the evening in zenith when it is time to prepare gardens
     - Orion's Body: Kilil - 'traditional fan' made from palm leaves
     - Southern Cross: Suatu kywer - 'four customary ways' connecting four villages with a nakamal; it rises in the evening in March and symbolizes the time when in the nakamal people do temahwa for good harvest
     - Pleiades: Nowaswas Lapnuman - 'young boys of Lapnuman'; also Neperawen Lapnuman - 'young girls of Lapnuman'
    
    ### Names of objects with unknown position
    
     - Mowaimawuk - name of an unidentified star, said to be close to the Moon or to rise close to it
     - Iaiapom - name of an unidentified star (possibly Altair), which sets in the morning in time of preparation of gardens (July)
     - Koraiapom - name of an unidentified star (possibly Rigel), found in September in the morning near zenith
     - Kwankaio - name of an unidentified star (possibly Procyon), rising in February in the morning
gl: ### Sistema Solar
    
    <ul> <li>Sol: Met</li> <li>Lúa: Mawuk</li>
    
     - Lúa crecente: Mawuk wi - "Lúa nova"
     - Primeiro cuarto: Nail ratuatu - "permanece recto", significando que no ceo a lúa aparece recta no cénit pola noite
     - Lúa chea: Mawuk ramépép malwia - "a lúa é como o peixe épép malwia" (Platax orbicularis); tamén Nati tawar - significa que cando se pon o sol, a Lúa só aparece enriba das montañas
     - Último cuarto: Numanmel
     - Lúa crecente: Numanmel
     - Eclipse lunar: Mawuk ramemes - 'Morte da Lúa'
    
     <li>Venus:</li>
    
     - Estrela da mañá: Fétukai
     - Estrela do serán: Kéwita
    
     <li>Xúpiter: Karatéi</li> <li>Mahau ramiwuk: "estrela que salta", un mal agoiro que prognostica a morte de alguén</li> </ul>
    
    ### Estrelas
    
     - En xeral: Mahau
     - Aldebarán: Kapaumeta
    
    ### Constelacións e obxectos do ceo profundo
    
    Nota: os nomes galegos que preceden os nomes locais están aquí só para axudar o lector a localizar a constelación particular no marco do ceo occidental. Van seguidos das traducións reais dos nomes locais.
    
     - GNM e PNM: Nowanuman - 'forno de terra'
     - Vía Láctea: Nemrau - "cinza"; tamén Nuafuganan - termo menos común de significado descoñecido
     - Cinto de Orión: Kasulia apam - "xugo longo"
     - Espada de Orión: Kasulia rerparep - 'xugo curto'
     - Cabeza de Tauro: Kou - 'pinzas usadas para sacar pedras quentes do lume'
     - Dardo de Escorpión: Kahaur rul - 'rata', vista pola tarde no cenit cando é hora de preparar os xardíns
     - O corpo de Orión: Kilil - "abano tradicional" feito con follas de palma
     - Cruz sur: Suatu kywer - "catro xeitos habituais" que conectan catro aldeas cun nakamal; levántase pola tarde en marzo e simboliza o tempo no que a xente nakamal fai temahwa para unha boa colleita
     - Pléiades: Nowaswas Lapnuman - "mozos de Lapnuman"; tamén Neperawen Lapnuman - "mozas de Lapnuman"
    
    ### Nomes de obxectos con posición descoñecida
    
     - Mowaimawuk - nome dunha estrela non identificada, que se di que está preto da Lúa
     - Iaiapom - nome dunha estrela non identificada (posiblemente Altair), que se pon pola mañá no momento da preparación dos xardíns (xullo)
     - Koraiapom - nome dunha estrela non identificada (posiblemente Rigel), que está en setembro pola mañá preto do cenit
     - Kwankaio: nome dunha estrela non identificada (posiblemente Procyon), que sobe en febreiro pola mañá

note: Vanuatu (Netwar) sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: Project [Vanuatu Sky](http://dominicweb.eu/en/vanuatu-sky/) including Netwar data alongside other languages of Vanuatu
     - [#2]: [Netwar language on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenakel_language)
gl:  - [#1]: Proxecto [Vanuatu Sky](http://dominicweb.eu/en/vanuatu-sky/) que inclúe datos Netwar noutras linguaxes de Vanuatu
     - [#2]: [Netwar language en Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenakel_language)

note: Vanuatu (Netwar) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by *Dominik M. Ramík*. Web: [dominicweb.eu](http://dominicweb.eu), e-mail: [dominik.ramik@seznam.cz](mailto:dominik.ramik@seznam.cz).
    
    Elders from local communities on Tanna, who contributed with their ancestral knowledge to this project: Jimmy Napip from Ikumhala, Lomai Tain from Ielkes, Sylvano Kapalu from Ipai, Iawilu Naumusapen from Lowkweria, Kasékasé from Imapul, Nausien from Lamlu, Pierrot Nako Yaru from Lowanatom, Joe Natuman from Lowkweria.
gl: A esta cultura do ceo contribuíu *Dominik M. Ramík*. Web: [dominicweb.eu](http://dominicweb.eu), e-mail: [dominik.ramik@seznam.cz](mailto:dominik.ramik@seznam.cz).
    
    Anciáns das comunidades locais de Tanna, que contribuíron co seu coñecemento ancestral a este proxecto: Jimmy Napip de Ikumhala, Lomai Tain de Ielkes, Sylvano Kapalu de Ipai, Iawilu Naumusapen de Lowkweria, Kasékasé de Imapul, Nausien de Lamlu, Pierrot Nako Yaru de Lowanatom , Joe Natuman de Lowkweria.

note: Xhosa sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: A wide spread African concept is that the sky is a solid dome, perhaps made of blue rock resting on the Earth, upon which the Sun moves. In Xhosa, a star is called &#8220;inkwenkwezi&#8221;.
    
    Although planets are &#8220;wanderers&#8221; of the night skies, and therefore vary their positions relative to the stars, they often feature in Xhosa starlore.
    
    Jupiter was interpreted as people around a fire. Venus, as the evening star, is associated with the time the boys milked the cows
    
    Venus was also called the dating star, &#8220;Madingeni&#8221;. Boys and girls were not allowed to date in public, but met at the fountain where the girls fetched water when Venus was visible in the evening.
gl: Un concepto africano moi estendido é que o ceo é unha cúpula sólida, quizais feita de rocha azul, que descansa sobre a Terra, sobre a que se move o Sol. En xhosa, unha estrela chámase &#8220; inkwenkwezi &#8221;.
    
    Aínda que os planetas son &#8220; vagabundos &#8221; dos ceos nocturnos, e polo tanto varían as súas posicións en relación ás estrelas, adoitan aparecer na tradición estelar Xhosa.
    
    Xúpiter interpretouse como persoas arredor dun incendio. Venus, como estrela da tarde, está asociada coa época en que os rapaces muxían as vacas
    
    Venus tamén foi chamada a estrela de citas, &#8220;Madingeni&#8221;. Os mozos e mozas non tiñan permiso para saír en público, pero reuníronse na fonte onde as mozas collían auga cando Venus era visible pola noite.

note: Xhosa sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Starlore
    
    ##### isiLimela &mdash; Pleiades
    
    The first sighting of &#8220;isiLimela&#8221; indicated the start of the Xhosa digging or planting season. It is also said that the month of the Digging Stars symbolised new life in a man for the coming-out ceremony of the Abakwetha circumcision school and it has always been a custom for Xhosa men to count their years of manhood from this time.
    
    ##### iQhawe &mdash; Sirius
    
    Sirius is known as &#8220;iQhawe&#8221; in Xhosa, which means &#8220;the champion&#8221;, probably because it is the brightest star in the night sky. It can also be seen as one of two suitors or rivals (along with Canopus, the second brightest star), but we cannot say for whose affections they are fighting.
    
    ##### uCanzibe &mdash; Canopus
    
    Canopus is the second brightest star in the heavens and is referred to as &#8220;uCanzibe&#8221; in Xhosa, which means shining and sparkling. The star is seen as traditional Xhosa boys dancing, or sometimes as one of two suitors (Sirius, the brightest star, being the other), possibly rivals in their quest for affection.
    
    ##### umNyele &mdash; The Milky Way
    
    &#8220;umNyele&#8221; is the Xhosa for the raised bristles along the back of the sky, like those on the back of an angry dog. It was told that the dog would rise up if you point to the heaven with straight fingers. This was a good deterrence and the people would remember to show respect for the god &#8220;Qamata&#8221; by always pointing to the sky with a bent finger.
    
    ##### amaKroza &mdash; Orion&#8217;s Belt
    
    In Xhosa the three stars of Orion&#8217;s Belt are known as the &#8220;amaKroza&#8221;, or &#8220;those in a queue&#8221;. These are the graves where ancestors rest peacefully, the heavens where their spirits roam and the most holy place beyond the starry heavens, the dwelling of the supreme god, &#8220;Qamata&#8221;.
gl: ### Tradición estelar
    
    ##### isiLimela &mdash; Pleiades
    
    O primeiro avistamento de &#8220; isiLimela &#8221; indicaba o inicio da tempada de escavación ou plantación Xhosa. Tamén se di que o mes das Estrelas Cavadoras simbolizaba a nova vida nun home para a cerimonia de saída da escola de circuncisión Abakwetha e sempre foi un costume que os homes Xhosa contasen os seus anos de virilidade a partir deste momento.
    
    ##### iQhawe &mdash; Sirio
    
    Sirius é coñecido como &#8220; iQhawe &#8221; en Xhosa, o que significa "o campión" , probablemente porque é a estrela máis brillante do ceo nocturno. Tamén se pode ver como un dos dous pretendentes ou rivais (xunto con Canopus, a segunda estrela máis brillante), pero non podemos dicir por que afectos loitan.
    
    ##### uCanzibe &mdash; Canopus
    
    Canopus é a segunda estrela máis brillante do ceo e chámase &#8220;uCanzibe&#8221; . en xhosa, que significa brillante e chispeante. A estrela é vista como mozos Xhosa bailando, ou ás veces como un dos dous pretendentes (Sirio, a estrela máis brillante, era o outro), posiblemente rivais na súa busca de afecto.
    
    ##### umNyele &mdash; A vía láctea
    
    &#8220; umNyele &#8221; é o Xhosa para as cerdas levantadas ó longo do ceo, coma as do lombo dun can enfadado. Dicíase que o can se levantaría se se apuntase ó ceo cos dedos rectos. Esta era unha boa disuasión e a xente lembraría mostrar respecto ó deus "Qamata"; ó sinalar sempre o ceo cun dedo dobrado.
    
    ##### amaKroza &mdash; Cinto de Orión
    
    En Xhosa, as tres estrelas do Cinto de Orión son coñecidas como &#8220;amaKroza&#8221;, ou &#8220;as que están no rabo&#8221;. Estas son as tumbas onde os antepasados descansan en paz, os ceos que percorren os seus espíritos e o lugar máis santo máis aló dos ceos estrelados, a morada do deus supremo, &#8220;Qamata&#8221;.

note: Zulu sky culture name
en: Zulu
gl: Zulú

note: Zulu sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: A wide spread African concept is that the sky is a solid dome, perhaps made of blue rock resting on the Earth, upon which the Sun moves.
gl: Un concepto africano moi estendido é que o ceo é unha cúpula sólida, quizais feita de rocha azul que descansa sobre a Terra, e sobre ela móvese o Sol.

note: Zulu sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Starlore
    
    ##### isiLimela &mdash; Pleiades
    
    The Pleiades is a well-known cluster of stars, and normally six or seven bright ones can be seen. Many of the Southern African groups believe that when they first see the Pleiades in the early morning (August or early September), that the start of the planting season has come.
    
    ##### oNdwenjana &mdash; Orion&#8217;s Sword
    
    One of the descriptions of Orion&#8217;s Sword is as a long-stemmed flower, such as a lily. However the meaning of this group of stars isn't completely clear, because &#8220;oNdwenjana&#8221; could also be another tall object like a tree or a man.
    
    ##### Impanbana &mdash; Orion&#8217;s Belt
    
    Orion&#8217;s Belt is a combination of a crossing, dogs and wild hogs. Seeing the stars of Orion&#8217;s Belt reminded hunters to be very careful during their hunting trips, as it marked the mating season of the wild hogs.
    
    ##### isAndulela &mdash; Canopus
    
    Canopus is a bright star that appeared at harvest time and might also be connected to the Red-chested Cuckoo. It was also used as a guide for shepherds, marking the time to begin the journey to new grazing lands during the dry season.
    
    ##### Umthala Wezinkanyezi &mdash; The Milky Way
    
    Umthala Wezinkanyezi means &#8220;the stream of stars.&#8221; This is related to the way the Nguni people used to fight before Shaka Zulu&#8217;s revolutionary close-combat strategy. The strong warriors used to throw spears like javelin and the stream of spears would be seen in the air.
gl: ### Tradición estelar
    
    ##### isiLimela &mdash; Pleiades
    
    As Pléiades son un cúmulo de estrelas moi coñecido, e normalmente pódense ver seis ou sete brillantes. Moitos dos grupos do sur de África cren que cando ven por primeira vez as Pléiades pola mañá cedo (agosto ou principios de setembro), chegou o inicio da tempada de plantación.
    
    ##### oNdwenjana &mdash; Espada de Orión
    
    Unha das descricións da Espada de Orión é coma unha flor de talo longo, coma un lirio. Non obstante, o significado deste grupo de estrelas non está completamente claro, porque &#8220;oNdwenjana&#8221; tamén podería ser outro obxecto alto coma unha árbore ou un home.
    
    ##### Impanbana &mdash; Cinto de Orión
    
    O cinto de Orión é unha combinación de cruce, cans e porcos salvaxes. Ver as estrelas do Cinto de Orión recordáballes ós cazadores que debían ter moito coidado durante as súas expedicións de caza, xa que marcaba a época de apareamento dos porcos salvaxes.
    
    ##### isAndulela &mdash; Canopus
    
    Canopus é unha estrela brillante que aparecía na época da colleita e que tamén podería estar relacionada co cuco de peito vermello. Tamén se utilizaba como guía para os pastores, marcando o momento de comezar a viaxe cara a novos pastos durante a estación seca.
    
    ##### Umthala Wezinkanyezi &mdash; A Vía Láctea
    
    Umthala Wezinkanyezi significa &#8220;o fluxo de estrelas.&#8221; Isto está relacionado coa forma en que o pobo Nguni adoitaba loitar antes da estratexia revolucionaria de combate preto de Shaka Zulu&#8217; Os fortes guerreiros adoitaban lanzar lanzas como xavelina e o regueiro de lanzas atravesaba o aire.
